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Cockade

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
BERJAYA
A woman fastening a red-and-white cockade to a Polish insurgent's square-shaped rogatywka cap during the January Uprising of 1863–64

A cockade is a knot of ribbons, or other circular- or oval-shaped symbol of distinctive colours which is usually worn on a hat or cap. The word cockade derives from the French cocarde, from Old French coquarde, feminine of coquard (vain, arrogant), from coc (cock), of imitative origin. The earliest documented use was in 1709.[1][2]

The first cockades were introduced in Europe in the 15th century.[3][4] The armies of the European states used them to signal the nationality of their soldiers to distinguish allies from enemies.[3][4] These first cockades were inspired by the distinctive coloured bands and ribbons that were used in the Late Middle Ages by knights, both in war and in tournaments, which had the same purpose, namely to distinguish the opponent from the fellow soldier.[5]

The cockade later became a widespread revolutionary symbol par excellence during the Age of Revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries. Its main characteristic was that of being able to be clearly visible, thus giving way to unequivocally identify the political ideas of the person who wore it, as well as that of being, in case of need, better hideable than, for example, a flag.[6]

18th century

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BERJAYA
The cockade of France, which originated and spread among the revolts of the French Revolution
BERJAYA
The cockade of Italy, on which the national colours of Italy were based in 1789

In the 18th and 19th centuries, coloured cockades were used in Europe to show the allegiance of their wearers to some political faction, or to show their rank or to indicate a servant's livery.[7][8] Because individual armies might wear a variety of differing regimental uniforms, cockades were used as an effective and economical means of national identification.[9]

A cockade was pinned on the side of a man's tricorne or cocked hat, or on his lapel. Women could also wear it on their hat or in their hair.

In pre-revolutionary France, the cockade of the Bourbon dynasty was all white.[10][11][12] In the Kingdom of Great Britain supporters of a Jacobite restoration wore white cockades, while the recently established Hanoverian monarchy used a black cockade.[13][14][15][16] The Hanoverians also accorded the right to all German nobility to wear the black cockade in the United Kingdom.

During the 1780 Gordon Riots in London, the blue cockade became a symbol of anti-government feelings and was worn by most of the rioters.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]

During the American Revolution, the Continental Army initially wore cockades of various colors as an ad hoc form of rank insignia, as General George Washington wrote:

As the Continental Army has unfortunately no uniforms, and consequently many inconveniences must arise from not being able to distinguish the commissioned officers from the privates, it is desired that some badge of distinction be immediately provided; for instance that the field officers may have red or pink colored cockades in their hats, the captains yellow or buff, and the subalterns green.[25][26]

Before long however, the Continental Army reverted to wearing the black cockade they inherited from the British. Later, when France became an ally of the United States, the Continental Army pinned the white cockade of the French Ancien Régime onto their old black cockade; the French reciprocally pinned the black cockade onto their white cockade, as a mark of the French-American alliance. The black-and-white cockade thus became known as the "Union Cockade".[27][28][29][30][31]

In the Storming of the Bastille, Camille Desmoulins initially encouraged the revolutionary crowd to wear green. This colour was later rejected as it was associated with the Count of Artois. Instead, revolutionaries would wear cockades with the traditional colours of the arms of Paris: red and blue. Later, the Bourbon white was added to this cockade, thus producing the original cockade of France.[30] Later, distinctive colours and styles of cockade would indicate the wearer's faction; although the meanings of the various styles were not entirely consistent, and they varied somewhat by region and period.

The cockade of Italy is one of the national symbols of the country and is composed of the three colours of the Italian flag with the green in the centre, the white immediately outside and the red on the edge.[32] The cockade, a revolutionary symbol, was the protagonist of the uprisings that characterized the Italian unification, being pinned on the jacket or on the hats in its tricolour form by many of the patriots of this period of Italian history. The Italian tricolour cockade appeared for the first time in Genoa on 21 August 1789,[33] and with it the colours of the three Italian national colours.[33] Seven years later, the first tricolour military banner was adopted by the Lombard Legion in Milan on 11 October 1796,[34] and eight years later, the birth of the flag of Italy had its origins on 7 January 1797, when it became for the first time a national flag of an Italian sovereign State, the Cispadane Republic.[35]

European military

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BERJAYA
John VI of Portugal wearing the blue-and-red cockade of Portugal on a military cocked hat
BERJAYA
A metal cockade on the swivel of a Pickelhaube helmet.

From the 15th century, various European monarchy realms used cockades to denote the nationalities of their militaries.[36][37] Their origin reverts to the distinctive colored band or ribbon worn by late medieval armies or jousting knights on their arms or headgear to distinguish friend from foe in the field of battle. Ribbon-style cockades were worn later upon helmets and brimmed hats or tricornes and bicornes just as the French did, and also on cocked hats and shakoes. Coloured metal cockades were worn at the right side of helmets; while small button-type cockades were worn at the front of kepis and peaked caps.[38][39] In addition to the significance of these symbols in denoting loyalty to a particular monarch, the coloured cockade served to provide a common and economical field sign at a time when the colours of uniform coats might vary widely between regiments in a single army.[40]

During the Napoleonic Wars, the armies of France and Russia, had the imperial French cockade or the larger cockade of St. George pinned on the front of their shakos.[41]

The Second German Empire (1870–1918) used two cockades on each army headgear: one (black-white-red) for the empire; the other for one of the monarchies the empire was composed of, which had used their own colors long before. The only exceptions were the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Württemberg, having preserved the right to keep their own armed forces which were not integrated in the Imperial Army. Their only cockades were either white-blue-white (Bavaria) or black-red-black (Württemberg).[42][7][43]

The Weimar Republic (1919–1933) removed these, as they might promote separatism which would lead to the dissolution of the German nation-state into regional countries again.[44] When the Nazis came to power, they rejected the democratic German colours of black-red-gold used by the Weimar Republic. Nazis reintroduced the imperial colours (in German: die kaiserlichen Farben or Reichsfarben) of black on the outside, white next, and a red center. The Nazi government used black-white-red on all army caps.[45] These colours represented the biggest and the smallest countries of the Reich: large Prussia (black and white) and the tiny Hanseatic League city states of Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck (white and red).

France began the first Air Service in 1909 and soon picked the traditional French cockade as the first national emblem, now usually termed a roundel, on military aircraft. During World War I, other countries adopted national cockades and used these coloured emblems as roundels on their military aircraft. These designs often bear an additional central device or emblem to further identify national aircraft, those from the French navy bearing a black anchor within the French cockade.[46]

Hungarian revolutionaries wore cockades during the Hungarian revolution of 1848 and during the 1956 revolution. Because of this, Hungarians traditionally wear cockades on 15 March.[47][48]

Confederate States

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Echoing their use when Americans rebelled against Britain, cockades – usually made with blue ribbons and worn on clothing or hats – were widespread tokens of Southern support for secession preceding the American Civil War of 1861–1865.[49]

List of national cockades

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BERJAYA
Cockade on the caps of certified persons serving in the pilot service of Russia, 1913.
BERJAYA
Carabinieri in full uniform at the military parade of the Festa della Repubblica of 2 June 2006. On their hat, under the coat of arms, is the cockade of Italy.

Below is a list of national and subnational cockades (colors listed from center to ring):[50][51]

Country
and date		 Description Image
BERJAYA Albania red-black-red BERJAYA
BERJAYA Antigua and Barbuda black-gold-blue-white-red BERJAYA
BERJAYA Argentina sky blue-white-sky blue BERJAYA
BERJAYA Armenia orange-blue-red BERJAYA
BERJAYA Austrian Empire
before 1918		 black-gold BERJAYA
BERJAYA Austria
since 1918		 red-white-red BERJAYA
BERJAYA Azerbaijan green-red-light blue BERJAYA
BERJAYA Bangladesh gold-red-green BERJAYA
BERJAYA Belgium black-yellow-red BERJAYA
BERJAYA Bolivia
(1825–1826)		 green-red-green (with a white 5 pointed star in the center) BERJAYA
BERJAYA Bolivia
(1826–1851)		 green-red-yellow BERJAYA
BERJAYA Bolivia green-yellow-red BERJAYA
BERJAYA Brazil blue-yellow-green BERJAYA
BERJAYA Bulgaria red-green-white BERJAYA
BERJAYA Chile blue-white-red (with a white 5 pointed star in the blue portion) BERJAYA
BERJAYA Colombia yellow-blue-red BERJAYA
BERJAYA Croatia red-white-blue BERJAYA
BERJAYA Denmark
(early 19th century)		 black
BERJAYA Denmark red-white-red BERJAYA
BERJAYA Ecuador red-blue-yellow BERJAYA
BERJAYA Egypt
(1922–1953)		 green-white-green BERJAYA
BERJAYA Egypt black-white-red BERJAYA
BERJAYA Estonia white-black-blue BERJAYA
BERJAYA Ethiopia
(until 1936)		 green-yellow-red BERJAYA
BERJAYA Ethiopia red-yellow-green BERJAYA
BERJAYA Finland white-blue-white BERJAYA
BERJAYA France
(1794–1814, 1815 and current since 1830)		 blue-white-red BERJAYA
BERJAYA France
(before 1794, 1814–1815 and 1815–1830)		 white
BERJAYA Gabon green-yellow-light blue BERJAYA
BERJAYA Georgia
(1990–2004)		 black-white-wine red BERJAYA
BERJAYA German Confederation
(1848–1871)		 gold-red-black
BERJAYA German Empire (1871–1918)
BERJAYA Weimar Germany (1918–1933)
BERJAYA Nazi Germany (1933–1945)		 red-white-black BERJAYA
BERJAYA East Germany
(1956–1959)		 black-red-gold BERJAYA
BERJAYA Germany black-red-gold BERJAYA
BERJAYA Ghana green-yellow-red BERJAYA
BERJAYA Greece
(1822)		 white-blue-white BERJAYA
BERJAYA Greece
(1833)		 blue-white BERJAYA
BERJAYA Greece blue-white BERJAYA
BERJAYA Hungary green-white-red BERJAYA
BERJAYA Iceland blue-white-red-white-blue BERJAYA
BERJAYA India green-white-saffron BERJAYA
BERJAYA Iran red-white-green BERJAYA
BERJAYA Ireland
(until 1922)		 green or sky blue BERJAYA
BERJAYA Ireland
(since 1922)		 green-white-orange BERJAYA
BERJAYA Italy
(1861–1948)		 savoy blue BERJAYA
BERJAYA Italy
(since 1948)		 green-white-red BERJAYA
BERJAYA Japan red-white BERJAYA
BERJAYA Kenya green-white-red-white-black BERJAYA
BERJAYA Latvia carmine-white-carmine BERJAYA
BERJAYA Lithuania red-green-yellow BERJAYA
BERJAYA Mexico green-white-red BERJAYA
BERJAYA Monaco white-red-white BERJAYA
BERJAYA Moravia red-white-blue BERJAYA
BERJAYA Netherlands orange BERJAYA
BERJAYA Nigeria green-white-green BERJAYA
BERJAYA Norway red-white-blue-white BERJAYA
BERJAYA Pakistan white-green-yellow BERJAYA
BERJAYA Paraguay blue-white-red BERJAYA
Peru Peru red-white-red BERJAYA
Philippines Philippines
(1898–1901)		 red-blue-silver BERJAYA
BERJAYA Poland red-white BERJAYA
Portugal Portugal
(until 1797)		 green-white BERJAYA
Portugal Portugal
(1797–1820 and 1823–1830)		 blue-red BERJAYA
Portugal Portugal
(1821–1823 and 1830–1910)		 blue-white BERJAYA
BERJAYA Portugal green-red BERJAYA
BERJAYA Romania blue-yellow-red BERJAYA
Russia Russia
(until 1917)		 black-orange-black-orange-white BERJAYA
BERJAYA Russia black-orange-black-orange BERJAYA
BERJAYA San Marino white-blue BERJAYA
BERJAYA Serbia red-blue-white BERJAYA
Seychelles Seychelles
(1978–1996)		 green-white-red BERJAYA
BERJAYA Sierra Leone light blue-white-green BERJAYA
BERJAYA Slovenia red-blue-white BERJAYA
BERJAYA Spain
(until 1843 and 1844–1871)		 red BERJAYA
BERJAYA Spain
(1843–1844 and current since 1871)		 red-yellow-red BERJAYA
BERJAYA Sweden
(military)		 yellow BERJAYA
BERJAYA Sweden
(civilian)		 blue-yellow BERJAYA
BERJAYA Thailand red-white-blue-white-red BERJAYA
South Africa Transvaal green-red-white-blue BERJAYA
BERJAYA Turkey red-white-red BERJAYA
BERJAYA Ukraine light blue-yellow BERJAYA
BERJAYA United Kingdom white (Stuart dynasty), black (Hanoverian dynasty), red-white-blue BERJAYA
BERJAYA United States
(War of Independence)		 black-white-black BERJAYA
BERJAYA United States
(19th century)		 blue with an eagle in the centre BERJAYA
BERJAYA United States white-blue-red BERJAYA
Uruguay Uruguay
(1828–1916)		 sky blue BERJAYA
Uruguay Uruguay
(civilian)		 blue-white-blue-white-blue-white-blue-white BERJAYA
Uruguay Uruguay
(military)		 blue-white-blue with a red diagonal line BERJAYA
Uruguay Uruguay
(police)		 red-white-blue BERJAYA
BERJAYA Venezuela red-blue-yellow BERJAYA
BERJAYA Yugoslavia blue-white-red BERJAYA

Component states of the German Empire (1871–1918)

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BERJAYA
Cockades of the German Empire

The German Empire had, besides the national cockade, also cockades for several of its states,[52] seen in the following table:

State Description
Anhalt green
Baden yellow-red-yellow
Bavaria white-sky blue-white
Brunswick blue-yellow-blue
Hanseatic cities (Bremen, Hamburg, Lübeck) white with a red cross
Hesse white-red-white-red-white
Lippe yellow-red-yellow
Mecklenburg-Schwerin and -Streliz red-yellow-blue
Oldenburg blue-red-blue
Prussia black-white-black
Reuss-Gera and -Greiz black-red-yellow
Saxe-Altenburg, -Coburg and Gotha and -Meiningen green-white-green
Saxe-Weimar black-yellow-green
Saxony white-green-white
Schaumburg-Lippe blue-red-white
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt blue-white-blue
Schwarzburg-Sonderhausen white-blue-white
Waldeck black-red-yellow
Württemberg black-red-black

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ↑ "Cockade".
  2. ↑ "The American Heritage Dictionary entry: Cockade".
  3. 1 2 Adye 1802, p. 271.
  4. 1 2 Troiani 1998, p. 99.
  5. ↑ Lucchetti 2014, Chapt. 22.
  6. ↑ "La politica dei colori nell'Italia contemporanea" (in Italian). Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  7. 1 2 Maxwell, A. (2014). Patriots Against Fashion: Clothing and Nationalism in Europe's Age of Revolutions. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 9781137277145. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  8. ↑ Newman, S.P. (2010). Parades and the Politics of the Street: Festive Culture in the Early American Republic. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. p. 161. ISBN 9780812200478. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  9. ↑ Mollo, John (1972). Military Fashion. Barrie and Jenkins. p. 22. ISBN 0-214-65349-8.
  10. ↑ The White Cockade; Or, Bourbon Songster: Being a Patriotic Collection of Songs on the Downfall of Tyranny, and Restoration of Louis XVIII., Etc. [A Chap-book.]. J. Evans & Son. 1814. p. 2. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  11. ↑ Cobbett, W. (1814). Cobbett's Political Register. Vol. 25. William Cobbett. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  12. ↑ Jones, C. (2006). Paris: Biography of a City. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 9780141941912. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  13. ↑ Cormack, W.S. (2002). Revolution and Political Conflict in the French Navy 1789-1794. Cambridge University Press. p. 65. ISBN 9780521893756. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  14. ↑ Hofschröer, P.; Fosten, B. (2012). The Hanoverian Army of the Napoleonic Wars. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781780965178. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  15. ↑ Jones, G.M. (1827). Travels in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia and Turkey: also on the coasts of the sea of Azof and of the Black sea; with a review of the trade in those seas, and of the systems adopted to man the fleets of the different powers of Europe, compared with that of England. J. Murray. p. 22. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  16. ↑ Franklin, C. (2012). British Army Uniforms of the American Revolution 1751-1783. Pen & Sword Books Limited. p. 111. ISBN 9781848846906. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  17. ↑ Babington, A. (2015). Military Intervention in Britain: From the Gordon Riots to the Gibraltar Incident. Taylor & Francis. p. 21. ISBN 9781317397717. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  18. ↑ Stockdale, J.J. (1810). The Covent Garden Journal ... J.J. Stockdale. p. 130. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  19. ↑ Livingston, D.W. (1998). Philosophical Melancholy and Delirium: Hume's Pathology of Philosophy. University of Chicago Press. p. 275. ISBN 9780226487175. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  20. ↑ Popular educator (1767). The popular educator. p. 254. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  21. ↑ Bloom, C. (2012). Riot City: Protest and Rebellion in the Capital. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 147. ISBN 9781137029362. Retrieved 2017-03-05.[permanent dead link]
  22. ↑ Walker, G.; Verhoeven, W.M. (2004). The Vagabond. Broadview Press. p. 253. ISBN 9781460404256. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  23. ↑ CLIFFORD, H.; Brandon, J. (1809). Clifford for ever! O.P. and no P.B. The Trial between H. Clifford, plaintiff, and J. Brandon, defendant, for an assault and false imprisonment, etc. John Fairburn. p. 19. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  24. ↑ Haywood, I.; Seed, J. (2012). The Gordon Riots: Politics, Culture and Insurrection in Late Eighteenth-Century Britain. Cambridge University Press. p. 107. ISBN 9780521195423. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  25. ↑ "Defense.gov News Article: Insignia: The Way You Tell Who's Who in the Military". United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original on 2018-01-23. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  26. ↑ Force, P. (1844). American archives. Рипол Классик. pp. 2–1745. ISBN 9785885286961. Retrieved 2017-03-05. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  27. ↑ Field, R.; Hook, A. (2013). LincolnÂ?s 90-Day Volunteers 1861: From Fort Sumter to First Bull Run. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 47. ISBN 9781782009214. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  28. ↑ Richards, J.H. (1997). Early American Drama. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 68. ISBN 9781101177211. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  29. ↑ Winkle, K.J. (2013). Lincoln's Citadel: The Civil War in Washington, DC. W. W. Norton. ISBN 9780393240573. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  30. 1 2 Maxwell, A. (2014). Patriots Against Fashion: Clothing and Nationalism in Europe's Age of Revolutions. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 9781137277145. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  31. ↑ Fahs, A. (2010). The Imagined Civil War: Popular Literature of the North and South, 1861-1865. University of North Carolina Press. p. 43. ISBN 9780807899298. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  32. ↑ "La Coccarda alla Biblioteca Museo Risorgimento" (in Italian). Retrieved 7 May 2017.
  33. 1 2 Ferorelli, Nicola (1925). "La vera origine del tricolore italiano". Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento (in Italian). XII (fasc. III): 662. Archived from the original on 2019-03-31. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  34. ↑ "L'Esercito del primo Tricolore" (PDF) (in Italian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  35. ↑ "I simboli della Repubblica" (PDF) (in Italian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
  36. ↑ ADYE, R.W. (1802). The Little Bombardier, and Pocket Gunner. By Ralph Willett Adye. T. Egerton. p. 271. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  37. ↑ Troiani, D.; Kochan, J.L.; Coates, J.; Kochan, J. (1998). Don Troiani's Soldiers in America, 1754-1865. Stackpole Books. p. 99. ISBN 9780811705196. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  38. ↑ Stone, D. (2015). The Kaiser's Army: The German Army in World War One. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781844862924. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  39. ↑ Kidd, R.S. (2013). MILITARY UNIFORMS IN EUROPE 1900 - 2000 Volume One. LULU Press. p. 128. ISBN 9781291187441. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  40. ↑ Mollo, John (1972). Military Fashion. pp. 30–31. ISBN 0-214-65349-8.
  41. ↑ Dempsey, G. (2002). Napoleon's Mercenaries: Foreign Units in the French Army Under the Consulate and Empire, 1799-1814. Greenhill Books. p. 267. ISBN 9781853674884. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  42. ↑ Kidd, R.Spencer (October 2013). Military Uniforms in Europe 1900-2000 Vol. One. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-291-18744-1.
  43. ↑ D, D.T.Z.P. (2014). Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History [4 volumes]: 400 Years of Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 494. ISBN 9781598849813. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  44. ↑ Williamson, G.; Pavlovic, D. (2012). U-Boat Crews 1914–45. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781780967905. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  45. ↑ de Quesada, A.; Dale, C.; Walsh, S. (2013). Imperial German Colonial and Overseas Troops 1885?1918. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 47. ISBN 9781780961651. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  46. ↑ Cooke, J.J. (1996). The U.S. Air Service in the Great War, 1917-1919. Praeger. p. 202. ISBN 9780275948627. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  47. ↑ Wöll, A.; Wydra, H. (2007). Democracy and Myth in Russia and Eastern Europe. Taylor & Francis. p. 182. ISBN 9781134089086. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  48. ↑ Gyarfasova, O.; Liebhart, K. (2014). Constructing and Communicating Europe. Lit Verlag. p. 202. ISBN 9783643905154. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  49. ↑ Goodheart, Adam (November 15, 2010). "Female Partisans" (blog). The New York Times. Retrieved October 14, 2022.
  50. ↑ "Tableau comparatif de la superficie, population totale et pop. par m. géogr. de tous les Etats du monde, avec les cocardes et pavillons les plus connus / dressé d'après Malte-Brun, Hassel, Balbi et autres sources authentiques par C. Desjardins; A. Haas, script" (in French). Gallica. 1833. Retrieved 2017-03-05 – via gallica.bnf.fr.
  51. ↑ "Tableau comparatif de la superficie et de la population absolue et relative de tous les Etats du monde avec leurs pavillons et cocardes / dressé d'après les documens les plus récens par Ct. Desjardins,...; Lith. de Mantoux,..." (in French). Gallica. 1842. Retrieved 2017-03-05 – via gallica.bnf.fr.
  52. ↑ Hein. Das kleine Buch vom Deutschen Heere 1901.

Sources

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[edit]
  • Wikimedia Commons logo Media related to Cockades at Wikimedia Commons
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