Voiced dental fricative
| Voiced dental fricative | |
|---|---|
| ð | |
| IPA Number | 131 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | ð |
| Unicode (hex) | U+00F0 |
| X-SAMPA | D |
The voiced dental fricative is a type of consonant. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨ð⟩. The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is ⟨D⟩. The English language has this sound, and it is the sound represented by the "th" in these, those and father.
Characteristics
[change | change source]- The phonation is voiced. This means that the vocal cords vibrate while the sound is being pronounced.
- The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is dental. This means that this sound is produced with the tongue at the upper teeth, the lower teeth, or both the upper teeth and the lower teeth. (Many stops and liquids that are called dental consonants are actually denti-alveolar consonants.)
- The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is fricative. This means that this sound is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, to make turbulence.
Examples
[change | change source]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | idhull | [iðuɫ] | 'idol' | ||
| Aleut[1] | damo | [ðɑmo] | 'house' | ||
| Arabic | Modern Standard[2] | ذهب | [ˈðæhæb] | 'gold' | Represented by the letter ḏāl. See Arabic phonology |
| Gulf | |||||
| Najdi | |||||
| Tunisian | [ˈðhæb] | See Tunisian Arabic phonology | |||
| Arpitan | Genevan and Savoyard | Genèva | [ðə'nɛːva] | 'Geneva' | Generally represents the "j" and "ge/gi" phonemes in standard spelling. |
| Bressan | vachiére | [va'θiðə] | 'woman cow herder' | Bressan dialect, like the Geneva and many Savoy ones, express "j" and "ge/gi" (in standard Arpitan spelling) as voiced dental fricatives. In addition, however, its dialects often express the intervocalic "r" as such as well. | |
| Aromanian[3] | zală | [ˈðalə] | 'butter whey' | Corresponds to [z] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology | |
| Asturian | Some dialects | fazer | [fäˈðeɾ] | 'to do' | Alternative realization of etymological ⟨z⟩. Can also be realized as [θ]. |
| Bashkir | ҡаҙ / qađ | ⓘ | 'goose' | ||
| Berta | [fɛ̀ːðɑ̀nɑ́] | 'to sweep' | |||
| Burmese[4] | အညာသား | [ʔəɲàðá] | 'inlander' | Commonly realized as an affricate [d̪͡ð].[5] | |
| Catalan[6] | cada | [ˈkaðə] | 'each' | Fricative or approximant. Allophone of /d/. See Catalan phonology | |
| Cree | Woods Cree (th-dialect) | nitha | [niða] | 'I' | Reflex of Proto-Algonguian */r/. Shares features of a sonorant. |
| Dahalo[7] | [example needed] | Weak fricative or approximant. It is a common intervocalic allophone of /d̪/, and may be simply a plosive [d̪] instead.[7] | |||
| Elfdalian | baiða | [ˈbaɪða] | 'wait' | ||
| Emilian | Bolognese | żänt | [ðæ̃:t] | 'people' | |
| English | Received Pronunciation[8] | this | [ðɪs] | 'this' | |
| Western American English | ⓘ | Interdental.[8] | |||
| Extremaduran | ḥazel | [häðel] | 'to do' | Realization of etymological ⟨z⟩. Can also be realized as [θ] | |
| Fijian | ciwa | [ðiwa] | 'nine' | ||
| Galician | Some dialects[9] | fazer | [fɐˈðeɾ] | 'to do' | Alternative realization of etymological ⟨z⟩. Can also be realized as [θ, z, z̺]. |
| German | Austrian[10] | leider | [ˈlaɛ̯ða] | 'unfortunately' | Intervocalic allophone of /d/ in casual speech. See Standard German phonology |
| Greek | δάφνη / dáfni | [ˈðafni] | 'laurel' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Gwich'in | niidhàn | [niːðân] | 'you want' | ||
| Hän | ë̀dhä̀ | [ə̂ðɑ̂] | 'hide' | ||
| Harsusi | [ðebeːr] | 'bee' | |||
| Hebrew | Iraqi | אדוני | ⓘ | 'my lord' | Commonly pronounced [d]. See Modern Hebrew phonology |
| Temani | גָּדוֹל / ğaḏol | [dʒaðol] | 'large, great' | See Yemenite Hebrew | |
| Judeo-Spanish | Many dialects | קריאדֿור / kriador | [kɾiaˈðor] | 'creator' | Intervocalic allophone of /d/ in many dialects. |
| Kabyle | ḏuḇ | [ðuβ] | 'to be exhausted' | ||
| Kurdish | [example needed] | An approximant; postvocalic allophone of /d/. See Kurdish phonology | |||
| Malay | Standard | azan | [a.ðan] | 'azan' | Only in Arabic loanwords; usually replaced with /z/. See Malay phonology |
| Malayalam | ഒൻപത് / onpatŭ | [onbɐðə̆] | 'nine' | Intervocalic allophone of /t̪, d̪/. See Malayalam phonology | |
| Malto | मेद़ / mēð | [meːð] | 'body' | See Malto phonology | |
| Mari | Eastern dialect | шодо | [ʃoðo] | 'lung' | |
| Norman | Jèrriais | méthe | [mɛð] | 'mother' | Predominantly found in western Jèrriais dialects; otherwise realised as [ɾ], and sometimes as [l] or [z]. |
| Northern Sámi | dieđa | [d̥ieðɑ] | 'science' | ||
| Persian | Early New Persian,[11] Early Judeo-Persian[11] | گذشتن / guḏaštan | [gu.ðaʃˈtan] | 'to pass' | Called ḏāl-i mu'ajjam and represented by the letter ḏāl.[11] A postvocalic pronunciation of native /d/, either considered phonemic or phonetic.[11] See Persian phonology |
| Portuguese | European[12] | nada | [ˈn̪äðɐ] | 'nothing' | Northern and central dialects. Allophone of /d/, mainly after an oral vowel.[13] See Portuguese phonology |
| Sardinian | nidu | ⓘ | 'nest' | Allophone of lenis /d/, may also be realized closer to an approximant. See Sardinian phonology | |
| Scottish Gaelic | Lewis[14] | Màiri | [ˈmaːðʲi] | 'Mary' | Slightly palatalized. Common Hebridean realisation of /ɾʲ/, standard or even phonemic in Lewis[15] and also common in Harris; otherwise realized as [ɹ̠ʲ] in Harris, Uist and Barra, [ɾʲ] in Skye,[16] as [ʒ] in southern Barra, or as [j] in Tiree. |
| Shughni | δud | [ðʊd] | 'smoke, fumes' | See Shughni phonology | |
| Sioux | Lakota | záptaŋ | [ˈðaptã] | 'five' | Sometimes with [z] |
| Swahili | dhambi | [ðɑmbi] | 'sin' | Mostly occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing this sound. | |
| Swedish | Central Standard[17] | bräda | ⓘ | 'a board (object)' | Allophone of lenis /d/ in casual speech, may be realized closer to an approximant.[17] See Swedish phonology |
| Syriac | Western Neo-Aramaic | ܐܚܕ | [aħːeð] | 'to take' | |
| Tamil | ஒன்பது / oṉpatu | [onbɐðɯ] | 'nine' | Intervocalic allophone of /t̪/. See Tamil phonology | |
| Tanacross | dhet | [ðet] | 'liver' | ||
| Turkmen | ýyldyz | [jɯldɯð] | 'star' | Realization of the /z/ phoneme | |
| Tutchone | Northern | edhó | [eðǒ] | 'hide' | |
| Southern | adhǜ | [aðɨ̂] | |||
| Venetian | mezorno | [meˈðorno] | 'midday' | ||
| Welsh | bardd | [barð] | 'bard' | See Welsh phonology | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[18] | [example needed] | Allophone of /d/ | ||
Approximant
[change | change source]| Voiced dental approximant | |
|---|---|
| ð̞ | |
| Audio sample | |
The voiced dental approximant is a type of consonant. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨ð̞⟩. The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is ⟨D_o⟩.
Characteristics
[change | change source]- The phonation is voiced. This means that the vocal cords vibrate while the sound is being pronounced.
- The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is dental. This means that this sound is produced with the tongue at the upper teeth, the lower teeth, or both the upper teeth and the lower teeth. (Many stops and liquids that are called dental consonants are actually denti-alveolar consonants.)
- The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is approximant. This means that this sound is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place this sound is produced. However, it is not narrowed enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
Examples
[change | change source]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assyrian | ܘܪܕܐ / werda | [wεrð̞a] | 'flower' | Common in the Tyari, Barwari, and Western dialects. Corresponds to [d] in other varieties. | |
| Basque[19] | adar | [að̞ar] | 'horn' | Allophone of /d/ | |
| Kagayanen[20] | kalag | [kað̞aɡ] | 'spirit' | ||
| Luri | Haftlang Bakhtiari around Masjed Soleyman[21] | گده / gade | [ga.ð̞e] | 'stomach' | Allophone of /d/ after vowels and also word-finally after glides (/h/, /j/, /ʋ/). |
| Occitan | Gascon | que divi | [ke ˈð̞iwi] | 'what I should' | Allophone of /d/. See Occitan phonology |
| Spanish | Most dialects[22] | dedo | ⓘ | 'finger' | Allophone of /d/, ranges from close fricative to approximant.[23] See Spanish phonology |
Danish /ð/ is actually a velarized alveolar approximant.[24][25]
References
[change | change source]- ↑ "damo in English - Aleut-English Dictionary | Glosbe". glosbe.com. Retrieved 2023-07-24.
- ↑ Thelwall & Sa'Adeddin (1990:37)
- ↑ Pop (1938), p. 30.
- ↑ Watkins (2001:291–292)
- ↑ Watkins (2001:292)
- ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:55)
- 1 2 Maddieson et al. (1993:34)
- 1 2 Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 143.
- ↑ "Atlas Lingüístico Gallego (ALGa) | Instituto da Lingua Galega - ILG". ilg.usc.es. 14 October 2013. Retrieved 2019-11-25.
- ↑ Sylvia Moosmüller (2007). "Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis" (PDF). p. 6. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
- 1 2 3 4 Paul (2000)
- ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:92)
- ↑ Mateus & d'Andrade (2000:11)
- ↑ Ó Dochartaigh (1997)
- ↑ Oftedal (1956:129)
- ↑ "Slender 'r'/ 'an t-s'".
- 1 2 Engstrand (2004:167)
- ↑ Merrill (2008:109)
- ↑ Hualde (1991:99–100)
- ↑ Olson et al. (2010:206–207)
- ↑ Anonby & Asadi (2014:44)
- ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ↑ Phonetic studies such as Quilis (1981) have found that Spanish voiced stops may surface as spirants with various degrees of constriction. These allophones are not limited to regular fricative articulations, but range from articulations that involve a near complete oral closure to articulations involving a degree of aperture quite close to vocalization
- ↑ Grønnum (2003:121)
- ↑ Basbøll (2005:59, 63)
