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DR3100 series

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TRA DR3100 Diesel Multiple Unit
BERJAYA
A DR3100 diesel multiple unit between Taoyuan Station and Neilichjunction Station on the Western Line (photographed in 2023)
Stock typeDiesel multiple unit, intercity train
ManufacturersNippon Sharyo
Tang Eng Iron Works[1]: 121 
AssemblyJapan
Taiwan[2]
Entered service1 August 1998 (28 years, 9 days)[2]
Number in service10 sets of 30 cars[3]
FormationDR3100 + DR3150 + DR3100[3][4]
Fleet numbers45DR3101–45DR3120[2]
45DR3151–45DR3160[2]
OperatorsTaiwan Railways Administration
Taiwan Railways Corporation
Specifications
Car body constructionSUS301L stainless steel[5]
Car length20,274 mm[2]
Width2,885 mm[2]
Height4,070 mm[2]
DoorsTwo plug-type automatic sliding doors per side[3]
Maximum speed110 km/h [6]: 288 [7]
WeightDR3100: 45 t
DR3150: 40 t[2]
Prime moversBefore modification: Cummins NTA855-R1 (power cars)[8]
After modification: Cummins N14-R4 (power cars)[9]
Generator trailer: Cummins NT855-R4[9]
Acceleration0.5 km/h/s[5]
Deceleration3.0 km/h/s (service)[5]
BogiesAir spring bogies
DR3100: ND–727
DR3150: ND–727T[2]
Braking systemElectromagnetic straight-air brake (SMEE type)[10]
Safety systemsATC[1]: 121 , ATP[5]
SeatingDR3100 (odd-numbered cars): 44
DR3100 (even-numbered cars): 46[2]
DR3150: 52[8]
Track gauge1,067 mm[11]
Notes/references
Maximum of 5 sets (15 cars) in multiple-unit operation[5]

The DR3100 Diesel Multiple Unit is an air-conditioned diesel passenger train introduced by the Taiwan Railways Administration in 1998.[11] It is Taiwan Railways' fourth diesel passenger train equipped with air-conditioning, and the first diesel intercity train to be delivered new with automatic doors,[5][12] manufactured by Nippon Sharyo and Tang Eng Iron Works.[3] Although the eastern main line Tzu-Chiang Express service already had the DR2800, DR2900, and DR3000 diesel multiple units in operation in the late 1990s, tickets on holidays were still extremely difficult to obtain; the DR3100 was procured to relieve travel demand on the line before electrification was completed.[6]: 288  On 23 December 2020, the electrification of the South-Link Line was fully completed, leaving no non-electrified sections on Taiwan's round-island railway main lines.[13] Combined with the successive deliveries of the new EMU3000 electric multiple units from 2021 onward, the need for diesel Tzu-Chiang Express trains diminished.[14] However, as this type had not yet reached the end of its service life, it continued to operate, while all other diesel Tzu-Chiang Express units were retired after the timetable revision of 26 April 2023.[15][16] On 1 January 2024, Taiwan Railways Administration was corporatised,[17] and the DR3100 became a vehicle under the newly established Taiwan Railways Corporation, continuing in service.

History

[edit]

Introduction

[edit]

Among Taiwan's Ten Major Construction Projects of the 1970s, the construction of the North-Link Line was one of the major railway projects of the era, connecting Nanshenghu Station[Note 1] on the Yilan Line with Hualien Station, and officially opening in February 1980.[18]: 102–103 [19]: 134  Subsequently, in July 1982, the Taitung Line completed its gauge conversion from 762 mm to 1,067 mm,[20]: 93 [1]: 119  and together the Yilan Line, North-Link Line, and Taitung Line formed the main railway corridor for eastern Taiwan.[6]: 120–123 

By the early 1990s, the existing DR2800 and DR2900 series were no longer sufficient to meet the steadily growing travel demand on the eastern main line. With the South-Link Line about to open, the need for additional rolling stock became even more pressing, and Taiwan Railways procured the DR3000 series from Hitachi, Ltd. of Japan. While this type was able to effectively relieve pressure on weekdays, tickets on holidays remained extremely scarce.[8][2]

Although electrification of the North-Link Line had already begun in 1992,[18]: 102–103  with plans to introduce electric trains in the future to improve efficiency, in order to fill the short-term capacity gap before electrification was completed,[6]: 288  Taiwan Railways decided to procure 10 sets, totalling 30 cars, of intercity-type diesel multiple units from Nippon Sharyo. Under a technology transfer arrangement, the first three cars were manufactured by Nippon Sharyo as demonstration units, while the bodies of the remaining 27 cars were manufactured and assembled by Tang Eng Iron Works,[Note 2][1]: 121  with bogies produced by China Steel Corporation.[21] All deliveries were completed in October 1998,[22] and the type was positioned as a supplementary variant of the DR3000.[4]

This batch of vehicles also represented Taiwan Railways' first procurement of internal combustion passenger cars from Nippon Sharyo in 60 years, since the purchase of the DR2300 [zh] series in 1937 during the Japanese colonial period.[2]

Operations

[edit]

The DR3100 diesel multiple units entered revenue service in August 1998, operating as Tzu-Chiang Express trains on the eastern main line.[4] Due to their visual similarity to the DR1000 [zh] series, they initially triggered public speculation that they might be reassigned to branch line services.[23] Upon introduction, the units were assigned to Hualien Rolling Stock Branch.[4] The operational strategy was not simply to add new services but primarily to replace existing trains then operated by the DR2800 through DR3000 series; the sets released through this vehicle replacement allowed additional services to be strengthened, further improving overall capacity.[24] This helped partially alleviate the situation of extremely scarce tickets on the eastern main line during holidays.[1]: 123  In the initial phase of operations, the DR3100 primarily operated services between Banqiao and Shulin, Shulin and Hualien, and Shulin and Taitung, each with one return working. Following the completion of Yilan Line electrification in 2000, the operating range was further extended to the South-Link Line and the Pingtung Line, running as far as Kaohsiung.[24][25]

In 2013, following the arrival of TRA TEMU2000 [zh] electric multiple units at Hualien Motive Power Depot and concerns about insufficient maintenance capacity, the DR3100 was reassigned to Taitung Rolling Stock Branch from 30 January; however, due to poor maintenance conditions, the type returned to Hualien Motive Power Depot on 25 September of the same year.[26] After the electrification of the Hualien–Taitung Railway was completed on 16 July 2014, the services formerly operating from Shulin via the eastern main line to Zuoying were restructured as Hualien–Zuoying and Taitung–Taichung services,[26][27] and the type temporarily withdrew from Yilan Line operations.[25] In August of the same year, due to the large-scale overhaul of EMU500 units assigned to Hualien Motive Power Depot leaving insufficient rolling stock, one three-car DR3100 set was temporarily deployed to supplement some local stopping services.[28] From late 2018 to mid-2019, the Taitung–Taichung service was temporarily substituted by DR2900 or DR3000 units.[29]

On 23 December 2020, the South-Link Line electrification was completed, marking the full electrification of Taiwan's round-island railway main lines.[13] As EMU3000 electric multiple units were successively delivered from 2021, demand for diesel Tzu-Chiang Express trains gradually declined.[14] Following the replacement of the South-Link Line services by EMU3000 units, and in response to the suspension of multiple reserved-seat services on the Coast Line, from the 29 June 2022 timetable revision the DR3100 was assigned to Hualien–Chaozhou Tzu-Chiang Express services via the Coast Line, marking the first time a diesel multiple unit Tzu-Chiang Express operated on the western main line between Taipei and Kaohsiung.[14][29] After the major timetable revision of 26 April 2023, the type withdrew from western main line and Yilan Line operations.[30] However, as the DR3100 had not yet reached the end of its service life, it was retained on the eastern main line, while all other diesel Tzu-Chiang Express types were simultaneously retired at the same timetable change.[15][16] On 1 January 2024, Taiwan Railways Administration was corporatised,[17] and the DR3100 was transferred to Taiwan Railways Corporation, continuing operations.

In May 2025, a landslide blocked the line between Heping and Chongde in Hualien County. Although a single-track emergency restoration was completed on 19 May, the overhead catenary had not yet been repaired. Taiwan Railways therefore deployed the DR3100 to operate temporary shuttle services between Heping and Xincheng.[31][32]

Specifications and construction

[edit]

Car body

[edit]

Taking into account Taiwan's warm and humid climate, the DR3100 car bodies are constructed from SUS301L stainless steel.[5] Window configuration features large windows paired with smaller supplementary windows.[11] The type was also fitted with an electric tablet catcher protection pad in front of the passenger doors to prevent the tablet from striking the car body due to inertia at high speed, which would cause noise or damage;[33] these protection pads were subsequently removed.[2] Doors are provided at both ends of each car, and automatic plug-type sliding doors were fitted from new,[3] making this the first batch of diesel intercity trains on Taiwan Railways to be delivered with automatic doors from the factory.[5][12] This design not only improved convenience but also reduced the risk of accidents caused by unclosed doors. The headlight arrangement differs from the centralised layout of earlier diesel multiple units, being moved to above the left and right driver's windows.[2]

The body livery follows the design inherited from the DR2800 through DR3000 series, with warning colour paintwork on the cab end to alert pedestrians ahead; the upper and lower edges of the windows are painted yellow and orange to improve visibility and enhance passengers' sense of safety.[8] The side destination indicators were originally of the roller-blind type, mounted at the centre of the upper car body, sharing the same design as the DR1000.[3][8] They were subsequently replaced with three-colour LED displays to improve flexibility,[2] using the same model as those installed on the DR2800.[8]

Under Taiwan Railways' rolling stock accessibility improvement programme, the DR3100 is the only diesel Tzu-Chiang Express type to have undergone accessibility conversion works, providing a more user-friendly barrier-free boarding environment.[34][35][36]

Passenger saloon

[edit]

The interior design of the DR3100 differs markedly from that of the DR2800 through DR3000 series, adopting a simple and clean aesthetic. During the initial period of operation, the aisle was covered with blue-and-white irregularly patterned floor mats, which were later replaced with red floor mats as the units aged.[2] The interior walls are decorated with white panelling, and passenger seats are reversible reclining chairs of the same type used on the Chu-Kuang Express [zh],[7][9] in a 2+2 configuration, with the seat pitch increased to 1,120 mm compared with earlier diesel multiple unit Tzu-Chiang Express trains. Each car has 11 rows of 44 seats.[5] The DR3100 cars differ between odd- and even-numbered examples in their facilities: odd-numbered cars are equipped with accessible Western-style toilets, while even-numbered cars have smaller squat-style toilets. The generator trailer DR3150 features a squat-style toilet, a small pantry area, a telephone booth, and 13 rows of 52 seats.[2] Overhead luggage racks are provided above the seats, sharing the same design as the Tzu-Chiang Express [zh] introduced around the same period, for passengers to stow hand luggage; a cup holder is also installed below the window beside each seat.[8] The moon gate decoration seen on the TRA DR2700 diesel passenger cars was eliminated, replaced with a simple cover panel.[8][16] The cab layout is similar to that of the DR3000, positioned on the left side of the train and separated from the saloon by a partition. On the opposite side of the cab, a pair of reversible seats for two passengers is provided; due to the direct forward view it offers, this is colloquially known as the "king's seat" and is commonly used as the conductor's compartment or as a rest area for on-board maintenance staff. However, odd-numbered DR3100 cars have a larger toilet compartment and thus only a fold-down seat; even-numbered cars retain the full two-seat arrangement, hence their seating capacity is two higher than that of odd-numbered cars. The DR3150, having no driving cab, also has no "king's seat".[2][22] The air conditioning system consists of two roof-mounted 16.9 kW air conditioners and two 3.5 kW heaters in each car to provide comfortable temperatures for passengers.[5]

Propulsion system

[edit]

The DR3100 was originally fitted with Cummins[Note 3] NTA855-R1 diesel engines,[22][9] each with a continuous output of 350 hp at 2,100 rpm,[3][22] paired with a DBSF110 hydraulic torque converter manufactured by Niigata Engineering.[5] The transmission can switch between the fluid coupling position in low gear and the direct coupling position in high gear, giving a maximum operational speed of 110 km/h.[8] After the timetable revision of 26 April 2023, the DR2900 and DR3000 types were retired. The N14-R4 engines with which these vehicles had been re-equipped in 2011–2012 had relatively short service hours remaining and were still serviceable. As the DR3100 and DR1000 [zh] use the same NTA855-R1 engines, in order to extend equipment service life and make the best use of available resources, Taiwan Railways transferred the N14-R4 engines from retired vehicles to the DR3100; the NTA855-R1 engines removed from the DR3100 were in turn set aside as maintenance spares for the DR1000.[37] The generator engines of the DR3150, not being involved in traction, were not replaced.[9] For bogies, the DR3100 uses an air-cushion axle-beam bogie manufactured by Nippon Sharyo. The primary suspension uses metal springs, while the secondary suspension uses air springs. Power cars use the ND–727 bogie,[Note 4] while the unpowered generator trailer uses the ND–727T bogie.[2][Note 5]

The DR3100 braking system uses Japanese SMEE-type electromagnetic straight-air brakes. The main control device is based on the H-5C type with an automatic brake shoe clearance adjuster added, and synthetic brake shoes are used.[10] The main air compressor is of the C1200 type.[5]

Power generation equipment

[edit]

All electrical power required by the train is supplied by the generator set on the DR3150 generator trailer. The generator set is driven by a Cummins NT855-R4 diesel engine, fitted with a 200 kVA three-phase AC brushless alternator.[37] The engine delivers a fixed output of 270 hp at 1,800 rpm to meet the requirements of the generator. The electricity produced supplies: 440 V three-phase AC power for the air conditioning equipment; 110 V AC power for fluorescent lighting and ventilation fans; and 24 V DC power for control systems and battery charging.[1]: 118  A single generator set can support up to two sets (six cars total) operating simultaneously. As the NT855-R4 engine is the same type used in the DR1000 and DR3100, the equipment removed from the retired DR2900 and DR3000 has also been retained as maintenance spares for future use.[37]

Vehicle types and formation

[edit]

DR3100 diesel multiple units are permanently formed in three-car sets, with the formation: power car DR3100 – generator trailer DR3150 – power car DR3100. During consecutive public holidays or special occasions with peak travel demand, up to five sets (15 cars) can be operated in multiple-unit formation.[8] As the DR3100 uses the same control system as the DR2800, DR2900, DR3000, and DR1000 types, it is theoretically capable of multiple-unit operation with other diesel multiple unit types,[5][Note 6] although in practice this has only occurred during factory acceptance test runs.

DR3100 (Power car)

There are 20 DR3100 power cars in total.[4] Each car body incorporates a guard's compartment and a driving cab, and provides the main traction power. The roof carries engine coolers, exhaust pipes, and air conditioning equipment; the underframe carries fuel tanks, battery and instrument boxes, brake system control components, an air compressor, toilet water tanks, engine air filters, exhaust silencers, transmission oil tank, and contactor switches.[8] Each car has a pantry and a toilet; toilet configurations differ between car numbers: odd-numbered cars have a larger toilet with accessible facilities for wheelchair users, while even-numbered cars have a smaller standard toilet without accessible facilities.[2]

DR3150 (Generator trailer)

There are 10 DR3150 generator trailers in total.[4] Each car is fitted with a diesel generator and transformers to supply power for the entire set. Rooftop equipment is broadly similar to that of the DR3100, and a pantry is provided inside; the underframe carries the generator set and associated electrical distribution equipment, supplying power for air conditioning and lighting.[2]

 
DR3100
←（Southward）
（Northward）→
Car number 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 2, 5, 8, 11, 14 3, 6, 9, 12, 15
Type 40DR3100 (odd)

(M)

 40DR3150

(T)

 40DR3100 (even)

(M)

Other facilities BERJAYA, BERJAYA BERJAYA, BERJAYA
Seating 44 52 46
Legend
  • BERJAYA: Driving cab, guard's seat (cars 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15)
  • BERJAYA: Toilet

Sources:[8][2]

Accidents

[edit]
  • 9 April 2009: Tzu-Chiang Express No. 2056 (Taitung–Fenyuan), while passing near Tainan Station, suffered a hot axle failure, causing delays to six train services and affecting approximately 2,000 passengers.[38]
  • 14 June 2012: Tzu-Chiang Express No. 305 (Zuoying–Hualien), while passing the portal of Dawu Tunnel No. 2 between Dawu and Longxi, struck a sudden landslide at the tunnel entrance, causing the first car to derail.[39]
  • 1 May 2015: Tzu-Chiang Express No. 371 (Taichung–Taitung), while stopped at Douliou Station, the axle of the fifth car seized and caught fire with smoke, but the fire was extinguished in time with no casualties.[40]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ↑ Now Su'ao New Station.
  2. ↑ Now Taiwan Rolling Stock Company.
  3. ↑ Transliterated within the Taiwan Railways system as "Guminshi" (固敏式)
  4. ↑ Production numbers all begin with "DR3100".
  5. ↑ Production numbers all begin with "DR3150".
  6. ↑ In practice, coupling with other diesel multiple unit types has only occurred during factory acceptance test runs.

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 鄭仁崇 (April 2000). Táiwān hòushān tiědào fēnghuá 臺灣後山鐵道風華 [The Railway Splendour of Eastern Taiwan] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Hualien County: Hualien County Cultural Affairs Bureau. ISBN 978-957-024-342-0.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Hung Chih-wen (1 July 2017). Tái tiě quán chēliàng: Cháiyóu jīchē. Cháiyóu kèchē 臺鐵全車輛：柴油機車．柴油客車 [TRA Complete Rolling Stock: Diesel Locomotives and Diesel Passenger Cars] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: 洪致文. pp. 231–238. ISBN 978-957-43-4650-9.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 童振疆; 凌大舜; Hsieh Ming-hsun (1 January 2001). "2000-2001 Nián tái tiě xiànyì chēliàng quán xíngshì" 2000-2001年臺鐵現役車輛全形式 [Complete list of all TRA active rolling stock types, 2000–2001]. 鐵道情報 (in Chinese (Taiwan)) (115): 2–21. ISSN 2073-2163.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tetsudō de tanoshimu Taiwan 鉄道で楽しむ台湾 [Enjoying Taiwan by Rail] (in Japanese). Tokyo: イカロス出版. 20 July 2024. p. 100. ISBN 978-4-8022-1419-3.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Series DR3100 Express Diesel Multiple Unit for Taiwan Railway Administration". Japanese Railway Information (82). JORSA: 1–7. February 1999.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Hsieh Ming-hsun; 童振疆; Ku Ting-wei (10 December 2016). Hā mǎ xīng táiwān tiědào guǎn: Táiwān bǎinián tiědào suōyǐng 哈瑪星臺灣鐵道館：臺灣百年鐵道縮影 [Hamasen Taiwan Railway Museum: A Century of Taiwan Railways in Miniature] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taichung: 晨星出版. ISBN 978-986-443-204-2.
  7. 1 2 許雅芬; 張志銘; 唐炘炘; 童振疆; 田麗卿; 任戩春; 葉淑芳; 鄧月梅 (September 2001). Huǒchē kuài fēi rào jiāyuán 火車快飛繞家園 [The Train Flies Swiftly Around Our Home] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: 大地地理. p. 59. ISBN 957-8236-99-9.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Su Chao-hsu (1 February 2014). Táiwān tiělù huǒchē bǎikē: Tái tiě. Gāotiě. Jié yùn dì sān bǎn 臺灣鐵路火車百科：臺鐵．高鐵．捷運　第三版 [Taiwan Railway Train Encyclopedia: TRA, THSR, MRT – Third Edition] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). New Taipei City: 人人出版. pp. 136–137. ISBN 978-986-5903-40-4.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 童振疆 (July 2024). "Tái tiě nèiránjī dòngchē yǎnhuà (xià)" 臺鐵內燃機動車演化（下） [Evolution of TRA internal combustion railcars (Part 2)]. 鐵道情報 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 35 (264): 34–43. ISSN 2073-2163.
  10. 1 2 江正龍 (1 June 2009). "SMEE qì rèn xìtǒng jièshào" SMEE 氣軔系統介紹 [Introduction to the SMEE pneumatic braking system]. 臺鐵資料季刊 (in Chinese (Taiwan)) (338). Taipei: Taiwan Railways Administration: 83–92. ISSN 1011-6850. Archived from the original on 10 July 2021.
  11. 1 2 3 Hung Chih-wen; Ku Ting-wei (December 2015). Bǎinián lúnzhuǎntáiwān tiědào 百年輪轉・臺灣鐵道 [A Century of Wheels: Taiwan Railways] (in Chinese). Taipei: National Taiwan Museum. p. 170. ISBN 978-986-04-6705-5.
  12. 1 2 Taiwan Railways Administration (June 2010). Běi huí tiělù tōngchē 30 zhōunián jìniàn zhuānjí-liàn liàn běi huí sānshí yǒu chéng 北迴鐵路通車30週年紀念專輯-戀戀北迴三十有成 [30th Anniversary Commemorative Album of the North-Link Railway Opening – Thirty Years of Cherished Memories] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Taiwan Railways Administration. p. 44. ISBN 9860239339.
  13. 1 2 陳敬恆; 鄧帆評 (1 October 2021). "Huándǎo diànqìhuà de zuìhòu quēkǒu hào shí 6 nián zhōngyú wánchéng" 環島電氣化的最後缺口　耗時6年終於完成 [The last gap in round-island electrification – finally completed after six years]. 鐵道情報 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 32 (250): 38–49. ISSN 2073-2163.
  14. 1 2 3 黃智詮 (15 March 2023). "Tái tiě 2022 nián 6 yuè 29 rì gǎi diǎn jiù de bù qù, xīn de bù lái" 臺鐵2022年6月29日改點　舊的不去，新的不來 [TRA timetable revision of 29 June 2022: out with the old, in with the new]. 鐵道情報 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 34 (260): 84–87. ISSN 2073-2163.
  15. 1 2 胡承皓 (July 2024). "Chái lián zuìhòu lièchē DR2800~DR3000 xíng yǒu zhōng zhīměi" 柴聯最後列車　DR2800～DR3000型有終之美 [The last diesel multiple unit trains – a graceful farewell for the DR2800 to DR3000 series]. 鐵道情報 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 35 (264): 44–51. ISSN 2073-2163.
  16. 1 2 3 謝宗璋 (26 April 2023). "DR3100 xíng kàn bù dào! Chái lián zìqiáng hào gǒngmén chéng juéxiǎng" DR3100型看不到！ 柴聯自強號拱門成絕響 [DR3100 no longer to be seen! The diesel multiple unit Tzu-Chiang Express arch becomes a thing of the past]. Keng Sheng Daily News (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Archived from the original on 27 August 2025. Retrieved 24 August 2025.
  17. 1 2 郭逸 (2 January 2024). "Tái tiě gōngsī huà shànglù, yòng 3 zhāo gǎibiàn tǐzhí! Dǒngshì zhǎng dù wēi:2026 Bǎituō kuīsǔn" 台鐵公司化上路，用3招改變體質！董事長杜微：2026擺脫虧損 [TRA corporatisation launched, using three measures to transform: chairman Du Wei says losses to be eliminated by 2026]. Global Views Monthly (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 5 June 2024.
  18. 1 2 戴震宇 (1 January 2011). Yī kàn jiù dǒng tiědào bǎikē 一看就懂鐵道百科 [The Railway Encyclopedia You Can Understand at a Glance] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei County: 遠足文化. ISBN 978-986-6731-67-9.
  19. ↑ Ku Ting-wei; Teng Chih-chung; 片倉佳史; 蘇棨豪(半島); 台大火車社; 柯凱仁; 陳映彤; 陳威旭; 黃偉嘉; 藍一昌; National Chiao Tung University Railway Research Association; 李春政 (8 October 2014). Tiědào xīn lǚ: Běi huí. Píng dōng. Nán huí xiàn-41 zhàn quán lǎn (diǎncáng bǎn) 鐵道新旅：北迴.屏東.南迴線-41站全覽(典藏版) [Railway New Journey: North-Link, Pingtung, South-Link Lines – A Complete Guide to 41 Stations (Collector's Edition)] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). New Taipei City: 遠足文化. ISBN 978-986-5787-61-5.
  20. ↑ LOREN AANDAHL (26 March 2012). THE TAIWAN RAILWAY：1971-2002. Taiwan: LOREN AANDAHL. ISBN 978-0-615-61302-4.
  21. ↑ 傅希堯 (12 January 1998). "Yǐ shēngchǎn sān liàng 70 dūn chái diànchē tóu jí zìqiáng hào lièchē zhuǎnxiàng jià fāzhǎn guǐdào gōngyè zhōng gāng huò kěndìng" 已生產三輛70噸柴電車頭及自強號列車轉向架 發展軌道工業 中鋼獲肯定 [Three 70-tonne diesel-electric locomotives and Tzu-Chiang Express bogies already produced – China Steel praised for developing rail industry]. China Daily News (in Chinese (Taiwan)).
  22. 1 2 3 4 Taiwan Railways Administration. "Dōng gànxiàn zìqiáng hào lièchē" 東幹線自強號列車 [Eastern Main Line Tzu-Chiang Express]. Taiwan Railways Administration (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Archived from the original on 2 March 2000. Retrieved 25 August 2025.
  23. ↑ 方岑 (4 June 1999). "Tái tiě dàxiǎo yǎn yí xīn gòu zìqiáng hào zhì xībù zuòshì běi huí xiàn yī piào nán qiú yìyuán pàn wángqìngfēng dàitóu kàngyì" 臺鐵大小眼 移新購自強號至西部 坐視北迴線一票難求 議員盼王慶豐帶頭抗議 [TRA plays favourites, moving newly purchased Tzu-Chiang to western lines while ignoring impossible ticket availability on the North-Link; legislators hope Wang Qingfeng will lead protest]. China Daily News (in Chinese (Taiwan)).
  24. 1 2 陳耀智 (1 August 2000). "DR3100 xíng zìqiáng hào chái lián chē" DR3100 型自強號柴聯車 [DR3100 Tzu-Chiang Express diesel multiple unit]. 鐵道情報 (in Chinese (Taiwan)) (110): 12–19. ISSN 2073-2163.
  25. 1 2 Ku Ting-wei; Teng Chih-chung; 片倉佳史; 蘇棨豪(半島); 台大火車社; 林韋帆; 陳穩立; 林宜潔; 黃偉嘉; 藍一昌; Rail Institute, NYCU (4 May 2016). Tiědào xīn lǚ: Yílán xiàn (diǎncáng bǎn) 鐵道新旅: 宜蘭線(典藏版) [Railway New Journey: Yilan Line (Collector's Edition)] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). New Taipei City: 遠足文化. p. 6. ISBN 978-986-92889-3-4.
  26. 1 2 柯凱仁; 黃柏文 (9 October 2014). "Dōng tà zhìjīn de tái dōng xiàn chēliàng yùnyòng cóngxiǎo dīngdāng dào pǔ yōu mǎ" 東拓至今的臺東線車輛運用　從小叮噹到普悠瑪 [Rolling stock operations on the Taitung Line from gauge widening to the present – from Ding Dong to Puyuma]. 鐵道情報 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 26 (220): 72–79. ISSN 2073-2163.
  27. ↑ 陳律帆 (9 October 2014). "Shǒu bǎn diànqìhuà tái dōng xiàn bān biǎo shànglù tái tiě 2014.07.16 Dà gǎi diǎn" 首版電氣化臺東線班表上路　臺鐵2014.07.16大改點 [First electrified Taitung Line timetable takes effect – TRA major timetable revision 16 July 2014]. 鐵道情報 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 26 (220): 8–11. ISSN 2073-2163.
  28. ↑ 王秀亭 (22 August 2014). "Qūjiān chē zuò dào zìqiáng hào tiědào mí︰zhuàn dàole" 區間車坐到自強號 鐵道迷︰賺到了 [Riding a Tzu-Chiang on a local train ticket – rail fans: "What a deal!"]. Liberty Times (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Archived from the original on 24 October 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2025.
  29. 1 2 黃子恩 (15 March 2023). "Chái lián chē, dàoshǔ kāishǐ zuìhòu de shíguāng" 柴聯車，倒數開始　最後的時光 [Diesel multiple units: the countdown begins – the final days]. 鐵道情報 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 34 (260): 88–93. ISSN 2073-2163.
  30. ↑ 劉沛妘 (3 March 2023). "Tái tiě 4/26 qǐ dà gǎi diǎn!386 Liè cì shíkè yìdòng `zhè 6 bānchē'shǒu tuī zìyóu zuò" 台鐵4／26起大改點！386列次時刻異動 「這6班車」首推自由座 [TRA major timetable revision from 26 April! 386 service time changes; "these 6 trains" to introduce unreserved seating for the first time] (in Chinese). Taipei: SETN. Archived from the original on 6 March 2023.
  31. ↑ 楊宜珊 (19 May 2025). 王介村 (ed.). "Tái tiě běi huí xiàn zhōngduàn cǎi kèyùn, chái lián chē jiē bó yùjì 24 rì huīfù shuāngxiàng tōngchē" 台鐵北迴線中斷採客運、柴聯車接駁 預計24日恢復雙向通車 [TRA North-Link Line disrupted; buses and diesel multiple units deployed for passenger connections, two-way service expected to resume on the 24th] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Public Television Service. Archived from the original on 19 May 2025.
  32. ↑ "Qiáng jiàngyǔ yǐngxiǎng běi huí xiàn lùxiàn shòu sǔn qiǎngxiū fùyuán jí lǚkè shū yùn zuìxīn gàikuàng dì 3 fā" 強降雨影響北迴線路線受損搶修復原及旅客疏運最新概況 第3發 [Latest situation on North-Link Line damage repair and passenger relief operations due to heavy rainfall – 3rd update]. Taiwan Railways Corporation (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 19 May 2025. Archived from the original on 19 May 2025.
  33. ↑ "Xiāoshī de juéjì! Tái tiě sījī yuán jìn zhàn `tào quān quān'yuányīn pùguāng" 消失的絕技！台鐵司機員進站「套圈圈」原因曝光 [A vanishing skill! The reason TRA drivers "throw the ring" on arrival exposed] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Liberty Times. 18 April 2020. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023.
  34. ↑ "1040519_Wú jiē huà gōngkāi shuōmíng huì jiǎnbào_1040519-1" 1040519_無階化公開說明會簡報_1040519-1 [19 May 2015 accessibility public briefing slides] (in Chinese). 19 May 2015. Archived from the original on 19 January 2018.
  35. ↑ 編輯部 (July 2024). "Tái tiě chái lián chē xiànkuàng yǔ bǎocún dòngtài bǎocún xīwàng pòmiè" 臺鐵柴聯車現況與保存　動態保存希望破滅 [Current status and preservation of TRA diesel multiple units – hopes for dynamic preservation dashed]. 鐵道情報 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 35 (264): 74–76. ISSN 2073-2163.
  36. ↑ 陳宜加 (22 April 2019). "Tái tiě wú jiē huà jìndù yándàng lì wěi hōng: Fàngyáng de háizǐ" 台鐵無階化進度延宕 立委轟：放羊的孩子 [TRA accessibility improvement behind schedule – legislators slam: "Crying wolf"]. Liberty Times (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Archived from the original on 25 December 2025.
  37. 1 2 3 林宜潔 (July 2024). "Chái lián chē fèi huí qián zhì zuòyè zhà qián shèngyú jiàzhí" 柴聯車廢回前置作業　榨乾剩餘價值 [Pre-retirement preparations for diesel multiple units – extracting every last bit of remaining value]. 鐵道情報 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 35 (264): 66–73. ISSN 2073-2163.
  38. ↑ 曾鴻儒 (10 January 2009). "Zìqiáng hào hǎnjiàn shāo zhóu kǎ tiědào wù liù lièchē" 自強號罕見燒軸 卡鐵道誤六列車 [Rare hot axle failure on Tzu-Chiang Express blocks track and delays six trains]. Liberty Times (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Archived from the original on 7 December 2024.
  39. ↑ 曾虹雯; 呂彥頡; 李育翰 (15 June 2012). "Zìqiáng hào chūguǐ sījī lěngjìng xiǎn jiù chéngkè" 自強號出軌 司機冷靜險救乘客 [Tzu-Chiang derails – calm driver narrowly saves passengers] (in Chinese). FTV News. Archived from the original on 17 June 2012 – via tw.news.yahoo.com.
  40. ↑ "Zuò huǒchē xiǎn biàn `huǒshāo chē' chē dǐ cuàn bái yān xià huàirén" 坐火車險變「火燒車」　 車底竄白煙嚇壞人 [Train ride almost turns into a "burning train" – white smoke from undercarriage terrifies passengers] (in Chinese). TVBS. 1 May 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2025.
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