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Rashin lafiya bayan haihuwa

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Rashin lafiya bayan haihuwa
BERJAYA
Description (en) Fassara
Iri puerperal disorders (en) Fassara, mental disorder complicating pregnancy, childbirth, or the puerperium (en) Fassara, endogenous depression (en) Fassara, maternal depression (en) Fassara
mental disorder (en) Fassara
Field of study (en) Fassara psychiatry (en) Fassara, psychotherapy (en) Fassara
clinical psychology (en) Fassara
Symptoms and signs (en) Fassara kuka, depression (en) Fassara
Rashin karfi
Medical treatment (en) Fassara
Magani (S)-duloxetine (en) Fassara, sertraline (en) Fassara da zuranolone (en) Fassara
Identifier (en) Fassara
ICD-10-CM F53
ICD-9 648.4
DiseasesDB 10921
MedlinePlus 007215
eMedicine 007215
MeSH D019052
Disease Ontology ID DOID:9478

Damuwa bayan haihuwa ( PPD ), wanda kuma aka sani da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa, cuta ce ta yanayi wadda mata masu juna biyu ko bayan haihuwa za su iya fuskanta. [1] Alamomin sun haɗa da baƙin ciki mai yawa, ƙarancin kuzari, damuwa, lokutan kuka, rashin jin daɗi, da canje-canje masu yawa a yanayin barci ko cin abinci. [2] PPD kuma yana iya yin mummunan tasiri ga jariri. [3] [4]

Ko da yake ba a san ainihin dalilin PPD ba, ana kyautata zaton yana faruwa ne sakamakon haɗuwar abubuwan jiki, motsin rai, kwayoyin halitta, da zamantakewa kamar rashin daidaiton hormones da rashin barci . [2] [5] [6] Abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari sun haɗa da abubuwan da suka faru a baya na baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa, rashin lafiyar bipolar, tarihin baƙin ciki na iyali, damuwa ta hankali, rikice-rikicen haihuwa, rashin tallafi, ko matsalar amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi . [2] Ganewar cutar ta dogara ne akan alamun mutum. [4] Duk da cewa yawancin mata suna fuskantar ɗan gajeren lokaci na damuwa ko rashin jin daɗi bayan haihuwa, ya kamata a yi zargin baƙin cikin bayan haihuwa lokacin da alamun suka yi tsanani kuma suka wuce makonni biyu. [2]

Daga cikin waɗanda ke cikin haɗari, samar da tallafin zamantakewa na iya zama kariya wajen hana PPD. [7] Wannan na iya haɗawa da tallafin al'umma kamar abinci, ayyukan gida, kula da uwa, da kuma abota. [8] Maganin PPD na iya haɗawa da ba da shawara ko magunguna. [4] Nau'ikan shawarwari masu tasiri sun haɗa da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam (IPT), maganin halayyar fahimta (CBT), da maganin psychodynamic . [4] Shaida mai ƙarfi tana goyan bayan amfani da magungunan hana sake amfani da serotonin (SSRIs) masu zaɓi . [4]

Damuwa tana faruwa a kusan kashi 10 zuwa 20% na mata bayan haihuwa. Damuwa bayan haihuwa galibi tana shafar uwaye waɗanda suka fuskanci haihuwar da ba a haifa ba, uwaye da ke zaune a birane, da kuma uwaye matasa. Bugu da ƙari, an kiyasta cewa wannan matsalar yanayi tana shafar kashi 1 zuwa 26% na sabbin ubaye. [1] Wani nau'in matsalar yanayi daban-daban bayan haihuwa shine tabin hankali bayan haihuwa, wanda ya fi tsanani kuma yana faruwa a kusan mata 1 zuwa 2 cikin 1,000 bayan haihuwa. [9] Damuwa bayan haihuwa yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da kisan yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara ɗaya, wanda ke faruwa a kusan 8 cikin 100,000 na haihuwa a Amurka. [10]

Alamomi da Alamomi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Alamomin PPD na iya faruwa a kowane lokaci a cikin shekarar farko ta haihuwa bayan haihuwa. Yawanci, ana la'akari da ganewar cutar damuwa bayan haihuwa bayan an ci gaba da alamun har na tsawon akalla makonni biyu. [11]

Motsin Rai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Baƙin ciki mai ɗorewa, damuwa, ko yanayi "babu komai"
  • Canjin yanayi mai tsanani [11]
  • Bacin rai, fushi, rashin natsuwa, fushi [12] [13]
  • Jin rashin bege ko rashin taimako [12]
  • Laifi, kunya, rashin amfani [12] [13]
  • Ƙarfin kai [12]
  • Jin kasala, rashin komai [12]
  • Gajiya [12]
  • Rashin samun kwanciyar hankali [12]
  • Matsalar haɗuwa da jariri [11]
  • Jin rashin isasshen kulawa da jaririn [12] [13]
  • Tunanin cutar da kai ko kashe kanka [14]
  • Rashin sha'awa ko jin daɗi a cikin ayyukan yau da kullun [13] [11]
  • Ƙarancin sha'awar jima'i [15]
  • Canje-canje a cikin sha'awar abinci [12] [13]
  • Gajiya, raguwar kuzari [12] [13] da kuma kwarin gwiwa [13]
  • Rashin kula da kai [11]
  • Janyewar zamantakewa [12] [11]
  • Rashin barci ko yawan barci [12] [11]
  • Damuwa game da cutar da kai, jariri, ko abokin tarayya [11] [13]

Ilimin Jijiyoyin Jijiyoyi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Nazarin fMRI ya nuna bambance-bambance a cikin aikin kwakwalwa tsakanin uwaye masu fama da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa da waɗanda ba su da shi. Iyaye mata da aka gano suna da PPD galibi ba sa samun aiki sosai a gefen hagu na gaba da kuma ƙaruwar aiki a gefen dama na gaba idan aka kwatanta da masu kula da lafiya. Hakanan suna nuna raguwar haɗin kai tsakanin mahimman tsarin kwakwalwa, gami da gaban cingulate cortex, dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex, amygdala, da hippocampus . Bambance-bambancen kunna kwakwalwa tsakanin uwaye masu baƙin ciki da waɗanda ba sa baƙin ciki sun fi bayyana lokacin da alamun motsin rai na waɗanda ba jarirai ba suka motsa su. Iyaye mata masu baƙin ciki suna nuna ƙarin aikin jijiyoyi a cikin amygdala ta dama zuwa ga alamun motsin rai na waɗanda ba jarirai ba da kuma raguwar haɗin kai tsakanin amygdala da gefen dama na tsakiya. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya kuma gano cewa aiki mai rauni a cikin gaban cingulate cortex, striatum, orbitofrontal cortex, da insula a cikin uwaye masu PPD lokacin kallon hotunan jariransu. [16]

An gudanar da bincike mai ƙarfi kan kunna jijiyoyi game da PPD tare da beraye fiye da mutane. Waɗannan nazarin sun ba da damar ware takamaiman sassan kwakwalwa, masu ba da neurotransmitters, hormones, da steroids . [16] [17]

Farawa da tsawon lokaci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Farawar ɓacin rai bayan haihuwa yawanci yana farawa ne tsakanin makonni biyu zuwa wata guda bayan haihuwa. [18] Wani bincike da aka yi a wani asibitin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa na cikin gari ya nuna cewa kashi 50% na ɓacin rai bayan haihuwa sun fara ne kafin haihuwa. [19] A cikin Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Cututtukan Hankali ( DSM-5 ) PPD ba a gane shi a matsayin wani yanayi na musamman ba, sai dai wani nau'in babban ɓacin rai ne. A cikin DSM-5, ana iya amfani da ma'aunin "wanda ya fara bayan haihuwa" ga babban ɓacin rai idan farkon ya faru ko dai a lokacin ciki ko cikin makonni huɗu bayan haihuwa. Yaɗuwar ɓacin rai bayan haihuwa ya bambanta a cikin watanni daban-daban bayan haihuwa . Nazarin da aka yi kan ɓacin rai bayan haihuwa tsakanin mata a Gabas ta Tsakiya ya nuna cewa yaɗuwar cutar a cikin watanni uku na farko na haihuwa ya kai kashi 31%, yayin da yaɗuwar cutar daga watanni huɗu zuwa goma sha biyu na haihuwa ya kai kashi 19%. [20] PPD na iya ɗaukar watanni da yawa ko ma shekara guda. [21]

Sakamakon da ke tattare da lafiyar uwa da yara

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa na iya tsoma baki ga haɗin kai tsakanin uwa da jariri na yau da kullun kuma yana shafar ci gaban jariri mai tsanani da na dogon lokaci. Jariran uwaye masu fama da PPD suna da yawan kuka mai yawa, alamun yanayi, da wahalar barci. Matsalolin barci a jarirai na iya ƙara ta'azzara ko kuma su ƙara ta'azzara ta hanyar PPD a lokaci guda a cikin uwaye. Sakamakon uwaye na PPD sun haɗa da janyewa, rabuwa, da ƙiyayya. Ƙarin alamu da aka lura a cikin uwaye masu fama da PPD sun haɗa da ƙarancin lokacin farawa da kula da shayarwa. [4]

Yara da jarirai waɗanda uwayensu da PPD ta shafa suna fuskantar mummunan tasiri na dogon lokaci akan aikinsu na fahimta, sarrafa hana su, da kuma daidaita motsin rai. A cikin yanayin PPD da ba a yi magani ba, an lura da halaye masu tayar da hankali da yanayin tabin hankali da na lafiya a lokacin samartaka. [4]

Yawan kashe kai na mata masu fama da cutar PPD ya yi ƙasa da na waɗanda ba sa cikin lokacin haihuwa. Mutuwar jariri ko jarirai a shekara ta farko bayan haihuwa yana da alaƙa da haɗarin yunƙurin kashe kansa da kuma yawan shigar da marasa lafiya a asibiti. [4]

Baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa ga ubanni

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Baƙin cikin bayan haihuwa na uba ra'ayi ne da ba a fahimta sosai ba tare da wata hujja mai iyaka ba. Duk da haka, baƙin cikin bayan haihuwa yana shafar kashi 8 zuwa 10% na uba. [22] Babu wasu ƙa'idodi da aka tsara don maza su sami baƙin cikin bayan haihuwa. [22] Dalilin na iya bambanta a cikin maza. [22] [23] da ke haifar da baƙin cikin bayan haihuwa na uba sun haɗa da canje-canjen hormonal yayin daukar ciki, wanda zai iya nuna alaƙar uba da ɗa. [ [22] Misali, alamun baƙin cikin maza suna da alaƙa da ƙarancin matakan testosterone a cikin maza. [1] Ƙarancin matakan prolactin, estrogen, da vasopressin an danganta su da gwagwarmaya da haɗin kai tsakanin uba da jariri, wanda zai iya haifar da baƙin ciki a cikin uba na farko. [22] Alamomin baƙin cikin bayan haihuwa a cikin maza sune baƙin ciki mai tsanani, gajiya, damuwa, fushi, da tunanin kashe kansa. Damuwar bayan haihuwa a cikin maza galibi tana faruwa watanni 3-6 bayan haihuwa kuma tana da alaƙa da baƙin cikin bayan haihuwa, ma'ana idan uwa tana fuskantar baƙin cikin bayan haihuwa, to uba yana cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar. [24] Baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa a cikin maza yana haifar da ƙaruwar haɗarin kashe kansa, yayin da kuma iyakance haɗin kai mai kyau tsakanin jarirai da uba. Mazan da ke fuskantar PPD na iya nuna halayen iyaye marasa kyau, da damuwa, da kuma rage hulɗar jarirai. [25]

Rage hulɗar uba da iyaye na iya haifar da matsalolin fahimta da ɗabi'a a cikin yara daga baya. [26] Yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara 3.5 na iya fuskantar matsaloli tare da ɗabi'un ciki da waje, wanda ke nuna cewa baƙin cikin bayan uba na iya haifar da sakamako na dogon lokaci. [1] Bincike ya nuna cewa yaran da uba suka rene su suna fuskantar baƙin ciki ko wasu cututtukan kwakwalwa suna da kusan kashi 33% zuwa 70% mafi girma na haɗarin kamuwa da matsalolin motsin rai ko ɗabi'a. [27] Bugu da ƙari, idan ba a yawan karanta wa yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara biyu ba, wannan mummunan hulɗar iyaye da yara na iya cutar da kalmomin da suke furtawa. [1] Wani bincike da ya mayar da hankali kan ubaye masu ƙarancin kuɗi ya gano cewa ƙaruwar shiga cikin shekarar farko ta ɗansu yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa. [28]

Iyaye masu riƙon yara

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Iyaye waɗanda ba su da ilimin halittar jiki na iya fuskantar baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa. Duk da cewa ba a yi bincike mai yawa ba game da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa, matsalolin da ke tattare da iyaye bayan haihuwa iri ɗaya ne tsakanin iyaye na halitta da waɗanda suka ɗauki yara. [29] Matan da suka ɗauki yara suna fuskantar damuwa mai yawa da canje-canje a rayuwa a lokacin haihuwa, kamar uwaye na halitta. Wannan na iya ƙara musu damar kamuwa da alamun baƙin ciki da kuma yanayin damuwa. [30] Damuwa bayan haihuwa tana faruwa a cikin uwaye masu ɗaukar yara ta hanyar rashin barci kamar uwaye masu haihuwa, amma iyaye masu ɗaukar yara na iya samun ƙarin abubuwan haɗari kamar tarihin rashin haihuwa. [30]

Matsaloli ga mutanen LGBTQ

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bugu da ƙari, bincike na farko ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke ɗaukar yara waɗanda ke cikin al'ummar LGBTQ na iya zama mafi saurin kamuwa da baƙin ciki da damuwa a lokacin daukar ciki fiye da mutanen da ke da jinsi ɗaya da kuma maza da mata. [31]

A cewar wasu bincike guda biyu, an hana mutanen LGBTQ shiga ayyukan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa bayan haihuwa saboda kyamar da al'umma ke nunawa, wanda hakan ke kara wani shinge na zamantakewa wanda uwaye masu rashin daidaito ba su da shi. Mahalarta 'yan madigo sun bayyana fargaba game da samun ganewar lafiyar kwakwalwa saboda damuwa game da kyamar zamantakewa da damar aiki. An kuma nuna damuwa game da yiwuwar cire yara da kuma gano iyaye, ciki har da cutar tabin hankali. [31] Daga binciken da aka gudanar zuwa yanzu, kodayake yana da iyaka, a bayyane yake cewa akwai yawan jama'a da ke fuskantar baƙin ciki da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa fiye da uwaye masu haihuwa kawai.

Dalilai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ba a san musabbabin PPD ba. Canje-canjen hormonal da na jiki, tarihin baƙin ciki na mutum da na iyali, da kuma damuwar kula da jariri duk na iya taimakawa wajen ci gaban baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa. [32] [33]

Shaida ta nuna cewa canje-canjen hormones na iya taka rawa. [34] Fahimtar halayyar neuroendocrinology na PPD ya tabbatar da cewa yana da ƙalubale musamman idan aka yi la'akari da canje-canje marasa daidaituwa ga kwakwalwa da tsarin halittu yayin daukar ciki da kuma bayan haihuwa. Wani bita na nazarin bincike a cikin PPD ya lura cewa mata masu PPD suna da canje-canje masu ban mamaki a cikin aikin HPA axis, duk da haka, yanayin karkacewar takamaiman hormone yana ƙaruwa ko raguwa har yanzu yana gauraye. [35] Hormones da aka yi nazari a kansu sun haɗa da estrogen, progesterone, thyroid hormone, testosterone, corticotropin release hormone, endorphins, da cortisol . [6] Matakan Estrogen da progesterone suna raguwa zuwa matakan kafin daukar ciki cikin awanni 24 da haihuwa, kuma wannan canjin kwatsam na iya haifar da shi. [36] Tsarin steroid mai dogaro da hormone wanda ke dogara da sinadarin calcium na neuronal ta hanyar sunadaran extracellular matrix da masu karɓar membrane waɗanda ke da hannu wajen mayar da martani ga yanayin ƙwayoyin halitta na iya zama mahimmanci wajen haifar da haɗarin halittu. [37] Amfani da oxytocin roba, maganin da ke haifar da haihuwa, an danganta shi da ƙaruwar baƙin ciki da damuwa bayan haihuwa. [38]

An danganta Allopregnanolone, wani abu da aka samo daga progesterone, da cutar PPD saboda rawar da yake takawa wajen daidaita masu karɓar GABA . Matakan allopregnanolone suna raguwa sosai bayan haihuwa. [39] An danganta raguwar allopregnanolone da alamun baƙin ciki kamar na beraye. [40]

Ana kyautata zaton cewa Estradiol, wanda ke taimaka wa mahaifa ta yi kauri da girma, yana taimakawa wajen samar da PPD. [34] Wannan ya faru ne saboda dangantakarsa da serotonin . Matakan Estradiol suna ƙaruwa yayin daukar ciki, sannan su ragu sosai bayan haihuwa. Lokacin da matakan estradiol suka ragu bayan haihuwa, matakan serotonin suma suna raguwa. Serotonin wani sinadari ne mai taimakawa wajen daidaita yanayi. Ƙananan matakan serotonin suna haifar da jin baƙin ciki da damuwa. Don haka, lokacin da matakan estradiol suka yi ƙasa, serotonin na iya zama ƙasa, wanda ke nuna cewa estradiol yana taka rawa wajen haɓaka PPD. [41]

Sau da yawa ana hasashen cewa canje-canje masu zurfi a salon rayuwa da ake samu ta hanyar kula da jariri suna haifar da PPD. Duk da haka, ƙaramin shaida yana goyon bayan wannan hasashe. Iyaye mata waɗanda suka haifi 'ya'ya da yawa a baya ba tare da fuskantar PPD ba duk da haka za su iya fuskantar hakan tare da sabon ɗansu. [42] Duk da canje-canjen halitta da na zamantakewa waɗanda ka iya biyo bayan ciki da lokacin haihuwa, yawancin mata ba a gano suna da PPD ba. [43] [44] Iyaye mata da yawa ba sa iya samun sauran da suke buƙata don murmurewa gaba ɗaya daga haihuwa. Rashin barci na iya haifar da rashin jin daɗi da gajiya ta jiki, wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen haifar da alamun baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa. [45]

Abubuwan Haɗari

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Duk da cewa ba a fahimci dalilan PPD ba, an yi nuni da cewa akwai dalilai da dama da ke ƙara haɗarin. Ana iya raba waɗannan haɗarin zuwa rukuni biyu, na halitta da na zamantakewa:

Halitta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Ba da maganin oxytocin na roba wanda ke haifar da naƙuda [38]
  • Cututtuka masu tsanani da ke faruwa sakamakon rashin daidaituwar tsarin jijiyoyi [46]
  • Tarihin kwayoyin halitta na PPD [47]
  • Rashin daidaituwar hormones [46]
  • Cututtukan kumburi ( ciwon hanji mai saurin fushi, fibromyalgia ) [46]
  • Shan taba sigari [47]
  • Kwayoyin halittar hanji [48]

Za a iya raba abubuwan da ke haifar da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa zuwa rukuni biyu kamar yadda aka lissafa a sama, na halitta da na psychosocial. [49] Wasu abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin halitta sun haɗa da shan oxytocin don haifar da naƙuda. Cututtuka na yau da kullun kamar ciwon suga, ko cutar Addison, da kuma matsalolin da ke tattare da rashin daidaituwar hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (wanda ke sarrafa martanin hormonal), [46] hanyoyin kumburi kamar asma ko cutar celiac, da raunin kwayoyin halitta kamar tarihin damuwa na iyali ko PPD. Cututtuka na yau da kullun da ke faruwa sakamakon rashin daidaituwar neuroendocrine, gami da ciwon hanji mai haushi da fibromyalgia yawanci suna sanya mutane cikin haɗarin ƙarin matsalolin lafiya. Duk da haka, an gano cewa waɗannan cututtukan ba sa ƙara haɗarin baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa, an san waɗannan abubuwan suna da alaƙa da PPD. [46] Wannan alaƙar ba yana nufin waɗannan abubuwan suna da sanadi ba. An san shan taba sigari yana da tasirin ƙari. [47] Wasu bincike sun gano alaƙa tsakanin PPD da ƙarancin matakan DHA (omega-3 fatty acid) a cikin uwa. [50] An gabatar da alaƙa tsakanin thyroiditis bayan haihuwa da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa amma har yanzu ana jayayya. Haka kuma akwai alaƙa tsakanin baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa da kuma ƙwayoyin rigakafi na thyroid.

Ilimin zamantakewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Damuwa ko damuwa kafin haihuwa [51]
  • Tarihin baƙin ciki na mutum ko na iyali [47]
  • Alamomin da suka shafi matsakaicin lokaci zuwa tsanani [52]
  • Abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa masu wahala a lokacin daukar ciki [53] [54]
  • Shuɗin bayan haihuwa [51]
  • Raunin hankali da ya shafi haihuwa
  • Raunin jiki da ya shafi haihuwa
  • Tarihin cin zarafin mata [55] [56]
  • Rauni a lokacin ƙuruciya [55] [56] [57]
  • Haihuwar da ta gabata a cikin mamaci ko kuma zubar da ciki [52]
  • Shayar da madara maimakon shayarwa [47]
  • Ƙarfin kai [51]
  • Kula da yara ko damuwa ta rayuwa [51]
  • Rashin tallafin zamantakewa [51]
  • Mummunan dangantaka ta aure ko kuma rashin aure [51]
  • Ƙarfin matsayin tattalin arziki na zamantakewa [51] [58]
  • Rashin ƙarfin goyon bayan motsin rai daga abokiyar zama, abokin tarayya, iyali, ko abokai [59]
  • Matsalolin yanayin jarirai/ ciwon ciki [51]
  • Ciki mara shiri/ba a so [51]
  • Matsalolin shayarwa [60]
  • Shekarun uwa, rashin isasshen abinci a iyali, da kuma cin zarafin mata [61]

Abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin damuwa a lokacin haihuwa bayan haihuwa sun haɗa da mummunan abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa, wasu nau'ikan damuwa na yau da kullun, ingancin dangantaka, da tallafi daga abokin tarayya da uwa. [62] Akwai buƙatar ƙarin bincike game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin zamantakewa da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa. Wasu abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin zamantakewa na zamantakewa na iya dangantawa da abubuwan da ke haifar da lafiya a cikin zamantakewa . [49] Mata masu ƙarancin albarkatu suna nuna babban matakin baƙin ciki da damuwa bayan haihuwa fiye da matan da ke da albarkatu masu yawa, kamar kuɗi. [63]

An nuna cewa yawan PPD yana raguwa yayin da kudin shiga ke ƙaruwa. Mata masu ƙarancin albarkatu na iya samun ciki ba tare da niyya ba ko kuma wanda ba a so, wanda ke ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da PPD. Mata masu ƙarancin albarkatu kuma na iya haɗawa da uwaye marasa aure waɗanda ke da ƙarancin kuɗi. Iyaye mata marasa aure waɗanda ke da ƙarancin kuɗi na iya samun ƙarancin damar samun albarkatu yayin da suke canzawa zuwa uwa. Waɗannan mata sun riga sun sami ƙarancin zaɓuɓɓukan kashe kuɗi, kuma samun ɗa na iya yaɗa waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan. [64] Mata masu ƙarancin kuɗi galibi suna cikin mawuyacin hali na talauci, ba za su iya ci gaba ba, wanda ke shafar ikonsu na samun ingantaccen kiwon lafiya don gano da magance baƙin cikin bayan haihuwa. [64]

Bincike a Amurka ya kuma nuna alaƙa tsakanin launin fata na uwa da kuma baƙin cikin bayan haihuwa. An nuna cewa uwaye 'yan Afirka-Amurka suna da mafi girman haɗarin kamuwa da cutar PPD da kashi 25%, yayin da uwaye 'yan Asiya ke da mafi ƙanƙanta da kashi 11.5%, bayan sun shawo kan al'amuran zamantakewa kamar shekaru, kuɗin shiga, ilimi, matsayin aure, da lafiyar jariri. Adadin PPD ga mata 'yan ƙasa na farko, 'yan Caucasian, da Hispanic ya faɗi tsakanin. [63]

Kaura daga al'ummar da ke da goyon baya ta al'adu na iya zama wani abu da ke haifar da PPD. Al'adun gargajiya a duk faɗin duniya suna ba da fifiko ga tallafin da aka tsara yayin kula da bayan haihuwa don tabbatar da lafiyar kwakwalwa da ta jiki, walwala, da murmurewa ta uwa. [8]

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke hasashen yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar PPD ta uba shine samun abokin tarayya wanda ke da cutar PPD, inda iyaye maza ke kamuwa da cutar PPD kashi 50% na lokacin da abokin tarayyarsu mace ke da cutar PPD. [65]

An kuma yi nazarin yanayin jima'i [66] a matsayin abin da ke haifar da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar PPD. A cikin wani bincike da Ross da abokan aikinsa suka gudanar a shekarar 2007, an gwada uwayen 'yan madigo da masu luwaɗi don samun cutar PPD sannan aka kwatanta su da ƙungiyar samfurin maza da mata. An gano cewa uwayen 'yan madigo da masu luwaɗi sun sami maki mafi girma a cikin Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale fiye da mata masu luwaɗi a cikin samfurin. [46] Damuwa bayan haihuwa ta fi yawa a tsakanin mata 'yan madigo fiye da mata masu luwaɗi, wanda za a iya danganta shi da yawan mace-mace da ke fama da cutar ta hanyar jima'i. [67] Matan 'yan madigo suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar jima'i saboda suna da yuwuwar an yi musu magani don baƙin ciki kuma sun yi ƙoƙarin ko tunanin kashe kansu fiye da mata masu luwaɗi. [67] Waɗannan ƙaruwar PPD a cikin uwayen 'yan madigo/masu luwaɗi na iya nuna ƙarancin tallafin zamantakewa, musamman daga danginsu na asali, da ƙarin damuwa saboda wariyar ƙabilanci a cikin al'umma. [68]

Bambancin haɗarin da ke da alaƙa da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa (PPD) tsakanin matan Larabawa sun jaddada tasirin yanki. [69] Abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari da aka gano sun haɗa da jinsin jariri da kuma auren mata fiye da ɗaya. [69] A cewar bincike uku da aka gudanar a Masar da kuma ɗaya a Jordan, uwayen jarirai mata suna da haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon damuwa bayan haihuwa (PPD) sau biyu zuwa huɗu idan aka kwatanta da uwayen jarirai maza. [69] Nazari huɗu sun gano cewa rikice-rikice da suruka suna da alaƙa da PPD, tare da rabon haɗarin 1.8 da 2.7. [70]

Bincike ya kuma nuna alaƙa tsakanin baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa a cikin iyaye mata da ke zaune a yankunan da ake fama da rikice-rikice, rikice-rikice, da yaƙe-yaƙe a Gabas ta Tsakiya . [20] Nazarin da aka yi a Qatar ya gano alaƙa tsakanin ƙananan matakan ilimi da yawan PPD. [70]

A cewar wani bincike da aka gudanar a Masar da Lebanon, zaman zama a yankunan karkara yana da alaƙa da ƙaruwar haɗarin. An gano cewa matan Lebanon da ke karkara waɗanda aka haifa a lokacin haihuwa suna da ƙaruwar haɗarin kamuwa da cutar PPD. A gefe guda kuma, matan Lebanon a birane sun nuna akasin haka. [70]

Binciken da aka gudanar a Gabas ta Tsakiya ya nuna alaƙa tsakanin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar PPD da uwaye waɗanda ba a sanar da su ba kuma waɗanda ba a ba su kulawa ta musamman lokacin da aka yanke shawara a lokacin haihuwa. [70]

Akwai kira da a haɗa duka la'akari da abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin PPD na halitta da na zamantakewa yayin magani da bincike kan cutar. [49]

Nazarin da aka yi kan kwatanta yawan alamun damuwa bayan haihuwa tsakanin uwaye masu karɓar kulawar bayan haihuwa a asibiti da waɗanda ke karɓar kulawar bayan haihuwa a gida ko ta hanyar telehealth bai nuna manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin waɗannan hanyoyin bayar da kulawar lafiya ba.

Kalmar 'haɗakar kulawa' ta bayyana wata hanya a fannin kiwon lafiya inda masu ba da sabis da yawa daga fannoni daban-daban ke haɗa kai don kula da lafiyar majiyyaci. Haɗakar kulawa a cikin marasa lafiya bayan haihuwa ya nuna irin wannan yawan baƙin ciki idan aka kwatanta da tsarin kiwon lafiya wanda ba a haɗa shi ba. Wannan binciken ya ambaci cewa ba zai iya shafar yawan shan ƙwayoyi ba. Bugu da ƙari, ga mata masu karɓar tallafin shayarwa, wurin da aka ba da ilimi shi ma bai yi wani tasiri mai mahimmanci ga baƙin ciki ko damuwa ba.

Tashin hankali

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wani bincike da aka yi kan alaƙar tashin hankali da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa ya nuna cewa cin zarafin mata yana ƙara yawan ɓacin rai bayan haihuwa. [71] Kimanin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na mata a duk faɗin duniya za su fuskanci cin zarafin jiki ko na jima'i a wani lokaci a rayuwarsu. Cin zarafin mata yana faruwa ne a yankunan rikici, bayan rikici, da kuma waɗanda ba na rikici ba. [72] Binciken da aka yi nazari a kai ya duba ne kawai kan tashin hankalin da mata suka fuskanta daga mazan da suka aikata laifin. Nazarin da aka yi daga Gabas ta Tsakiya ya nuna cewa mutanen da suka fuskanci tashin hankalin iyali sun fi saurin kamuwa da cutar PPD sau 2.5. [70] Bugu da ƙari, an bayyana cin zarafin mata a matsayin "duk wani aiki na tashin hankali bisa ga jinsi wanda ke haifar da, ko kuma zai iya haifar da, cutarwa ta jiki, jima'i, ko ta hankali ga mata". [71] Abubuwan da suka shafi ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da al'adu da ke da alaƙa da ƙaruwar ɓacin rai bayan haihuwa sun haɗa da tarihin baƙin ciki na iyali, abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin balaga ko ciki, damuwa ko baƙin ciki yayin ciki, da ƙarancin tallafin zamantakewa. [46] [71] Cin zarafin mata abu ne mai ɗorewa, don haka baƙin ciki na iya faruwa lokacin da wani bai sake iya mayar da martani ga tashin hankalin ba. [71]

Ganewar Ganewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sharuɗɗa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bacin rai bayan haihuwa a cikin DSM-5 an san shi da "rashin damuwa tare da farawar peripartum". Ana bayyana farawar peripartum a matsayin farawa a kowane lokaci yayin daukar ciki ko cikin makonni huɗu bayan haihuwa. Babu wani bambanci da aka samu tsakanin abubuwan damuwa da ke faruwa yayin daukar ciki ko waɗanda ke faruwa bayan haihuwa. Duk da haka, yawancin kwararru suna ci gaba da gano bacin rai bayan haihuwa a matsayin bacin rai wanda ke farawa a kowane lokaci a cikin shekara ta farko bayan haihuwa. [52]

Sharuɗɗan da ake buƙata don gano ɓacin rai bayan haihuwa iri ɗaya ne da waɗanda ake buƙata don yin ganewar asali na babban ɓacin rai wanda ba ya da alaƙa da haihuwa ko ƙaramin ɓacin rai . Sharuɗɗan sun haɗa da aƙalla alamomi guda biyar daga cikin waɗannan guda tara, cikin makonni biyu:

  • Jin baƙin ciki, rashin komai, ko rashin bege, kusan kowace rana, a mafi yawan lokutan yini, ko kuma lura da yanayin baƙin ciki da wasu ke yi.
  • Rashin sha'awa ko jin daɗi a cikin ayyuka
  • Rage nauyi ko rage cin abinci
  • Canje-canje a cikin yanayin barci
  • Jin rashin natsuwa
  • Asarar kuzari
  • Jin rashin amfani ko laifi
  • Rashin maida hankali ko ƙaruwar rashin yanke shawara
  • Tunanin mutuwa akai-akai, tare da shirin kashe kansa ko ba tare da shi ba

Ganewar bambance-bambance

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

blues bayan haihuwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ciwon mara bayan haihuwa, wanda aka fi sani da "baby blues," cuta ce ta yanayi ta wucin gadi bayan haihuwa wadda ke da alamun damuwa mai sauƙi fiye da ciwon mara bayan haihuwa. Wannan nau'in ciwon mara na iya faruwa a cikin kusan kashi 80% na dukkan uwaye bayan haihuwa. [73] Alamomin yawanci suna ɓacewa cikin makonni biyu. Alamomin da suka wuce makonni biyu alama ce ta wani nau'in ciwon mara mai tsanani. [74] Matan da ke fuskantar "baby blues" na iya samun babban haɗarin fuskantar wani mummunan yanayin baƙin ciki daga baya.

tabin hankali

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ciwon kwakwalwa bayan haihuwa ba cuta ce ta yau da kullun ba, amma ana amfani da ita sosai don bayyana gaggawar tabin hankali wanda ke faruwa a cikin kusan 1 cikin 1000 na ciki, inda alamun tsananin yanayi da tunanin tsere ( mania ), baƙin ciki, rikicewa mai tsanani, rashin hana mutum, tashin hankali, mafarki, da ruɗani suka fara ba zato ba tsammani a cikin makonni biyu na farko bayan haihuwa; alamun sun bambanta kuma suna iya canzawa da sauri. [75] Ya bambanta da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa da baƙin ciki na haihuwa . [76] Yana iya zama nau'in rashin lafiya na bipolar . [77] Yana da mahimmanci kada a rikitar da tabin hankali da wasu alamomin da za su iya faruwa bayan haihuwa, kamar delirium. Delirium yawanci ya haɗa da rashin sani ko rashin iya kula.

Kimanin rabin matan da ke fama da tabin hankali bayan haihuwa ba su da wani abin da ke haifar da haɗari; amma tarihin rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa a baya, musamman matsalar bipolar, tarihin aukuwar tabin hankali bayan haihuwa a baya, ko tarihin iyali ya sanya wasu cikin haɗari mafi girma. [75]

Sau da yawa matsalar tabin hankali bayan haihuwa tana buƙatar a kwantar da ita a asibiti, inda magani ya ƙunshi magungunan rage radadi, abubuwan da ke daidaita yanayi, da kuma idan akwai haɗarin kashe kai, a yi amfani da maganin electroconvulsive . [75]

Alamomin da suka fi tsanani suna ɗaukar makonni 2 zuwa 12, kuma murmurewa yana ɗaukar watanni 6 zuwa shekara guda. [75] Matan da aka kwantar da su a asibiti saboda wata matsala ta tabin hankali nan da nan bayan haihuwa suna cikin haɗarin kashe kansu a cikin shekara ta farko bayan haihuwa. [78]

Matsalar Damuwa Mai Alaƙa da Haihuwa/Bayan Haihuwa

Iyaye na iya fama da matsalar damuwa bayan rauni (PTSD), ko kuma su fuskanci alamun matsalar damuwa bayan rauni, bayan haihuwa. [79] Duk da cewa an yi muhawara a cikin al'ummar likitoci game da ko ya kamata a ɗauki haihuwa a matsayin abin da ya faru na rauni, ra'ayin da ake da shi a yanzu shi ne haihuwa na iya zama abin da ya faru na rauni. [80] DSM-IV da DSM-5 (rabe-raben daidaitattun cututtukan kwakwalwa da ƙwararrun likitoci ke amfani da su) ba su gane PTSD da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa a fili ba, amma duka suna ba da damar a ɗauki haihuwa a matsayin sanadin PTSD. [80] PTSD da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa yana da alaƙa da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa. Bincike ya nuna cewa iyaye mata waɗanda ke da PTSD da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa suma suna da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa. [79] [81] PTSD da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa suna da wasu alamu gama gari. Duk da cewa duka alamun cutar sun haɗu a cikin alamunsu, wasu alamun da suka shafi PTSD bayan haihuwa sun haɗa da firgita cikin sauƙi, mafarkai masu maimaitawa da tunawa, guje wa jariri ko duk wani abu da ke tunatar da mutum haihuwa, tashin hankali, fushi, da hare-haren firgici. [82] Raunin gaske ko wanda aka gani kafin, lokacin, ko bayan haihuwa muhimmin abu ne wajen gano PTSD da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa. [83]

A halin yanzu, babu wani kimantawa da aka sani sosai wanda ke auna matsalar damuwa bayan haihuwa a wuraren kiwon lafiya. An yi amfani da kimantawar PTSD da ke akwai (kamar DSM-IV) don auna PTSD da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa. [79] Akwai wasu bincike don auna PTSD da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa musamman, duk da haka, ba a amfani da su sosai a wajen wuraren bincike. [82]

Kimanin kashi 3-6% na iyaye mata a lokacin haihuwa suna da PTSD da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa. [79] [80] [84] [85] Kashi na mutanen da ke da PTSD da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa ya kai kusan kashi 15-18% a cikin samfuran da ke da haɗari sosai (mata waɗanda ke fuskantar matsaloli masu tsanani na haihuwa, suna da tarihin cin zarafin jima'i/jiki, ko kuma suna da wasu abubuwan haɗari). [79] [85] Bincike ya gano abubuwa da yawa da ke ƙara damar kamuwa da PTSD da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da mummunan ƙwarewar haihuwa, lafiyar kwakwalwa ta uwa (baƙin ciki kafin haihuwa, damuwa ta haihuwa, matsanancin baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa, da tarihin matsalolin tunani), tarihin rauni, rikitarwa yayin haihuwa da jariri (misali tiyatar tiyata ta gaggawa ko shigar NICU), da ƙarancin tallafin zamantakewa. [81] [86]

PTSD mai alaƙa da haihuwa yana da illoli da dama na lafiya. Bincike ya nuna cewa PTSD mai alaƙa da haihuwa na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga alaƙar motsin rai tsakanin uwa da ɗa. [84] Duk da haka, baƙin ciki na uwa ko wasu dalilai na iya bayyana wannan mummunan tasirin. [84] PTSD mai alaƙa da haihuwa a lokacin haihuwa na iya haifar da matsaloli tare da ci gaban zamantakewa da motsin rai na yaron. [84] Binciken da ake yi a yanzu ya nuna cewa PTSD mai alaƙa da haihuwa yana haifar da ƙarancin yawan shayarwa kuma yana iya hana iyaye shan nono na tsawon lokacin da ake so. [85]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
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  2. 1 2 3 4 "Postpartum Depression Facts". NIMH. Archived from the original on 21 June 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
  3. ↑ Grace SL, Evindar A, Stewart DE (November 2003). "The effect of postpartum depression on child cognitive development and behavior: a review and critical analysis of the literature". Archives of Women's Mental Health. 6 (4): 263–274. doi:10.1007/s00737-003-0024-6. PMID 14628179. S2CID 20966469.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pearlstein T, Howard M, Salisbury A, Zlotnick C (April 2009). "Postpartum depression". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 200 (4): 357–364. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.033. PMC 3918890. PMID 19318144. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Pearlstein_2009" defined multiple times with different content.
  5. ↑ Stewart DE, Vigod SN (January 2019). "Postpartum Depression: Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Emerging Therapeutics". Annual Review of Medicine. 70 (1): 183–196. doi:10.1146/annurev-med-041217-011106. PMID 30691372. S2CID 59341428.
  6. 1 2 Soares CN, Zitek B (July 2008). "Reproductive hormone sensitivity and risk for depression across the female life cycle: a continuum of vulnerability?". Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience. 33 (4): 331–343. doi:10.1139/jpn.0831. PMC 2440795. PMID 18592034. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Soa2008" defined multiple times with different content.
  7. ↑ "Perinatal Depression: Prevalence, Screening Accuracy, and Screening Outcomes". Agency for Health Care Research and Quality. Archived from the original on 2013-11-11.
  8. 1 2 Dennis CL, Fung K, Grigoriadis S, Robinson GE, Romans S, Ross L (July 2007). "Traditional postpartum practices and rituals: a qualitative systematic review". Women's Health (in Turanci). 3 (4): 487–502. doi:10.2217/17455057.3.4.487. PMID 19804024. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Dennis_2007" defined multiple times with different content.
  9. ↑ Seyfried LS, Marcus SM (August 2003). "Postpartum mood disorders". International Review of Psychiatry. 15 (3): 231–242. doi:10.1080/09540260305196. PMID 15276962.
  10. ↑ Spinelli MG (September 2004). "Maternal infanticide associated with mental illness: prevention and the promise of saved lives". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 161 (9): 1548–1557. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.9.1548. PMID 15337641. S2CID 35255623.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 WebMD: Understanding Post Partum Depression "The Basics of Postpartum Depression". Archived from the original on 2015-04-15. Retrieved 2015-04-09. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "WebMD" defined multiple times with different content.
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  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Depression Among Women | Depression | Reproductive Health | CDC". www.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-04-16. Retrieved 2017-04-15. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "CDC" defined multiple times with different content.
  14. ↑ Wisner KL, Sit DK, McShea MC, Rizzo DM, Zoretich RA, Hughes CL, Eng HF, Luther JF, Wisniewski SR, Costantino ML, Confer AL, Moses-Kolko EL, Famy CS, Hanusa BH (May 2013). "Onset timing, thoughts of self-harm, and diagnoses in postpartum women with screen-positive depression findings". JAMA Psychiatry. 70 (5): 490–498. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.87. PMC 4440326. PMID 23487258.
  15. ↑ Morof D, Barrett G, Peacock J, Victor CR, Manyonda I (December 2003). "Postnatal depression and sexual health after childbirth". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 102 (6): 1318–1325. doi:10.1016/j.obstetgynecol.2003.08.020. PMID 14662221. S2CID 39467608.
  16. 1 2 Pawluski JL, Lonstein JS, Fleming AS (February 2017). "The Neurobiology of Postpartum Anxiety and Depression" (PDF). Trends in Neurosciences. 40 (2): 106–120. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2016.11.009. PMID 28129895. S2CID 28613743. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Pawluski_2017" defined multiple times with different content.
  17. ↑ Workman JL, Barha CK, Galea LA (February 2012). "Endocrine substrates of cognitive and affective changes during pregnancy and postpartum". Behavioral Neuroscience. 126 (1): 54–72. doi:10.1037/a0025538. PMID 21967374. S2CID 207642327. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  18. ↑ "Postpartum Depression". Pregnancy Guide. Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on 2012-02-25. Retrieved 22 October 2008.
  19. ↑ Yonkers KA, Ramin SM, Rush AJ, Navarrete CA, Carmody T, March D, Heartwell SF, Leveno KJ (November 2001). "Onset and persistence of postpartum depression in an inner-city maternal health clinic system". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 158 (11): 1856–1863. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.11.1856. PMID 11691692.
  20. 1 2 Alshikh Ahmad H, Alkhatib A, Luo J (August 2021). "Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression in the Middle East: a systematic review and meta-analysis". BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 21 (1). doi:10.1186/s12884-021-04016-9. PMC 8343347 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34362325 Check |pmid= value (help). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Alshikh_Ahmad_2021" defined multiple times with different content.
  21. ↑ "Canadian Mental Health Association > Post Partum Depression". Archived from the original on 2010-10-21. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 Scarff JR (May 2019). "Postpartum Depression in Men". Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience. 16 (5–6): 11–14. PMC 6659987. PMID 31440396.
  23. ↑ Goodman JH (January 2004). "Paternal postpartum depression, its relationship to maternal postpartum depression, and implications for family health". Journal of Advanced Nursing. 45 (1): 26–35. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02857.x. PMID 14675298.
  24. ↑ Paulson JF, Bazemore SD (May 2010). "Prenatal and postpartum depression in fathers and its association with maternal depression: a meta-analysis". JAMA. 303 (19): 1961–1969. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.605. PMID 20483973. S2CID 27189811.
  25. ↑ Suto M, Isogai E, Mizutani F, Kakee N, Misago C, Takehara K (August 2016). "Prevalence and Factors Associated With Postpartum Depression in Fathers: A Regional, Longitudinal Study in Japan". Research in Nursing & Health. 39 (4): 253–262. doi:10.1002/nur.21728. PMID 27209152.
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  29. ↑ Foli KJ, South SC, Lim E, Jarnecke AM (August 2016). "Post-adoption depression: Parental classes of depressive symptoms across time". Journal of Affective Disorders. 200: 293–302. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.01.049. PMC 4887416. PMID 27155072.
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  31. 1 2 Kirubarajan A, Barker LC, Leung S, Ross LE, Zaheer J, Park B, Abramovich A, Yudin MH, Lam JS (September 2022). "LGBTQ2S+ childbearing individuals and perinatal mental health: A systematic review". BJOG. 129 (10): 1630–1643. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.17103. PMID 35048502 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 246064324 Check |s2cid= value (help). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Kirubarajan_2022" defined multiple times with different content.
  32. ↑ "Postpartum Depression". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
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  35. ↑ Kim S, Soeken TA, Cromer SJ, Martinez SR, Hardy LR, Strathearn L (September 2014). "Oxytocin and postpartum depression: delivering on what's known and what's not". Brain Research. Oxytocin in Human Social Behavior and Psychopathology. 1580: 219–232. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2013.11.009. PMC 4156558. PMID 24239932.
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  39. ↑ Pinna, Graziano; Almeida, Felipe B.; Davis, John M. (2022-04-26). "Allopregnanolone in Postpartum Depression". Frontiers in Global Women's Health (in English). 3. doi:10.3389/fgwh.2022.823616. ISSN 2673-5059. PMC 9088875 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35558166 Check |pmid= value (help).CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
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  41. ↑ Trifu S, Vladuti A, Popescu A (2019). "Neuroendocrine Aspects of Pregnancy and Postpartum Depression". Acta Endocrinologica. 15 (3): 410–415. doi:10.4183/aeb.2019.410. PMC 6992410. PMID 32010366.
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