Fororaklar

Fororaklar; Qazilma davri: 43-0.025 Ma; uintan – holocene PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Titanis walleri, rekonstruksiya qilingan skeleti. Florida Tabiiy Tarix Muzeyi.
Biologik klassifikatsiya
Olam:	Hayvonlar;
Kenja olam:	Eumetazoa;
Tip:	Xordalilar;
Kenja tip:	Umurtqalilar;
Sinf:	Qushlar;
Kenja sinf:	Yelpigʻich dumli qushlar;
Infrasinf:	Yangi tanglayli qushlar;
Turkum:	Kariamasimonlar;
Oila:	†Fororaklar;
Binar nomi
	Phorusrhacidae; Ameghino, 1889
Kenja oila
	†Brontornithinae; †Phorusrhacinae; †Patagornithinae; †Psilopterinae; †Mesembriornithinae ;

Fororaklar (lotincha: Phorusrhacidae) — Kariamasimonlar turkumiga mansub yo‘qolib ketgan yirtqich uchmaydigan qushlar oilasi. Janubiy Amerikada taxminan 43 million yildan 25 ming yil avvalgi davr oraligida tarqalgan. Odamlar Amerikada tarqalishidan oldin yo‘qolib ketishgan^[1].

Bo‘yi 1 dan 3 metrgacha yetgan. Eng yirik namunalardan biri, Devincenzia turiga mansub bo‘lib, vazni 350 kilogrammgacha yetgan bo‘lishi mumkin. Fororaklarning eng yaqin zamonaviy qardoshlari bo‘yi taxminan 80 santimetr bo‘lgan kariamalar hisoblanadi. Texas va Florida hududlaridan topilgan Titanis walleri, Shimoliy Amerikadagi eng yirik turlardan biri.

Klassifikatsiyasi

Oila 5 kenja oila, 13 urug‘ va 22 turni o‘z ichiga oladi^[2].

Physornithinae kenja oilasi
- Paraphysornis urug‘i
  - Paraphysornis brasiliensis
- Physornis urug‘i
  - Physornis fortis
Phorusrhacinae kenja oilasi
- Devincenzia urug‘i
  - Devincenzia pozzi
- Kelenken urug‘i
  - Kelenken guillermoi
- Phorusrhacos urug‘i
  - Phorusrhacos longissimus
- Titanis urug‘i
  - Titanis walleri
Patagornithinae kenja oilasi
- Andalgalornis urug‘i
  - Andalgalornis steulleti
- Andrewsornis urug‘i
  - Andrewsornis abbotti
- Patagornis urug‘i
  - Patagornis marshi
Psilopterinae kenja oilasi
- Eschatornis urug‘i
  - Eschatornis aterradora
- Procariama urug‘i
  - Procariama simplex
- Psilopterus urug‘i
  - Psilopterus bachmanni
  - Psilopterus lemoinei
  - Psilopterus affinis
  - Psilopterus colzecus
Mesembriornithinae kenja oilasi
- Mesembriornis urug‘i
  - Mesembriornis milneedwardsi
  - Mesembriornis incertus
- Llallawavis urug‘i
  - Llallawavis scagliai

Incertae sedis - Sistematikadagi holati nomalum:

Brontornis urug‘i
Lavocatavis urug‘i
Patagorhacos urug‘i
Paleopsilopterus urug‘i
Eleutherornis urug‘i

Manbalar

↑ Washington Jones, Andrés Rinderknecht, Herculano Alvarenga, Felipe Montenegro, Martín Ubilla. The last terror birds (Aves, Phorusrhacidae): new evidence from the late Pleistocene of Uruguay (англ.) // PalZ. — 2018-06-01. — Vol. 92, iss. 2. — P. 365–372. — ISSN 1867-6812. — doi:10.1007/s12542-017-0388-y.
↑ Alvarenga, Herculano M. F.; Höfling, Elizabeth (2003). "Systematic revision of the Phorusrhacidae (Aves: Ralliformes)". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 43 (4): 55–91. doi:10.1590/S0031-10492003000400001.

[1] Washington Jones, Andrés Rinderknecht, Herculano Alvarenga, Felipe Montenegro, Martín Ubilla. The last terror birds (Aves, Phorusrhacidae): new evidence from the late Pleistocene of Uruguay (англ.) // PalZ. — 2018-06-01. — Vol. 92, iss. 2. — P. 365–372. — ISSN 1867-6812. — doi:10.1007/s12542-017-0388-y.

[2] Alvarenga, Herculano M. F.; Höfling, Elizabeth (2003). "Systematic revision of the Phorusrhacidae (Aves: Ralliformes)". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 43 (4): 55–91. doi:10.1590/S0031-10492003000400001.

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