List of victims of Nazism

Millions of people were arrested, tortured or murdered by the Nazis. This is a list of victims of Nazism who were famous for some reason.

This list includes people from public life who, owing to their origins, their political or religious convictions, or their sexual orientation, lost their lives as a result of Nazism. This list includes those whose deaths were part of The Holocaust as well as people who died in other ways at the hands of the Nazis during World War II. People who died in concentration camps are listed alongside those who were murdered by the National Socialists or those who chose suicide for political motives or to avoid being murdered.

This list is sorted by occupation and within by nationality.

Literature and publishing

Name	Born	Died	How they died	Where they died	Nationality	Achievements
Else Feldmann	1884	1942			Austrian	writer and journalist
Egon Friedell	1878	1938			Austrian	writer and philosopher
Peter Hammerschlag	1902	1942			Austrian	writer and graphic artist
Stefan Zweig		1942	suicide	Brazil	Austrian	writer
Jura Soyfer	1912	1939		Buchenwald	Austrian	journalist, writer
Yitzhak Katzenelson	1886	1944			Belarusian	teacher, writer
Petr Ginz	1928	1944			Czech	editor of Vedem
Julius Fučík	1903	1943			Czech	resistance leader
Milena Jesenská		1944		Ravensbrück	Czech	journalist
Paul Kornfeld	1889	1942			Czech	writer
Karel Poláček	1892	1944			Czech	writer
Vladislav Vančura	1891	1942		Prague	Czech	writer, doctor
Etty Hillesum	1914	1943		Auschwitz	Dutch	writer, diary author
Helga Deen	1925	1943			Dutch	author of a published diary
Benjamin Fondane	1898	1944			French	poet, literary critic
Walter Benjamin	1892	1940			German	literary critic and philosopher
Felix Fechenbach	1894	1933			German	journalist and activist
Walter Hasenclever	1890	1940			German	expressionist writer
Jakob van Hoddis		1942		Sobibór	German Jew	writer
Jochen Klepper		1942	suicide	Berlin	German	writer
Erich Knauf		1944		Brandenburg	German	journalist, poet
Adam Kuckhoff		1943		Berlin-Plötzensee	German	writer, dramatist, resistance fighter
Erich Mühsam		1934		Oranienburg	German Jew	writer, anarchist
Willi Münzenberg		1940	suicide/murder	France	German	publisher, politician
Friedrich Münzer	1868	1942			German	philologist
Carl von Ossietzky		1938		Berlin	German	publicist
Erich Salomon		1944		Auschwitz	German	photojournalist
Libertas Schulze-Boysen		1942		Berlin-Plötzensee	German	film critic, resistance fighter
Miklós Radnóti	1909	1944			Hungarian	poet
Antal Szerb	1901	1945			Hungarian	writer, literary scholar
Mordechai Gebirtig	1877	1942			Polish Jew	Yiddish poet, musician and composer
Bruno Schulz	1892	1942			Polish	writer
Wilhelm Eduard Schmid		1934			German	music critic
Selma Meerbaum-Eisinger		1942			Romanian Jew	writer
David Vogel		1944/5		Auschwitz	Russian Jew	Hebrew writer
Anton de Kom		1945		Neuengamme	Surinamese	author, human rights activist
Irène Némirovsky		1942 Auschwitz			Ukrainian Jew	writer
Margot Frank	16 February 1926	c. March 1945	German Jew	Writer
Anne Frank	12 June 1929	c. March 1945		Belsen	German Jew	Writer

Theatre and film

Name	Lifespan	Nationality	Achievements
Hana Brady	1931-1944	Czech	girl portrayed in Hana's Suitcase: A True Story
René Blum	1878-1942	French	founder of the Ballet de l'Opéra à Monte Carlo
Ernst Arndt	died 1942/3 Treblinka	German	writer and poet
Maria Bard	died 1944 suicide, Berlin?	German	actress (suicide)
Kurt Gerron	died 1944 Auschwitz	German Jew	performer, actor, film director
Dora Gerson	died 1943 Auschwitz	German Jew	actress, cabaret singer
Joachim Gottschalk	died 1941 suicide, Berlin	German	actor
Joseph Schmidt	died 1942 Gyrenbad	Ukrainian Jew	singer, actor

Visual arts and design

Name	Lifespan	Nationality	Achievements
Friedl Dicker-Brandeis	1896-1944	Austrian	artist
Felix Nussbaum	1904-1944	Austrian	painter
Josef Čapek	died 1945 Bergen-Belsen	Czech	painter, draughtsman, illustrator, writer
Samuel J. de Mesquita	1868-1944	Dutch	painter and designer
Abraham Icek Tuschinski	1886-1942	Dutch	designer of the Tuschinski Theater
Max Jacob	1876-1944	French	artist
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner	died 1938 suicide, Davos	German	painter
Elfriede Lohse-Wächtler	died 1940 Aktion T4 victim, Pirna	German	painter
Charlotte Salomon	1917-1943 Auschwitz	German	painter
Jan Rubczak	1884-1942	Polish	painter, graphic artist
Nicolaus Rossini	1898-1943 Kraków-Płaszów	Polish	artist, wartime hero

Music

See also: List of composers influenced by the Holocaust

Name	Lifespan	Nationality	Achievements
Alma Rosé	1906-1944 Auschwitz	Austrian	violinist, conductor
Marcel Tyberg	1893-1944 Auschwitz	Austrian	composer, pianist, conductor
Pavel Haas	1899-1944 Auschwitz	Czech	composer
Gideon Klein	1919-1945 Auschwitz	Czech	composer
Hans Krása	1899-1944 Auschwitz	Czech (Bohemian)	composer
Erwin Schulhoff	1894-1942	Czech	composer, jazz pianist
Viktor Ullmann	1898-1944	Czech	composer, pianist
Leo Smit	1900-1943	Dutch	composer
Karlrobert Kreiten	1916-1943 Berlin-Plötzensee	German	pianist

Humanities

Name	Lifespan	Nationality	Achievements
Mildred Harnack	died 1943 Berlin-Plötzensee	American	literary historian, translator, resistance fighter
Elise Richter	died 1943 Theresienstadt	Austrian Jew	Romance philology professor
Simon Dubnow	1860-1941	Belarusian Jew	historian, writer, activist
Norbert Jokl	1877-1942	Czech	albanologist
Marc Bloch	1886-1944 Saint-Didier-de-Formans	French	historian, resistance leader
Maurice Halbwachs	1877-1945	French	philosopher
Georges Politzer	1902-1942	French	philosopher
Walter Benjamin	died 1940 suicide to avoid extradition, Portbou	German	philosopher
Friedrich Münzer	died 1942 Theresienstadt	German Jew	classical scholar

Mathematics

Name	Lifespan	Nationality	Achievements
Georg Alexander Pick	1859-1943	Austrian	Pick's theorem
Felix Hausdorff	died 1942 suicide, Bonn	German	one of the founders of modern topology
Friedrich Hartogs	died 1943 suicide, Großhesselohe	German Jew	foundational work in set theory
Robert Remak	died 1942 Auschwitz	German
Adolf Lindenbaum	died 1941 Ghetto Vilnius	Polish	work in set theory
Antoni Łomnicki	1881-1941	Polish
Stanisław Ruziewicz	1889-1941	Polish	Ruziewicz problem
Stanisław Saks	died 1942 murdered in prison by the Gestapo, Warsaw	Polish	work in measure theory
Włodzimierz Stożek	1883-1941	Polish
Alfred Tauber	died 1942 Theresienstadt	Slovakian	Tauberian theorems

Natural sciences

Name	Lifespan	Nationality	Achievements
Ernst Cohen	1869-1944	Dutch	chemist, work on the allotropy of metals
Walter Arndt	died 1944 executed, Brandenburg	German	zoologist

Medicine, psychology, paedagogy

Name	Lifespan	Nationality	Achievements
Adolf Reichwein	died 1944 executed, Berlin-Plötzensee	German	doctor, educator, politician
Elisabeth von Thadden	died 1944 executed, Berlin-Plötzensee	German	educator
Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński	1874-1941	Polish	paediatrician, poet, translator
Antoni Cieszyński	1882-1941	Polish	physician, dentist, surgeon
Władysław Dobrzaniecki	1897-1941	Polish	physician, surgeon
Janusz Korczak	1878-1942 Treblinka	Polish Jew	doctor, child physician, wartime hero

Law, business

Name	Lifespan	Nationality	Achievements
Maurice Halbwachs	died 1945 Buchenwald	French	sociologist, economist, philosopher, developer of collective memory
Elisabeth de Rothschild	1902-1945	French	wife of Baron Philippe de Rothschild
Klaus Bonhoeffer	died 1945 executed, Berlin	German	jurist, resistance fighter
Hans von Dohnanyi	died 1945 executed, Sachsenhausen	German	jurist, resistance fighter
Reinhold Frank	died 1945 executed, Berlin-Plötzensee	German	lawyer, member of July 20 Plot
Martin Gauger	died 1941 NS-Tötungsanstalt Sonnenstein	German	jurist, pacifist, member of the Kreisau Circle
Franz Kaufmann	1886-1944	German	jurist
Helmuth James Graf von Moltke	d. 1945 executed, Berlin-Plötzensee	German	jurist, founder of the Kreisau Circle
Karl Sack	d. 1945 executed, Flossenbürg	German	jurist, member of the July 20 plot
Rüdiger Schleicher	d. 1945 executed, Berlin	German	resistance fighter
Kazimierz Proszyński	1875-1945	Polish	inventor

Theology, spirituality, religion

Name	Lifespan	Nationality	Achievements
Kai Munk	d. 1944, murdered by an SS-Sonderkommando, Hørbylunde/Denmark	Danish	theologian, playwright
Dietrich Bonhoeffer	1906-1945	German	Lutheran pastor, theologian
Regina Jonas	d. 1944 Auschwitz	German Jew	woman Rabbi
Jochen Klepper	d. 1942 suicide shortly before deportation, Berlin	German	theologian, journalist
Friedrich Lorenz	d. 1944 executed, Halle an der Saale	German	priest, member of Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate
Rupert Mayer	1876-1945	German	Jesuit priest
Paul Schneider	d. 1939 Buchenwald	German	clergyman
Edith Stein	1891-1942	German	nun, Catholic saint (born Jewish)
Sándor Büchler	1869-1944	Hungarian	rabbi, historian
Avraham Yitzchak Bloch	1891-1941	Lithuanian	Chief Rabbi, rosh yeshiva of the Telz Yeshiva
Elchonon Wasserman	1875-1941	Lithuanian	rabbi, rosh yeshiva
Azriel Rabinowitz	1905-1941	Lithuanian	rabbi, rosh yeshiva at the Telz Yeshiva
Shimon Shkop	1860-1940	Lithuanian	rosh yeshiva, Talmudic scholar
Maximilian Kolbe	1894-1941 (Auschwitz)	Polish	friar, Catholic saint
Stefan Wincenty Frelichowski	1913-1945 (Dachau)	Polish	priest
Karl Ernst Krafft	died 1945 during transport to Buchenwald	Swiss	astrologer, occultist

Sport

Name	Lifespan	Nationality	Achievements
Alfred Flatow	1869-1942	German	gymnast; 3-time Olympic gold medalist & 1-time silver medalist
Gustav Flatow	1875-1945	German	gymnast; 2-time Olympic gold medalist
Bronisław Czech	1908-1944	Polish	skier: Olympian
János Garay (fencer)	1889-1945	Hungarian	fencer; Olympic gold, silver, and bronze medalist
Oszkár Gerde	1883-1944	Hungarian	fencer; 2-time Olympic gold medalist
Otto Herschmann	1877-1942	Austrian	fencer & swimmer; 2-time Olympic silver medalist
Roman Kantor	1912-1943	Polish	fencer; Olympian
Janusz Kusociński	1907-1940 executed in Palmiry	Polish	athlete;1932 Los Angeles men's athletics gold medalist
Salo Landau	1903-1944	Dutch	chess player
Vera Menchik	1906-1944	British-Czech	chess player; world champion
Victor Perez	1911-1945	Tunisian	boxer; world flyweight champion
Attila Petschauer	1904-1943	Hungarian	fencer; 2-time Olympic gold medalist & 1-time silver medalist
Werner Seelenbinder	1904-1944 executed, Brandenburg an der Havel	German	wrestler; Olympian
Johann Wilhelm Trollmann	1907-1943 Neuengamme	German	boxer; German national champion

Politics, resistance

Name	Lifespan	Nationality	Achievements
Edgar André	died 1936 executed, Hamburg		Communist
Friedrich Aue	died 1944 executed, Brandenburg		Communist
Judith Auer	died 1944 executed, Berlin		resistance fighter
Bernhard Bästlein	died 1944 executed, Brandenburg		Communist
Albrecht Graf von Bernstorff	died 1945 murdered in custody, Berlin		diplomat
Cato Bontjes van Beek	died 1944 executed, Berlin-Plötzensee		resistance fighter
Rudolf Breitscheid	died 1944 Buchenwald		Social democrat
Hans Coppi	died 1942 executed, Berlin-Plötzensee		resistance fighter
Hilde Coppi	died 1943 executed, Berlin-Plötzensee		resistance fighter
Otto Eggerstedt	died 1933 Esterwegen		Social democrat
Fritz Elsas	died 1945 Sachsenhausen		politician
Georg Elser	died 1945 executed, Dachau		manual labourer, Rotfront-Kämpfer
Yitzhak Gitterman	died 1943 fighting in Warsaw Ghetto Uprising	Polish	Politician, Director of American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee
Carl Friedrich Goerdeler	died 1945 executed, Berlin-Plötzensee		Mayor of Leipzig, Putschist
Herschel Grynszpan	died Ort and Datum unbekannt, wahrscheinlich im Gestapo-Gefängnis Berlin-Moabit	Polish Jew	resistance fighter
Max Habermann	died 1944 im Gefängnis von Gifhorn		trade unionist
Albrecht Haushofer	died 1945 executed, Berlin-Moabit	German	diplomat, writer
Rudolf Henning	died 1944 executed, Sachsenhausen
Rudolf Hilferding	died 1941 in Gestapo-Haft, Paris		Social democrat
Otto Hirsch	died 1941 Mauthausen concentration camp		Representation of German Jews
Camill Hoffmann	died 1944 Auschwitz		diplomat, writer
Martin Hoop	died 1933 Zwickau		Communist, District Leader KPD, Saxony
Franz Jacob	died 1944 executed, Brandenburg		Communist
Walter Krämer	died 1941 "shot while trying to escape", KZ Goslar		Communist
Marian Kudera	died 1944 executed, Dachau		resistance fighter
Albert Kuntz	died 1945 Nordhausen an den Folgen der Folter		Communist
Ludwig Landmann	died 5 March 1945, Versteck verhungert		DDP Politician, Mayor of Frankfurt am Main
Julius Leber	died 1944 executed, Berlin-Plötzensee		Socialist
Wilhelm Leuschner	died 1944 executed, Berlin-Plötzensee		Politician
Marinus van der Lubbe	died 1934, Leipzig	Dutch	Council Communist
August Lütgens	died 1933 executed, Amtsgericht Altona		Communist
Rosa Manus	died 1943 Ravensbrück		Women's rights advocate
Walter Möller	died 1933 executed, Amtsgericht Altona		Communist
Ottilie Pohl	died 1942 Theresienstadt		resistance fighter
Fritz Pröll	died 1944 suicide due to threatened torture, Nordhausen		resistance fighter
Anton Saefkow	died 1944 executed, Zuchthaus Brandenburg		Communist, resistance fighter
Ernst Schneller	died 1944 executed, Sachsenhausen		KPD Politician
Werner Scholem	died 1940 Buchenwald		Communist
Hans Scholl	died 1943 executed, Munich-Stadelheim Prison	German	resistance fighter, medical student
Sophie Scholl	died 1943 executed, München-Stadelheim	German	resistance fighter, student
Bruno Tesch	died 1933 executed, Amtsgericht Altona		Communist
Ernst Thälmann	died 1944 executed, Buchenwald		KPD Politician
Mathias Thesen	died 1944 executed, Sachsenhausen
Adam von Trott zu Solz	died 1944 executed, Berlin-Plötzensee		diplomat
Karl Wolff	died 1933 executed, Amtsgericht Altona		Communist
Richard Schmitz	died 1938	Austrian	mayor of Vienna
Georges Mandel	1885-1944	French	politician, resistance leader
Victor Basch	1877-1945	French	esthetician, politician
Jenő Deutsch  (Eugen Deutsch)	1879-1944	Hungarian	social democratic politician
Kazimierz Bartel	1882-1941	Polish	Prime Minister of Poland 1926-1930
Stefan Rowecki	1895-1944	Polish	general, journalist, leader of the Armia Krajowa
Stefan Starzyński	1893-1943	Polish	politician, economist, writer, statesman

Military

Name	Lifespan	Nationality	Achievements
Erich Fellgiebel	d. 1944 executed, Berlin-Plötzensee	German	officer and resistance fighter in the Third Reich
Ludwig Beck	d. 1944 shot, Berlin	German	General, Putschist
Werner von Haeften	d. 1944 shot, Berlin		jurist, adjutant of Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg
Erich Hoepner	d. executed, Berlin-Plötzensee		demoted Colonel General, member of Military opposition about Claus Schenk von Stauffenberg
Albrecht Mertz von Quirnheim	d. 1944 shot, Berlin		General, Putschist
Friedrich Olbricht	d. 1944 shot, Berlin		General, Putschist
Hans Oster	d. 1945 executed, Flossenbürg		Chief of staff
Harro Schulze-Boysen	d. 1942 executed, Berlin-Plötzensee		officer, publicist
Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg	d. 1944 shot, Berlin		Chief of staff of General Army Office, Putschist
Carl Heinrich von Stülpnagel	d. 1944 executed, Berlin-Plötzensee		military commander in occupied France
Henning von Tresckow	d. 1944 suicide, near Ostrov, Russia		Major General, Putschist
Erwin von Witzleben	d. 1944 executed, Berlin-Plötzensee		retired Field Marshal
Wilhelm Canaris	d. 1945 executed, Flossenbürg	German	military information service
Erwin Rommel	d. 1944 executed	German	Army(Wehrmacht), Feld Marchall
Dimitri Zouralis	d. 1941 executed	Greek	Army(Greek), Commander