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Review
. 2021 Nov 25;11(12):1765.
doi: 10.3390/biom11121765.

Natural Bioactive Cinnamoyltyramine Alkylamides and Co-Metabolites

Antonio Evidente  1 , Marco Masi  1
Affiliations
Review

Natural Bioactive Cinnamoyltyramine Alkylamides and Co-Metabolites

Antonio Evidente et al. Biomolecules. .

Abstract

Natural products are a vital source for agriculture, medicine, cosmetic and other fields. Among them alkylamides are a broad and expanding group found in at least 33 plant families. Frequently, they possess a simple carbon skeleton architecture but show broad structural variability and important properties such as immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, larvicidal, insecticidal and antioxidant properties, amongst others. Despite to these several and promising biological activities, up to today, only two reviews have been published on natural alkylamides. One focuses on their potential pharmacology application and their distribution in the plant kingdom and the other one on the bioactive alkylamides specifically found in Annona spp. The present review is focused on the plant bioactive cinnamoyltyramine alkylamides, which are subject of several works reported in the literature. Furthermore, the co-metabolites isolated from the same natural sources and their biological activities are also reported.

Keywords: alkylamide; biological activity; cinnamoyltyramine; different carbon skeleton; plant sources.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
General structure of an alkylamide.
Scheme 1
Scheme 1
Biosynthesis of cynnamic acids and tyramine from phenylalanine and tyrosine, respectively.
Scheme 2
Scheme 2
Biosynthesis of phenylalanine and tyrosine (Phe and Tyr) according to shikimic acid pathway.
Scheme 3
Scheme 3
Biosinthesis of N-trans-cinnamoyltyramine (1) by conjugation of cinnamoylCoA and tyramine.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The structures of compounds 2–19.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The structure of compounds 20–37.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The structures of compounds 38–52.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The structures of compounds 53–68.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The structures of compounds 69–85.
Figure 7
Figure 7
The structures of compounds 86–98.
Figure 8
Figure 8
The structures of compounds 99–114.
Figure 9
Figure 9
The structures of compounds 115–137.
Figure 10
Figure 10
The structures of compounds 138–151.
Figure 11
Figure 11
The structures of compounds 152–167.
Figure 12
Figure 12
The structures of compounds 168–182.
Figure 13
Figure 13
The structures of compounds 183–197.
Figure 14
Figure 14
The structures of compounds 198–203.
Figure 15
Figure 15
The structures of compounds 204–208.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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