Atomic and Molecular Physics

Analytic potentials are built for all four 2S+1Πu/g states of Li2 dissociating to Li(2S) + Li(3P): 3b(33Πu), 3B(31Πu), 3C(31Πg), and 3d(33Πg). These potentials include the effect of spin-orbit coupling for large internuclear distances, and include state of the art long-range constants. This is the first successful demonstration of fully analytic diatomic potentials that capture features that are usually considered too difficult to capture without a point-wise potential, such as multiple minima, and shelves. Vibrational energies for each potential are presented for the isotopologues 6,6Li2, 6,7Li2, 7,7Li2, and the elusive `halo nucleonic molecule' 11,11Li2. These energies are claimed to be accurate enough for new high-precision experimental setups such as the one presented in {[}Sebastian \emph{et al.} Phys. Rev. A, \textbf{90}, 033417 (2014){]} to measure and assign energy levels of these electronic states, all of which have not yet been explored in the long-range region. Measuring energies in the long-range region of these electronic states may be significant for studying the ab initio vs experiment discrepancy discussed in [Tang et al. Phys. Rev. A, 84, 052502 (2014)] for the C3 long-range constant of Lithium, which has significance for improving the SI definition of the second.

A superluminal quantum-vortex model of the electron and the positron is produced from a superluminal double-helix model of the photon during electron-positron pair production. The two oppositely-charged (with Q = ±e sqrt (2/α) = 16.6e) open-helix spin-½ half-photons compose the double-helix photon. These half-photons separate and curl up their separated superluminal single-helical trajectories to form an electrically-charged superluminal closed-helix spin-½ quantum-vortex electron model and a corresponding positron model. The helical radius and the Dirac equation's zitterbewegung angular frequency of the quantum vortex electron and positron models equal the helical radius and zitterbewegung angular frequency of the two spin-½ half-photons, each of energy E = mc^2 , that composed the double-helix photon model of energy E = 2mc^2 from which the electron and positron models were produced. The photon and electron models are also compatible when a photon of energy E > 2mc^2 produces a relativistic electron-positron pair. Implications of the quantum vortex electron model for electron stability are discussed.

Abstract: A complete history of early atomic models would fill volumes, but a reasonably coherent tale of the path from mechanical atoms to the quantum can be told by focusing on the relevant work of three great contributors to atomic physics, in the critically important years between 1904 and 1913: JJ Thomson, Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr. We first examine the origins of Thomson's mechanical atomic models, from his ethereal vortex atoms in the early 1880's, to the myriad" corpuscular" atoms he proposed following the discovery ...

Phenylhydrazine (PHZ), a potent chemical causes toxicity on various tissues at various levels. Administration of phenylhydrazine mainly causes haematotoxicity which leads to the haemolytic anemia. In mammals PHZ induced anemia increased the iron absorption in spleen, liver and duodenum and finally iron metabolism was altered. Local demand and supply of Fe would increase erythropoeitic activity of the spleen so the size of spleen was increased that create the splenomegaly. PHZ induced anemia activate immune response which triggers phagocytosis in the spleen and liver. Apart from this administration of PHZ interfere the binding of erythropoietin (EPO) with erythropoietin receptors (EPOR) so that JAK-STAT would be affected.PHZ also showed genotoxic effect by creating single strand DNA damage.

The golden ring to which most physicists aspire is a unified field theory that incorporates all of modern and classical physics. Some scientists and others call this a TOE or ‘theory of everything’, but it is no more than false hubris to believe that humans could possibly know and explain everything about the universe at this time. Einstein chased this goal for the last three decades of his life, basing his theoretical research on his general theory of relativity. Meanwhile, the vast majority of scientists supporting the other major accomplishment of the Second Scientific Revolution were investing all of their time and efforts to advancing the quantum theory and their quest has been extremely successful. They originally had no interest in a unified field theory. After Einstein died in 1955, his efforts were all but abandoned because of his philosophical stance against the prevalent Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum theory even though he had been one of quantum theory’s founders. During the 1970s the tables started to turn and quantum theorists became interested in unifying physics, although not from the foundational principles of relativity theory. They claimed that quantum theory was more fundamental than relativity so they began the same quest from a totally different direction despite their claims to be continuing Einstein’s quest.  Throughout the development of the ensuing standard quantum model, superstring theory and many other theoretical schemes, quantum theorists have remained resolute in their conviction that the quantum and relativity are mutually incompatible so the quantum must completely do away with and replace relativity once and for all. However, the quantum theory and relativity are not actually incompatible and, in fact, say the some of the same things about the nature of physical reality. When the similarities are fully defined and studied and the basic assumptions behind each of the theories are altered to reflect the similarities instead of the incompatibilities, only then can the point of their compatibility be determined and act as a unifying principle resulting in a completed unified field theory of the type that Einstein once sought. The development of this physical model of reality is not without irony. Not only is the quantum theory incomplete as Einstein argued in EPR, but Einstein’s general relativity is also seriously incomplete and true unification cannot be rendered complete at any level of reality until all the theoretical models being unified are themselves complete.

In this paper we have tried to describe a gauge group for gravitational potential associated with the elementary particle as described by their spiral structure in accordance with the standard model. It relates to the framework of quantum field theory considering the Dark Potential Waves which constitutes the Universe to be destructively interfering through Symmetry which breaks spontaneously through autocatalysis to initiate the Higgs Mechanism which consecutively defines the gravitational potential resulting in various spiral forms of particles. It also redefines the formation of Spiral Structure of Elementary Particles in context to formation of Sea Shells.

The wave model of light was born in the 17 th Century and was quickly abandoned in favor of the old Corpuscular Hypothesis on the strength of Newton's authority. It flourished again in the 19 th Century only to be eclipsed once again by the Corpuscular Hypothesis at the turn of the century. The participants at the 5 th Solvay Conference reached a compromise in 1926 and finally merged the wave and the corpuscle into an unfathomable concoction known as 'wave-packet'. This is the official model today, but now it rests on the authority of Niels Bohr. However, the Wave-Packet Hypothesis is not about architecture. The mathematical establishment has turned the argument upside down and incongruously states that light 'behaves' as a wave or as a particle depending on the circumstances. There is, therefore, no formal physical configuration of light in Mathematical Physics that a theorist can challenge. Many in the establishment even argue that a mediator is unnecessary and dispose of one entirely in their talks. We compare the wave, particle, field, and wave-packet models championed by Classical Mechanics, Quantum Mechanics, and General Relativity against the Rope Hypothesis to underscore that a new paradigm has emerged in the centuries-old debate.

International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal, addresses the impacts and challenges of Physics. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Physics.

Albert's investigations of the properties and interaction of natural items — stars and stones, minerals and herbs — to say nothing of his mathematics, astrology, and alchemy, earned him a reputation, if not as a wizard, at least as a "magician" who, in medieval terminology, might be nothing more sinister than a practitioner of applied science.
Such was surely the benign meaning intended by his respectable stu-dent, Ulrich of Strasburg, OP, who recorded one of Albert's frequent dissents from the views of predecessors along with the qualities that gave weight to his master's opinion:

" My Master (the Lord Albert, sometime bishop of Ratisbon, a man so god-like, divinus, in all science that he could be called with propriety "the marvel and the miracle of our time," experienced too in the magical arts on which knowledge of this material greatly depends) thought differently from all the aforesaid."

Even today bookshops given to the occult may stock on occasion an "Albertus Magnus Dreambook," yet another good reason for wel-coming this serious appraisal of a sober thirteenth-century figure who did pioneer work in a whole range of scientific disciplines.
Indeed, one of Albert's major themes was the necessity to discrimi-nate between the merely superstitious and legitimate scientific inter-est, a discrimination that would inhibit summary condemnations.
If the scientific story ought to be told, it is not the whole story.
Albert was both a many-sided scholar and one who had a highly developed sense of hierarchy; a grasp of each aspect of his scholar-ship demands that it be put into the context of his total work and that we know how Albert himself assessed each major segment of his multiform activity. Let us say it with candor: he did not locate scien-tific investigation of the natural world at the summit of intellectual endeavor. To appreciate his concern with natural science requires that we remember what he held to be superior to the scientific effort that consumed so much of his energy.

Did Albertus Magnus know or foreseen Alchemical with Sciences he knew of maybe were or were going to be apart of the chemical make up of the Atomic/Nuclear Bomb in his medieval age ?
We read .....
When on 16 December 1941 Pope Pius xn proclaimed St. Albert the Great "forever the PATRON before God of students of the natural sciences with the supplemental privileges and honours which belong, of its nature, to this heavenly patronage," he may very well have been inspired by divine providence. But he was also fully aware of what the whole scientific community already knew to be a certainty, namely that an atomic bomb, the like of which had never been seen, could in fact be produced. One can truthfully say that St. Albert the Great was proclaimed Patron of natural scientists at the very con-ception of the atomic age, a phrase that had no meaning whatever to most people until 6 August 1945.
The theoretical possibilities of producing nuclear fission from cer-tain elements, such as uranium, travelling at tremendous speed were long entertained by nuclear physicists throughout the world. By August 1939 Albert Einstein was induced by Leo Szilard and Eugene Wigner to write directly to his personal friend, President F. D. Roo-sevelt, warning him of the real likelihood of uranium being used to create an entirely new type of bomb, the need for particular vigilance over German activities in this regard, and suggesting immediate gov-ernment action to coordinate scientific research in nuclear physics.
Nothing really came of this or the two subsequent letters from Ein-stein early in 1940. By July 1941, however, British scientists had suc-ceeded in producing nuclear fission and definitively demonstrating that an atomic bomb could in fact be produced. News from Niels Bohr that the Germans were transporting large quantities of "heavy water" from the Scandinavian countries and the illuminating visit to England by George Pegram and Harold Urey in the autumn of 1941 played the crucial role in the American decision on 6 December 1941 to create a concentrated and expanded program of unified research into nuclear weapons — a few hours before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. In 1942 the Manhattan Project was firmly established with the full support of the United States government and military forces.
When Pope Pius xn proclaimed St. Albert the Great, Patron of natural scientists on 16 December, the whole world was at war and far too busy to be concerned about a medieval saint and his out-moded science. It was not until the world was stunned by the actual-ity of the first atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 and on Nagasaki three days later, that pained scientists, philoso-phers, churchmen, humanitarians of all kinds, and mankind itself were prepared to think about the need of some heavenly Patron in PREFACE XI the new, dangerous, and uncharted age of atomic energy. But this is as far as things went. Atheists like Albert Einstein and Sir Ber-trand Russell could cry, "Never again," and hold court, denouncing individuals for crimes against humanity. But humanity without God is not human. Mankind cannot "go it alone"; it never could..

Influences
Plato,[4] Aristotle, Avicenna, Plotinus, Proclian, Pseudo-Dionysius, Al-Farabi, Averroes, Avicebron, Maimonides, Jordan of Saxony,[5] Peter Lombard
Influenced
Thomas Aquinas and later Scholasticism in general; indirectly Meister Eckhart, Nicholas of Cusa

It seems likely that Albert was born sometime before 1200, given well-attested evidence that he was aged over 80 on his death in 1280[citation needed]. Two later sources say that Albert was about 87 on his death, which has led 1193 to be commonly given as the date of Albert's birth, but this information does not have enough evidence to be confirmed.[8] Albert was probably born in Lauingen (now in Bavaria), since he called himself 'Albert of Lauingen', but this might simply be a family name. Most probably his family was of ministerial class; his familiar connection with (being son of the count) the Bollstädt noble family is almost certainly mere conjecture by 15th century hagiographers.[8][failed verification]

Albert was probably educated principally at the University of Padua, where he received instruction in Aristotle's writings. A late account by Rudolph de Novamagia refers to Albertus' encounter with the Blessed Virgin Mary, who convinced him to enter Holy Orders. In 1223 (or 1229)[9] he became a member of the Dominican Order, and studied theology at Bologna and elsewhere. Selected to fill the position of lecturer at Cologne, Germany, where the Dominicans had a house, he taught for several years there, as well as in Regensburg, Freiburg, Strasbourg, and Hildesheim. During his first tenure as lecturer at Cologne, Albert wrote his Summa de bono after discussion with Philip the Chancellor concerning the transcendental properties of being.[10] In 1245, Albert became master of theology under Gueric of Saint-Quentin, the first German Dominican to achieve this distinction. Following this turn of events, Albert was able to teach theology at the University of Paris as a full-time professor, holding the seat of the Chair of Theology at the College of St. James.[10] During this time Thomas Aquinas began to study under Albertus.

Albert was the first to comment on virtually all of the writings of Aristotle, thus making them accessible to wider academic debate. The study of Aristotle brought him to study and comment on the teachings of Muslim academics, notably Avicenna and Averroes, and this would bring him into the heart of academic debate.

In 1254 Albert was made provincial of the Dominican Order, and fulfilled the duties of the office with great care and efficiency. During his tenure he publicly defended the Dominicans against attacks by the secular and regular faculty of the University of Paris, commented on John the Evangelist, and answered what he perceived as errors of the Islamic philosopher Averroes.

In 1259 Albert took part in the General Chapter of the Dominicans at Valenciennes together with Thomas Aquinas, masters Bonushomo Britto, Florentius, and Peter (later Pope Innocent V) establishing a ratio studiorum or program of studies for the Dominicans that featured the study of philosophy as an innovation for those not sufficiently trained to study theology. This innovation initiated the tradition of Dominican scholastic philosophy put into practice, for example, in 1265 at the Order's studium provinciale at the convent of Santa Sabina in Rome, out of which would develop the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, the "Angelicum"

Tags for Algorithm purposes below:

esoteric
supernatural
mystical
paranormal
satanic
mystic
mysterious
magic
astrology
alchemy
secret
spiritualism
metaphysical
gnosticism
eclipse
psychic
witchcraft
mysticism
pagan
hermeticism
spiritual
conceal
divine
morbid

In 1758 Roger Boscovich (1711-1787) published "A Theory of natural philosophy reduced to one unique law of forces that exist in nature". The Theory has had a major impact on Boscovich's contemporaries and resulted in many followers in the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century. His life, scientific activity, and philosophical views, as well as his influence on contemporaries and followers, are dealt with in this monograph. The theory is actually the very first quantum theory. He was the first one to draw the orbitals by which some particle moves around particles located in a center and explain that by a transition from one orbital to another a particle either gains or loses a certain amount (quantum) of energy. His primary contribution was to the discovery of the structure of atoms of chemical elements. He anticipated the possibility of the existence of macromolecules (i.e. polymers), nano-tubes neutrino, quarks, gluons, and also the structure of diamond and graphite.

The derivation of model Hamiltonians such as crystal-field and spin Hamiltonians requires a decoupling of electrons, which may be made by defining an appropriate equivalente Hamiltonian Heq. The connection between Heq and the original Hamiltonian, and between the respective eigenfunctions is explicitly given in this work. The eigenfunctions of Heq are linear combinations of simple products of atomic spin oprbitals, the latter being chosen in such a way that its antisymmetrization leads to a linearly independent set. The problem is then reformulated in a chosen subspace (effective space) via the effective Hamiltonian formalism. A model Hamiltonian Hmod is then obtained by projecting out the undesired degrees of freedom. The relationship with the Heitler-London approximation is discussed, showing that the formalism may be considered as its extension to higher orders of perturbation theory. The formalism is then used to derive the Heisenberg Hamiltonian for the H2  molecule.

There is an entirely new world between our concept of an infinitely small point and the current limits of our imagination. To explore this world, a new model of the atom and its components is proposed based on the dynamic structure of fields. Fields that are purely electromagnetic and continuously change into their opposite. The atom is created from highly energetic photons called gamma rays. Given the correct phase, and energy, these photons can superpose and merge to form matter, through a process called structural electrodynamics (SED) and a structure called a soliton. This creates matter from energy. These ideas follow Confucius, Maxwell and Einstein. Rhythmic fields continuously becoming their opposite in space-time and holding their place. Much of what is discussed here may initially be surprising for many physicists, as it offers an alternative to their current paradigm, the Standard Model. Possibly, by using more approachable standard physics, this model opens another window. Take a look. Only time and experiment will show the right view.

The comprehensions of Roger Boscovich (1711-1787) concerning the structure of fluids have been further developed applying the achievements and the results of modern science. It is shown that various supermolecular rotating particles (molecular pairs, bimolecules and oligomolecules) exist in compressed gases and liquids. The volumes occupied by rotating particles are equal to the volumes of substances at the critical point (molecular pairs), co-volume of van der Waals equation (bimolecules), and volume of solid phase at triple point (oligomolecules). A mathematical model that enables the calculation of these volumes as well as their fractions in liquids was developed. The importance of the supermolecular structure of olefins and vinyl monomers for their polymerization is presented.

Introduction: What is Time actually? Is it numbers on a clock, months on a calendar or is it something more? This document works to show the truth of what time actually is, in comparison of how far our understanding of time is off, because refuse to include the quantum realm within the definition and perception of time. The ebb and flow of the universe and the field in which we all live and walk within is both complicated and simple, complex by definition and simple based on how it can be used. The very essence of time can help us in understanding how to move and shape ourselves throughout this world.

A desk review of current international, regional and states trends of activities programmes and plans towards nuclear security was conducted. The approach involves three categories. The first phase look at the international legal frame-work both binding and nonbinding instruments, resolutions and the regulatory organizations. The second section covers brief review of Nigeria legislative and regulatory frame-works and the third section deals with global activities on policy  initiatives and directions which includes amendments, meetings, protocols, summits, conventions ,action plans by institutions which shapes global trends in  nuclear security

Photoionization and fragmentation of gaseous methane induced by tunable
synchrotron radiation were investigated in a wide energy range, from 40 eV up to 480 eV. We
report electron-ion coincidence experiments by measuring the relative partial-ion yields and
precursor-specific relative yields for individual fragment ions and for ion fragment pairs as a
function of photon energy. The fragmentation patterns are discussed with emphasis on the
transition behavior of the bond breaking reactions and of the hydrogen rearrangements from
valence to core electron ionization. Below the C 1s threshold, a comparison between photon
induced dissociation and electron impact data showed that the ionic fragments formation
depends for both projectiles on the same final electronic state reached upon ionization.

Од теорије Руђера Бошковића (18. в.) до теорије Павла Савића и Радивоја Кашанина (20. в.) је раздобље од два века. Прва теорија се темељи на закону континуитета и полази од начела класичне Њутновое механике, а друга се заснива на квантној механици. Уз то, Бошковић је свој закон сила примењивао углавном на примарне елементе материје (непротежне и недељиве тачке), као и на честице првог и другог реда, а Савић и Кашанин се усредсређују на честице „од атома до небеских тела“. Стога се чини да су теоријски приступи и предмети ове две теорије потпуно различити. Међутим, није тако. У овом раду дајемо кратке описе живота наведених научника и указујемо на историјску повезаност ове две теорије, као и да теорија Савић-Кашанин заправо произилази из Бошковићеве теорије. Након што смо потврдили да резултати савремене науке потврђују исправност обе теорије, користимо их као путоказе за изналажење неких нових непознатих закономерности у природи.

BeH is one of the most important benchmark systems for ab initio methods and for studying Born-Oppenheimer breakdown. However the best empirical potential and best ab initio potential for the ground electronic state to date give drastically different predictions in the long-range region beyond which measurements have been made, which is about ~1000 cm-1 for 9BeH, ~ 3000 cm-1 for 9BeD, and ~ 13000 cm-1 for 9BeT. Improved empirical potentials and Born-Oppenheimer breakdown corrections have now been built for the ground electronic states X(1^2 Sigma^+) of all three isotopologues. The predicted dissociation energy for 9BeH from the new empirical potential is now closer to the current best ab initio prediction by more than 66% of the discrepancy between the latter and the previous best empirical potential. The previous best empirical potential predicted the existence of unobserved vibrational levels for all three isotopologues, and the current best ab initio study also predicted the existence of all of these levels, and four more. The present empirical potential agrees with the ab initio prediction of all of these extra levels not predicted by the earlier empirical potential. With one exception, all energy spacings between vibrational energy levels for which measurements have been made, are predicted with an agreement of better than 1 cm^{-1} between the new empirical potential and the current best ab initio potential, but some predictions for unobserved levels are still in great disagreement, and the equilibrium bond lengths are different by orders of magnitude.

In this paper, we applied the semi-classical quantization approximation method to solve the radial Schrödinger equation with a generalized Pseudoharmonic potential. The four turning points problem within the framework of the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) method was transformed into two turning points and subsequently, the energy spectrum was obtained. Some special cases of the generalized Pseudoharmonic potential are presented. The WKB approximation approach reproduces the exact energy expression obtained with several analytical methods in the literature. The values of the energy levels for some selected diatomic molecules (N2, CO, NO, CH) obtained
numerically are in excellent agreement with those from previous works in the literature

Note: This list is intended to give New Zealand Scholarship applicants a sense of the range of courses that could align with the priority sector of Renewable Energy. It is not a comprehensive list. Please check institution websites for their full range of courses and up-to-date information. You must do your own research on what could be the best programmes of study and institutes for you. For information about undergraduate courses, refer to the separate information sheet on Undergraduate qualifications relevant to Renewable Energy.