Brucite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Brucite
Archibald Bruce
Formula:
Mg(OH)2
As a Commodity:
Colour:
White, light greenish, grayish, bluish; honey-yellow, brownish red deep brown (manganoan varieties)
Lustre:
Vitreous, Waxy, Pearly
Hardness:
2½ - 3
Specific Gravity:
2.39
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1824 by Franรงois Sulpice Beudant in honor of Archibald Bruce (February 1777 New York, New York, USA - February 22, 1818, New York, New York, USA), physician, early American mineralogist, and editor of the American Mineralogical Journal, who first described the species.
Type Locality:
Visit gemdat.org for Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
820
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:820:2
Similar Names
| Bariฤite | A valid IMA mineral species | (Mg,Fe)3(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| Beresite | A rock classification type | |
| Boracite | A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered | Mg3(B7O13)Cl |
| Brassite | A valid IMA mineral species | Mg(HAsO4) · 4H2O |
| Brizzite | A synonym of Brizziite | |
| Brossite | A variety of 'Iron-bearing Dolomite' [Dolomite] | Ca(Mg,Fe)(CO3)2 |
| Brucite (of Dufrรฉnoy) | A synonym of Zincite | |
| Brucite (of Gibbs) | A synonym of Chondrodite | |
| Bursaite | A discredited species name | Pb5Bi4S11 (?) |
| Crucite (of Delamรฉtherie) | A synonym of 'Chiastolite' | |
| Crucite (of Thomson) | A synonym of 'Crucilite' |
IMA Classification of Brucite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1814
Classification of Brucite
4.FE.05
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
F : Hydroxides (without V or U)
E : Hydroxides with OH, without H2O; sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
F : Hydroxides (without V or U)
E : Hydroxides with OH, without H2O; sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
6.2.1.1
6 : HYDROXIDES AND OXIDES CONTAINING HYDROXYL
2 : X(OH)2
6 : HYDROXIDES AND OXIDES CONTAINING HYDROXYL
2 : X(OH)2
7.4.8
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
4 : Oxides of Be, Mg and the alkaline earths
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
4 : Oxides of Be, Mg and the alkaline earths
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAโCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMAโCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMAโCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Brc | IMAโCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAโCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Brc | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277โ279. |
| Brc | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Brc | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185โ187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Brc | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
| Brc | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261โ264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Brucite
Vitreous, Waxy, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Pearly on cleavage
Colour:
White, light greenish, grayish, bluish; honey-yellow, brownish red deep brown (manganoan varieties)
Streak:
White
Hardness:
2½ - 3 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Sectile
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {0001}
On {0001}
Fracture:
Fibrous, Micaceous
Comment:
Separable plates are flexible, fibers are elastic.
Density:
2.39 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.368 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Brucite
Type:
Uniaxial (+)
RI values:
nω = 1.56 - 1.59 nε = 1.58 - 1.6
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.010 - 0.020
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 ยตm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 ยตm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Comments:
Anomalously biaxial.
Chemistry of Brucite
Mindat Formula:
Mg(OH)2
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe,Mn,Zn
Crystallography of Brucite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3m(32/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral
Space Group:
P3m1
Cell Parameters:
a = 3.142(1) Å, c = 4.766(2) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 1.517
Unit Cell V:
40.75 ร
ยณ (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
1
Morphology:
Usually broad tabular crystals {0001}. Often subparallel aggregates of plates. Manganoan variety sometimes acicular [0001]. Commonly foliated massive; fibrous, with fibers separable and elastic; fine granular rare.
Crystallographic forms of Brucite
Crystal Atlas:
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Brucite no.1 - {101} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Brucite no.2 - {001} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
www.smorf.nl.
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0003999 | Brucite | Mookherjee M, Stixrude L (2006) High-pressure proton disorder in brucite American Mineralogist 91 127-134 |  | 2006 | hypothetical structure calculated with DFT | 0.3 | 293 |
| 0004000 | Brucite | Mookherjee M, Stixrude L (2006) High-pressure proton disorder in brucite American Mineralogist 91 127-134 | | 2006 | hypothetical structure calculated with DFT | 8.4 | 293 |
| 0004001 | Brucite | Mookherjee M, Stixrude L (2006) High-pressure proton disorder in brucite American Mineralogist 91 127-134 | | 2006 | hypothetical structure calculated with DFT | 119.1 | 293 |
| 0007912 | Brucite | Catti M, Ferraris G, Hull S, Pavese A (1995) Static compression and H disorder in brucite, Mg(OH)2, to 11 GPa: a powder neutron diffraction study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 22 200-206 | 1995 | 0.0001 | 293 | ||
| 0014731 | Brucite | Zigan F, Rothbauer R (1967) Neutronenbeugungsmessungen am Brucit _cod_database_code 1000054 Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1967 137-143 | 1967 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0017400 | Brucite | Aminoff G (1921) Ueber die Struktur des Magnesiumhydroxides. _cod_database_code 1010484 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 56 505-509 | 1921 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0001637 | Brucite | Parise J B, Leinenweber K, Weidner D J, Tan K, Von Dreele R B (1994) Pressure-induced H bonding: Neutron diffraction study of brucite, Mg(OD)2, to 9.3 GPa American Mineralogist 79 193-196 | | 1994 | 0.4 | 293 | |
| 0002432 | Brucite | Nagai T, Hattori T, Yamanaka T (2000) Compression mechanism of brucite: An investigation by the structural refinement under pressure American Mineralogist 85 760-764 | | 2000 | 0.6 | 293 | |
| 0001638 | Brucite | Parise J B, Leinenweber K, Weidner D J, Tan K, Von Dreele R B (1994) Pressure-induced H bonding: Neutron diffraction study of brucite, Mg(OD)2, to 9.3 GPa American Mineralogist 79 193-196 | | 1994 | 1.9 | 293 | |
| 0002433 | Brucite | Nagai T, Hattori T, Yamanaka T (2000) Compression mechanism of brucite: An investigation by the structural refinement under pressure American Mineralogist 85 760-764 | | 2000 | 2.5 | 293 | |
| 0001639 | Brucite | Parise J B, Leinenweber K, Weidner D J, Tan K, Von Dreele R B (1994) Pressure-induced H bonding: Neutron diffraction study of brucite, Mg(OD)2, to 9.3 GPa American Mineralogist 79 193-196 | | 1994 | 5.4 | 293 | |
| 0002434 | Brucite | Nagai T, Hattori T, Yamanaka T (2000) Compression mechanism of brucite: An investigation by the structural refinement under pressure American Mineralogist 85 760-764 | | 2000 | 6.2 | 293 | |
| 0007913 | Brucite | Catti M, Ferraris G, Hull S, Pavese A (1995) Static compression and H disorder in brucite, Mg(OH)2, to 11 GPa: a powder neutron diffraction study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 22 200-206 | 1995 | 7.8 | 293 | ||
| 0002435 | Brucite | Nagai T, Hattori T, Yamanaka T (2000) Compression mechanism of brucite: An investigation by the structural refinement under pressure American Mineralogist 85 760-764 | | 2000 | 8.9 | 293 | |
| 0001640 | Brucite | Parise J B, Leinenweber K, Weidner D J, Tan K, Von Dreele R B (1994) Pressure-induced H bonding: Neutron diffraction study of brucite, Mg(OD)2, to 9.3 GPa American Mineralogist 79 193-196 | | 1994 | 9.3 | 293 | |
| 0007915 | Brucite | Catti M, Ferraris G, Hull S, Pavese A (1995) Static compression and H disorder in brucite, Mg(OH)2, to 11 GPa: a powder neutron diffraction study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 22 200-206 | 1995 | 10.9 | 293 | ||
| 0007914 | Brucite | Catti M, Ferraris G, Hull S, Pavese A (1995) Static compression and H disorder in brucite, Mg(OH)2, to 11 GPa: a powder neutron diffraction study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 22 200-206 | 1995 | 10.9 | 293 | ||
| 0002436 | Brucite | Nagai T, Hattori T, Yamanaka T (2000) Compression mechanism of brucite: An investigation by the structural refinement under pressure American Mineralogist 85 760-764 | | 2000 | 12.5 | 293 | |
| 0002437 | Brucite | Nagai T, Hattori T, Yamanaka T (2000) Compression mechanism of brucite: An investigation by the structural refinement under pressure American Mineralogist 85 760-764 | | 2000 | 16 | 293 | |
| 0002438 | Brucite | Nagai T, Hattori T, Yamanaka T (2000) Compression mechanism of brucite: An investigation by the structural refinement under pressure American Mineralogist 85 760-764 | | 2000 | 18 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
Epitaxial Relationships of Brucite
Epitaxial Minerals:
| 'Pyroaurite' | Mg6Fe3+2(OH)16[CO3] ยท 4H2O |
Epitaxy Comments:
Brucite enclosing pyroaurite, with brucite {0001} [1010] parallel to pyroaurite {0001}[1010].
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.77 ร | (90) |
| 2.365 ร | (100) |
| 1.794 ร | (55) |
| 1.573 ร | (35) |
| 1.494 ร | (18) |
| 1.373 ร | (16) |
| 1.310 ร | (12) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
| 6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
| Stage 3b: Earthโs earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
| 13 : Hadean serpentinization | |
| 14 : Hot springs, geysers, and other subaerial geothermal minerals | |
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 45b : [Other oxidized fumarolic minerals] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 49 : Oxic cellular biomineralization (see also #44) | <0.54 |
Geological Setting:
Alteration mineral of periclase in marbles.
Type Occurrence of Brucite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Foliated leaves, frequently radiating.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Natural History Museum, London 1911,730
Synonyms of Brucite
Other Language Names for Brucite
Catalan:Brucita
Dutch:Bruciet
French:Hydrate de magnรฉsie
Italian:Brucite
Lithuanian:Brusitas
Polish:Brucyt
Portuguese:Brucita
Russian:ะัััะธั
Serbian:ะัััะธั
Simplified Chinese:ๆฐด้็ณ
ๆฐขๆฐง้็ณ
็พ้็ณ
ๆฐขๆฐง้็ณ
็พ้็ณ
Spanish:Brucita
Traditional Chinese:ๆฐด้็ณ
ๆฐซๆฐง้็ณ
็พฅ้็ณ
ๆฐซๆฐง้็ณ
็พฅ้็ณ
Ukrainian:ะัััะธั
Varieties of Brucite
| Manganese-bearing Brucite | A Mn-bearing variety of brucite. |
| Nemalite | A fibrous variety of brucite said to contain FeO. Occurs in fibres or laths, usually elongated along [1010], but sometimes [1120]. Originally described from Castle Point, Hoboken, Hudson Co., New Jersey, USA. |
Relationship of Brucite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Brucite Group:
| Amakinite | Fe2+(OH)2 | Trig. |
| Portlandite | Ca(OH)2 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1 |
| Pyrochroite | Mn(OH)2 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1 |
| Theophrastite | Ni(OH)2 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1 |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 65 photos of Brucite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 45 photos of Brucite associated with Hydromagnesite | Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2 ยท 4H2O |
| 24 photos of Brucite associated with Serpentine Subgroup | D3[Si2O5](OH)4 |
| 22 photos of Brucite associated with Sturmanite | Ca6Fe3+2(SO4)2.5[B(OH)4](OH)12 ยท 25H2O |
| 18 photos of Brucite associated with Ettringite | Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12 ยท 26H2O |
| 16 photos of Brucite associated with Magnesite | MgCO3 |
| 14 photos of Brucite associated with Periclase | MgO |
| 11 photos of Brucite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 11 photos of Brucite associated with Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| 9 photos of Brucite associated with 'Chromium-bearing Clinochlore' | Mg5(Al,Cr)2Si3O10(OH)8 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.FE. | Nannoniite | Al2(OH)5F |
| 4.FE.05 | Theophrastite | Ni(OH)2 |
| 4.FE.05 | Amakinite | Fe2+(OH)2 |
| 4.FE.05 | Portlandite | Ca(OH)2 |
| 4.FE.05 | Pyrochroite | Mn(OH)2 |
| 4.FE.10 | Doyleite | Al(OH)3 |
| 4.FE.10 | Bayerite | Al(OH)3 |
| 4.FE.10 | Nordstrandite | Al(OH)3 |
| 4.FE.10 | Gibbsite | Al(OH)3 |
| 4.FE.15 | Lepidocrocite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| 4.FE.15 | Bรถhmite | AlO(OH) |
| 4.FE.20 | Heterogenite | Co3+O(OH) |
| 4.FE.20 | Grimaldiite | CrO(OH) |
| 4.FE.25 | Lithiophorite | (Al,Li)MnO2(OH)2 |
| 4.FE.25 | Feitknechtite | Mn3+O(OH) |
| 4.FE.30 | Quenselite | PbMnO2(OH) |
| 4.FE.35 | Ferrihydrite | Fe3+10O14(OH)2 |
| 4.FE.40 | Vernadite | (Mn4+,Fe3+,Ca,Na)(O,OH)2 ยท nH2O |
| 4.FE.40 | Feroxyhyte | Fe3+O(OH) |
| 4.FE.45 | Quetzalcoatlite | Zn6Cu3(TeO6)2(OH)6 ยท AgxPbyClx+2y |
| 4.FE.50 | Fuettererite | Pb3Cu2+6Te6+O6(OH)7Cl5 |
Other Information
Electrical:
Pyroelectric
Thermal Behaviour:
Before the blowpipe, glows and becomes opaque and friable. Infusible. In a closed tube gives off water.
Notes:
Soluble in HCl, H2SO4, HNO3.
Adheres slightly to the tongue.
Adheres slightly to the tongue.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Brucite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Brucite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-820.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Brucite
Reference List:
Aminoff, G. (1919) รber die Krystallstruktur des Pyrochroits. Geologiska Fรถreningen i Stockholm Fรถrhandlingar, 41 (5) 407-431 doi:10.1080/11035891909447000
Aminoff, G. (1921) XXV. รber die Struktur des Magnesiumhydroxydes. Zeitschrift fรผr Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 56 (1) 506-509 doi:10.1524/zkri.1921.56.1.506
Garrido, J. (1936) Sur la brucite fibreuse. Zeitschrift fรผr Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 95 (1) 189-194 doi:10.1524/zkri.1936.95.1.189
Tupper, W. M. (1963) Brucite, a new occurrence at Meat Cove, Nova Scotia. The Canadian Mineralogist, 7 (5) 796-804
Schmalz, R. F. (1965) Brucite in Carbonate Secreted by the Red Alga Goniolithon sp. Science, 149 (3687). 993-996 doi:10.1126/science.149.3687.993
Liebling, Richard S., Langer, Arthur M. (1972) Optical properties of fibrous brucite from Asbestos, Quebec. American Mineralogist, 57 (5-6) 857-864
Whittaker, E. J. W., Middleton, A. P. (1979) The intergrowth of fibrous brucite and fibrous magnesite with chrysotile. The Canadian Mineralogist, 17 (4) 699-702
Peterson, R. C., Hill, R. J., Gibbs, G. V. (1979) A molecular โ orbital study of distortions in the layer structures brucite, gibbsite, and serpentine. The Canadian Mineralogist, 17 (4) 703-711
Delnavaz, H.; Allmann, R. (1988) Synthesen von Fe-Brucit, Coalingit und Pyroaurit im System MgO- Fe-O2-H2O-(CO2). Zeitschrift fรผr Kristallographie, 183 (1-4). 175-178 doi:10.1524/zkri.1988.183.14.175
Parise, John B., Leinenweber, Kurt, Weidner, Donald J., Tan, Kemin, von Dreele, Robert B. (1994) Pressure-induced H bonding: Neutron diffraction study of brucite, Mg(OD)2, to 9.3 GPa. American Mineralogist, 79 (1-2) 193-196
Lutz, H.D.; Mรถller, H.; Schmidt, M. (1994) Lattice vibration spectra. Part LXXXII. Brucite-type hydroxides M(OH)2 (M = Ca, Mn, Co, Fe, Cd) โ IR and Raman spectra, neutron diffraction of Fe(OH)2. Journal of Molecular Structure, 328. p.121-132. doi:10.1016/0022-2860(94)08355-x
Duffy, ThomasS.; Shu, Jinfu; Mao, Ho-kwang; Hemley, RussellJ. (1995) Single-crystal x-ray diffraction of brucite to 14 GPa. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 22 (5). 277-281 doi:10.1007/bf00202767
Xia, X., Weidner, D. J., Zhao, H. (1998) Equation of state of brucite; single-crystal Brillouin spectroscopy study and polycrystalline pressure-volume-temperature measurement. American Mineralogist, 83 (1) 68-74 doi:10.2138/am-1998-1-207
Shannon, Robert D., Shannon, Ruth C., Medenbach, Olaf, Fischer, Reinhard X. (2002) Refractive Index and Dispersion of Fluorides and Oxides. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 31 (4) 931-970 doi:10.1063/1.1497384
Frost, Ray L., Weier, Matt L., Kloprogge, J. Theo (2003) Raman spectroscopy of some natural hydrotalcites with sulphate and carbonate in the interlayer. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 34 (10). 760-768 doi:10.1002/jrs.1050
Braterman, P. S. (2006) Vibrational spectroscopy of brucite: A molecular simulation investigation. American Mineralogist, 91 (7) 1188-1196 doi:10.2138/am.2006.2094
Jiang, F., Speziale, S., Duffy, T. S. (2006) Single-crystal elasticity of brucite, Mg(OH)2, to 15 GPa by Brillouin scattering. American Mineralogist, 91 (11) 1893-1900 doi:10.2138/am.2006.2215
Frost, Ray L., Palmer, Sara J., Bouzaid, Jocelyn M., Reddy, B. Jagannadha (2007) A Raman spectroscopic study of humite minerals. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 38 (1). 68-77 doi:10.1002/jrs.1601
Mills, S. J.; Christy, A. G.; Gรฉnin, J.-M. R.; Kameda, T.; Colombo, F. (2012) Nomenclature of the hydrotalcite supergroup: natural layered double hydroxides. Mineralogical Magazine, 76 (5). 1289-1336 doi:10.1180/minmag.2012.076.5.10
Ma, M., Liu, W., Chen, Z., Liu, Z., Li, B. (2013) Compression and structure of brucite to 31 GPa from synchrotron X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy studies. American Mineralogist, 98 (1) 33-40 doi:10.2138/am.2013.4117
Tararushkin, Evgeny V., Pisarev, Vasily V., Kalinichev, Andrey G. (2023) Equation of State, Compressibility, and Vibrational Properties of Brucite over Wide Pressure and Temperature Ranges: Atomistic Computer Simulations with the Modified ClayFF Classical Force Field. Minerals, 13 (3) 408 doi:10.3390/min13030408
Localities for Brucite
Showing 647 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
โ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Angola | |
| Campeny et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Amores-Casals et al. (2019) |
Antarctica | |
| Elvevold et al. (2010) |
| Rangel et al. (2019) |
Argentina | |
| Proenza et al. (2008) |
| Proenza et al. (2008) |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Plas (1997) | |
| Kelley D. S. +10 other references |
| Marchesi et al. (2013) | |
| Lartaud et al. (2010) |
| Lartaud et al. (2011) | |
| Moll et al. (2007) |
Australia | |
| Oskierski et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Analyses in prep |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| R Bottrill |
| Bottrill et al. (2002) +1 other reference | |
| Bottrill +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2009) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| R. Bottrill |
| [var: Nemalite] Bottrill |
| Tested by XRD and SEM-EDS by R Bottrill |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Ralph Bottrill unpublished data 2019 |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| R Botttrill |
| Barnes et al. (2009) |
| Marston (1984) |
| Ben Grguric |
| Disseminated and Massive Nickel ... +2 other references |
| Gole et al. (2000) | |
| Gole et al. (2000) | |
| Gole et al. (2000) | |
| Grguric et al. (2013) | |
| [AmMin 87:182] +1 other reference |
Austria | |
| Kurz (2009) |
| Lรถffler et al. (2011) |
| Bojar et al. (2005) |
| Kolitsch (2008) |
| Schantl (1975) |
| Meixner (1967) | |
| Meixner (1967) +2 other references |
| Exel (1993) |
| Postl et al. (2010) |
| Mineralienatlas.de |
| Franz et al. (1981) |
Brazil | |
| Silva et al. (2019) |
| Oliveira et al. (2020) |
| Menezes et al. (1984) | |
Bulgaria | |
| Gonzรกlez-Jimรฉnez et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| GJ Simandl (1991) +1 other reference |
| |
| Britten (2017) |
| Seiler et al. (2023) | |
| Franchuk et al. (2016) |
| Escayola et al. (2011) |
| Abersteiner et al. (2020) |
| Tupper (1963) |
| Tupper (1963) | |
| Grice (1989) |
| Sabina (2000) +1 other reference |
| MDI Number: MDI42A09SW00154 |
| Sabina (1983) +1 other reference |
| Royal Ontario Museum |
| Reiner Mielke 2012 |
| www.geologyontario.mndm.gov.on.ca (n.d.) |
| [Bancroft & District Mineral Collecting ... |
| MDI Number: MDI31L06SE00003 +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1971) +2 other references |
| 157-158. +1 other reference |
| Sabina (2000) |
| Cristofono (n.d.) |
| Gaudard (1993) | |
| Canadian Museum of Nature & Horvath ... | |
| Museum Thetford Mines collection |
| 179-181. +2 other references |
| Sabina (1986) +1 other reference |
| Frรฉdรฉric Messier Leroux (2006 field observations) | |
| Sabina (1986) |
| GOLD et al. (1986) |
| SASSANO et al. (1987) |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) |
| Rosa et al. (2010) | |
| Mineralienkabinet J. de Fourestier |
| Sabina (1987) | |
| Sabina (1987) +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1986) |
| Sabina (1973) |
| Robinson et al. (1995) |
Cape Verde | |
| M.M.S. Cabral Pinto et al. (2011) |
Chile | |
| Henwood (1871) |
China | |
| Zhao et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Yiming Zhao et al. (1999) |
| Yiming Zhao et al. (1999) | |
| Yiming Zhao and Daxin Li (2003) | |
| Zhao et al. (1999) |
| Xue et al. (2023) |
| Peisheng Bao and Xibin Wang (1989) |
| Lishe Wang et al. (2008) |
| Xiangzhen Meng and Meifang Zhao (1985) |
| Chang Zhaoshan and Feng Zhongyan (1996) | |
| Dequan Zhang and Lihua Wang (1988) |
| Zhaojian Zeng (1997) |
| Rongwen Zhou and Zhishun Chen (1991) |
| Yang Guangming et al. (1985) +1 other reference | |
| Liang Yang (2003) |
| Baogui Zhang (1996) |
| Zhaobin Su and Shaoying Jiang (1984) |
| Peng et al. (2022) +2 other references | |
| Wang +4 other references | |
| www.jlja.gov.cn/en/zsread.asp?xwid=2208 |
| Rongge Xiao et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Zheng et al. (2026) | |
| Jingdang Liu et al. (2005) |
| Wenwei Lin (1987) |
| Rongge Xiao et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Miao Yu et al. (2013) |
| Yiming Zhao et al. (2013) | |
| Zhengguo Ru (1987) |
| Gong et al. (2026) | |
| Li et al. (2026) |
| Zhaobin Su and Shaoying Jiang (1984) |
| Zhaobin Su and Shaoying Jiang (1984) | |
| Weizheng Hu et al. (2006) |
| Zhi Zhang et al. (2013) |
| Guosheng Feng et al. (2007) |
| Li et al. (2020) |
| Zhu et al. (2016) |
Costa Rica | |
| Schwarzenbach et al. (2016) |
Cyprus | |
| Dmitry Tonkacheev |
Czech Republic | |
| ล arbach M.: Novรก lokalita brucitu v ... |
| Kovรกล +1 other reference |
| Hrลกelovรก et al. (2013) |
| Doubek |
Dominican Republic | |
| Marchesi et al. (2016) |
Eswatini | |
| Gan et al. (n.d.) |
| Gan et al. (n.d.) | |
Ethiopia | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2013) |
Finland | |
| Arhe |
| Sandstrรถm (2012) |
France | |
| Monnin et al. (2014) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Belot (1978) |
| |
Germany | |
| Bayerl et al. (12/2021) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| |
| Blaร et al. (1994) |
| Blaร et al. (2003) |
| Hentschel (1978) |
| in the collection of Christof Schรคfer | |
| 58. +1 other reference |
| Blass et al. (2010) |
| Beyer (1980) +1 other reference |
| Paul (1995) |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
Ghana | |
| Addae et al. (2026) |
| Mรผcke et al. (1999) |
Greece | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2014) |
| |
| Rieck (n.d.) | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2014) |
| Rieck (n.d.) | |
| Tsikouras et al. (2006) | |
| Bonev et al. (2005) +2 other references |
| Filippidis (1996) |
Greenland | |
| Bรธggild (1953) |
Hungary | |
| Kovรกcs et al. (2003) |
| Szakรกll et al. (1996) |
| Sรกndor et al. (2005) |
| Sรกndor et al. (2005) | |
| Szakรกll-Jรกnosi: Minerals of Hungary |
| Topographia Mineralogica Hungariae VI. +1 other reference |
| Kovรกcs (2009) |
India | |
| Deans et al. (1972) +8 other references |
| Dwivedi et al. (2017) |
| Chakraborti et al. (2018) |
Indian Ocean | |
| Ki Choi et al. (2024) |
Indonesia | |
| Bailey et al. (1995) |
Iran | |
| Ahadnejad et al. (2022) |
Ireland | |
| Nockolds et al. (1947) |
| Kinahan +5 other references |
Israel | |
| Krรผger et al. (2018) +2 other references |
Italy | |
| D'Angeli et al. (2018) |
| D'Angeli et al. (2018) | |
| Lecacheur et al. (2024) |
| Rossetti et al. (2009) |
| C.M. Gramaccioli (1975) +2 other references |
| Alessandro Cantamessa collection +1 other reference | |
| Toffolo et al. (2015) +1 other reference | |
| Boeris (1911) +4 other references | |
| Grill (1922) +4 other references | |
| Sandrone et al. (2004) |
| D'Angeli et al. (2018) |
| Russo et al. (2004) |
| [Lapis 1994:5 p.13-23 | |
| |
| Ciriotti et al. (2010) | |
| Antofilli et al. (1983) |
| Ferrari A. et al. (1950) +1 other reference |
| [var: Nemalite] Antofilli et al. (1983) | |
| Ferrari A. et al. (1950) | |
| Gianni Peracchi collection |
| De Michele (1974) |
| Cerea et al. (2019) |
| Marchesini et al. (2025) |
| Bedognรจ et al. (1993) |
| De Michele (1974) |
| Demartin et al. (2008) |
| Bedognรจ et al. (1993) |
| Bedognรจ et al. (1993) | |
| Bedognรจ et al. (1993) | |
| Bedognรจ et al. (1993) | |
| Artini (1909) |
| Tomasi (1950) |
| Bedognรจ et al. (2006) |
| Compagnoni et al. (1985) +2 other references |
| Groppo et al. (2007) | |
| Rolfo et al. (2015) |
| Groppo et al. (2007) |
| Belluso et al. (1991) | |
| Groppo et al. (2007) | |
| Groppo et al. (2007) | |
| Groppo et al. (2007) | |
| Prete (1995) |
| Balestro et al. (2013) |
| Belluso et al. (1995) |
| Campostrini (2001) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| Peruzzi (1905) +1 other reference |
| Exel (1987) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Morandi et al. (1970) +6 other references | |
| Del Caldo et al. (1973) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
| Del Caldo et al. (1973) |
| Callegari E. (1962) +1 other reference |
| Demartin et al. (2006) |
| De Michele (1974) +1 other reference | |
| Giulia Zanoni (1980) | |
| Exel (1987) | |
| Giulia Zanoni (1980) | |
| Minguzzi et al. (1979) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Zordan A. (2014) |
| De Michele (1974) | |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
| Bonifazi (2020) |
| Bonifazi (2020) |
| Betti et al. (2017) |
| Betti et al. (2017) |
| Brizzi G. et al. (1996) |
| Morandi et al. (1970) +1 other reference |
| Guglielmino (1996) +1 other reference |
| F.Zorzi (2014) |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) |
| M. Boscardin: Localitร mineralogiche consigliate: Le cave della val d'Astico - Notizie del Guppo Min. Lombardo - 10 et al. (This publication later changed its name in Rivista Minealogica Italiana) +1 other reference |
| 50 +2 other references |
| Zordan A. (2014) |
| Antonio Zordan collectio |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) |
| M. Boscardin L et al. (VIcenza) |
| Zordan A. et al. (Vicenza) |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) | |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) |
| Raman Spectroscopy |
| Del Caldo et al. (1973) |
| Del Caldo et al. (1973) |
Japan | |
| Suzuki et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Suzuki et al. (1973) +2 other references | |
| ไธๅ่ช ไธ้. (1987) |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Petrov (n.d.) | |
| Okuno (1964) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Watanabe et al (1963) |
| Kusachi et al. (2004) |
Jordan | |
| Pitty et al. (2010) |
| Khoury et al. (2016) |
| Khoury et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
Kazakhstan | |
| doi.org (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Libya | |
| www.minport.com (n.d.) |
Luxembourg | |
| Heinen (1996) |
Mexico | |
| Hewitt |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1964 33 : 841-852 |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1964 33 : 841-852 | |
| Ortega-Gutierrez +2 other references |
Middle East | |
| Gross (1977) | |
Morocco | |
| FAVREAU G. & DIETRICH J.E. (2006) |
Myanmar | |
| Phyo et al. (2019) |
| Harlow G1 (2014) |
Namibia | |
| Belendorff (2006) |
| American Mineralogist (1988) +2 other references |
Nepal | |
| Christopher P. Smith et al. (1997) |
New Zealand | |
| Collection of RJ Martin correlated to ... |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
North Korea | |
| Imai et al. (2000) |
| Fujimoto et al. (in "Geology and Mineral Resources of the Far East, Vol. 2", 1969) |
| Takeo Kato: "Two Types of Nickeliferous Pyrrhotite Deposits Found in Korea." (9 pp) |
North Macedonia | |
| [var: Nemalite] Vesnik Geol. Inst. Jugoslavije (1938) |
Norway | |
| Nordrum et al. (2006) |
| Jรธsang (1966) |
| Kierulf (1892) +1 other reference |
| - (2010) |
| - (2017) | |
| - (2010) | |
| - (2016) | |
| Beadshaw et al. (1964) |
| Bรธe (1997) +1 other reference |
| Neumann (1985) |
| |
| Wanvik (1991) +1 other reference |
| Munday (1974) |
| Nordrum (2000) |
| Nordrum (2000) | |
| Bjerga et al. (2015) |
| [var: Nemalite] Witsรธ (2005) +1 other reference |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Raade (1983) |
Oman | |
| Neal et al. (1984) |
| Chavagnac et al. (2013) |
| Chavagnac et al. (2013) | |
| Chavagnac et al. (2013) | |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Plas (1997) |
| Heling et al. (1992) |
| Wheat et al. (2008) | |
| Wheat et al. (2008) | |
Pakistan | |
| imported from Neelum Valley |
| Blauwet et al. (2004) | |
| Bashir et al. (2009) |
| seen in Munich 2015 +1 other reference | |
| Dr Robert Lavinsky The Arkenstone/Irocks | |
| Mitsuru Nakagawa (1996) | |
| Gordon Cressey (1986) |
| Rolfo et al. (1997) |
| Transferred from OLD Skardu District +1 other reference | |
Palestine | |
| Galuskina et al. (2019) |
| Sokol et al. (2011) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Yates et al. (1967) |
| Yates et al. (1967) | |
| Yates et al. (1967) | |
| Yates et al. (1967) | |
| Yates et al. (1967) | |
| Yates et al. (1967) | |
Philippines | |
| Shimbashi +7 other references |
Poland | |
| Lewandowska A. (OH) |
| ลukasz Kruszewski PXRD data |
| Eligiusz Szeลฤg collection (SEM/EDS identification) |
| Eligiusz Szeลฤg collection | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Traube (1888) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Cu +2 other references |
| ล. Kruszewski PXRD and EPMA data |
| Koszowska E. |
Portugal | |
| Rocha et al. (2017) |
Romania | |
| ... |
| Ş +1 other reference |
| Ş +1 other reference | |
| Marincea (2000) |
| HรRTOPANU et al. (2025) |
Russia | |
| Konev et al. (1993) |
| Golovin et al. (2023) |
| Doroshkevich et al. (2007) |
| Galuskin (2007) |
| Kislov +1 other reference | |
| Kislov +2 other references | |
| American Mineralogist |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) |
| Smolin (1984) |
| Smolin (1984) | |
| Dana 6:A2:21. +1 other reference |
| Pekov et al. (2016) |
| Gerhard Mรถhn Collection Analyzed by ... |
| A. E. Zadov data |
| Galuskin et al. (2011) | |
| Lennikov et al. (2004) |
| Chayka et al. (2021) |
| Kislov et al. (2020) |
| Ivanyuk et al. (2017) |
| maurice.strahlen.org (2003) | |
| Mikhailova et al. (2015) | |
| Zaikov et al. (2006) |
| Mikhailov (2000) |
| Aleksandrov et al. (2009) |
| Aleksandrov et al. (2009) | |
| Schreyer et al. (1998) |
| Zayakina et al. (2015) |
| Sharygin et al. (2008) |
| Novgorodova M.I. (1991) +1 other reference |
| Tatarinov et al. (2021) |
| ะะฝัะพะฝะพะฒ (2003) |
| Igor.V. Pekov (2008) |
| Victor V. Sharygin analytical data |
| Sklyarov +5 other references | |
| Sharygin et al. (2017) |
Slovakia | |
| Kodฤra et al. (2009) |
| Kodฤra et al. (1986) |
| Kodฤra et al. (1986) | |
| Kodฤra et al. (1986) |
| ฤuฤa (1993) |
| [var: Nemalite] Kodฤra et al. (1986) |
| Pauliลก et al. (2002) |
Solomon Islands | |
| Fermor 2011: Ore Deposits in an ... | |
South Africa | |
| Anhaeusser et al. (1978) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| LM et al. (2009) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Paul Meulenbeld collection Photo ID: ... |
| Grobler et al. (2019) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Terracin (2014) |
| Pohl et al. (1991) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Pierre Rondelez specimens. | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) +1 other reference | |
Spain | |
| CARMONA RUIZ et al. (2025) |
| Romero Silva (2003) |
| Romero Silva (2003) | |
| Romero Silva (2003) | |
| [var: Nemalite] Alejandro Sรกnchez Jimรฉnez |
| [var: Nemalite] Alejandro Sรกnchez Jimรฉnez | |
| Romero Silva +3 other references |
| Orueta Duarte Domingo de Orueta (1917) | |
| Curras et al. (1992) +1 other reference |
| Romero Silva (2003) +1 other reference |
| Romero Silva (2003) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) |
| Calvo et al. (2014) |
| Lรณpez (n.d.) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) |
| Joan Rosell | |
| Locality description | |
| Mata i Perellรณ (1990) |
| Mata i Perellรณ (1990) |
| Ruรญz Garcรญa (1976) |
Sweden | |
| |
| Gatedal (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Sandstrรถm et al. (2011) |
| Holtstam (2001) +1 other reference |
| Stenberg (2005) |
| Appel et al. (1999) | |
| Gustafsson et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
| |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
| [var: Manganese-bearing Brucite] Holtstam et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Lorin (2003) | |
| |
| Magnusson (1929) | |
| Holtstam et al. (2000) +1 other reference | |
| Magnusson (1929) |
| Magnusson (1929) | |
| Gatedal (n.d.) | |
| Sandstrรถm et al. (2009) |
| Sandstrรถm et al. (2009) | |
| Sandstrรถm et al. (2009) | |
| Gatedal (n.d.) | |
| Nysten (2004) |
| |
| Sandstrรถm et al. (2010) |
| Jansson (1992) |
Switzerland | |
| Bedognรจ et al. (2006) |
| Bedognรจ et al. (2006) | |
| Bedognรจ et al. (2006) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Lecacheur et al. (2024) | |
Taiwan | |
| Zhengzhang Tao (1992) |
Tajikistan | |
| ะะฐััะพะฒ et al. (2019) |
| Novgorodova M.I. (1996) |
Turkey | |
| Di Pierro et al. (2003) |
| Dietrich (1978) +1 other reference |
| Di Pierro et al. (2003) |
| Natural History Museum Vienna collection (tiny reddish platelets and needles; SXRD-analysed by Uwe Kolitsch) |
Tuvalu | |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1988 52 : ... |
UK | |
| Richard Tayler minerals 2013. Analysed. |
| Alabaster (1977) +2 other references |
| Tindle (2008) | |
| Tilley (1947) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| |
| Ferry (1996) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Heddle (1878) |
| [Specimen in the Natural History Museum | |
| Brindley et al. (1954) | |
| Livingstone +1 other reference | |
Ukraine | |
| Ian D. R. Mackinnon (1980) |
USA | |
| [var: Nemalite] - (2008) |
| Graeme (1993) |
| Graeme (1981) +1 other reference |
| Eastlick |
| Wilson (1944) +2 other references |
| MRDS file #10060266. | |
| Wilson et al. (1949) +2 other references | |
| MRDS file #10099389. | |
| Shockley (1976) |
| Erickson +1 other reference | |
| Howard (1987) +1 other reference | |
| Mumpton et al. (1965) +2 other references |
| Chesterman (1942) +2 other references |
| Erd et al. (1988) | |
| Page (1967) +2 other references |
| Woodford et al. (1941) |
| Woodford et al. (1941) |
| Woodford et al. (1941) | |
| Woodford et al. (1941) | |
| Rocks & Minerals (1943) +6 other references |
| Saul et al. (1970) +2 other references |
| Rogers (1918b) +3 other references |
| Rogers (1918b) +2 other references | |
| Mumpton et al. (1965) +3 other references |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) +2 other references |
| Otton +2 other references |
| Campbell (1950) +2 other references |
| ... |
| Murdoch (1966) | |
| Mining and Scientific Press (1881) +1 other reference | |
| Gross et al. (1967) +3 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Robinson (1825) |
| American Mineralogist: 52: 1261-1271. |
| Rocks & Min.:12:247. |
| Rocks & Min.: 20:473. |
| Foord et al. (1981) |
| Ostrander et al. (1940) |
| Bernstein (1980) |
| "Western Massachusetts Mineral ... |
| Western Massachusetts Geologic Resource Inventory et al. (Privately Published) |
| Western Massachusetts Geologic Resource Inventory et al. (Privately Published) | |
| Sears (1905) |
| [var: Nemalite] Essex Institute (1885) |
| Brownlow (MIT thesis) |
| Hitchcock (1841) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Morris (1983) |
| Morris (1983) |
| Gillerman (1982) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| J.V. Tingley and J. Quade (1986) | |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| [var: Nemalite] NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt (1900) +1 other reference |
| Palache (1935) +1 other reference |
| II et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Franklin Mineral Museum specimens | |
| Moritz (n.d.) |
| Dunham (1935) +3 other references |
| Hunt et al. (1937) +1 other reference | |
| Dunham (1935) +1 other reference | |
| Dunham (1935) +1 other reference | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Manchester (1931) | |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Collected by Steve Okulewicz | |
| Rocks & Min.:8:61-65. |
| [var: Nemalite] - (Dana, 1874) |
| [var: Nemalite] Manchester (1931) |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Manchester (1931) | |
| Forsyth Gem and Mineral Club |
| NC NOA Site Screening Summary Report +1 other reference |
| Dana | |
| Gordon (1922) |
| Gordon (1922) | |
| Gordon (1922) |
| Gordon (1922) | |
| Lapham et al. (1965) |
| Sloto (2024) |
| Lapham et al. (1965) +1 other reference |
| Collected April of 2012- David S. ... | |
| The Mineralogy of Pennsylvania +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min.: 20:530. |
| Ref1 +3 other references |
| Lapham et al. (1965) |
| Lapham et al. (1965) |
| Rocks & Min.: 17:344. |
| Smith (1991) |
| Bridge (1966) +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Staargaard (2009) |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Woodford et al. (2001) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 21:490 +2 other references |
| pubs.usgs.gov (n.d.) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Campbell et al. (1962) +1 other reference |
| Cannon (1975) |
| pnwfm.org (2004) |
| Cordua (1998) |
| Cordua (1998) | |
Zimbabwe | |
| Cairncross (2004) |
| Cairncross (2004) |
| Cairncross (2004) |
| Cairncross (2004) |
| Cairncross (2004) |
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Viking Orebody, Avebury Nickel Deposit, Zeehan mining district, West Coast municipality, Tasmania, Australia