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. 2019 Sep 15;12(18):2988.
doi: 10.3390/ma12182988.

Comparison of the Friction and Wear Characteristics between Copper and Paper Based Friction Materials

Liang Yu  1 , Biao Ma  1 , Man Chen  2 , Heyan Li  3 , Chengnan Ma  4 , Jikai Liu  5
Affiliations

Comparison of the Friction and Wear Characteristics between Copper and Paper Based Friction Materials

Liang Yu et al. Materials (Basel). .

Abstract

Copper-based friction material (CFM) and paper-based friction material (PFM) are the two most commonly used clutch friction materials. The friction and wear characteristics of these two kinds of friction materials under dry conditions were investigated by the pin-on-disc test over a broad range of applied loads, rotating speeds and ambient temperatures. Before experiments, the running-in test was conducted to stabilize the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear amount of the test samples. After experiments, the metallographic micrographs of the tested samples were presented to investigate the wear mechanisms. Experimental results showed that both the COF and wear depth of the CFM are much greater than these of PFM. The COF of CFM decreases with the increase of applied load, and changes slightly with the variation of rotating speed, whereas it increases first and then decreases with the increase of ambient temperature. However, the COF of PFM decreases dramatically with the increase of the rotating speed and ambient temperature, while it remains stable at first and then decreases slowly as the applied load increases. Additionally, under such three working conditions, the wear depth of CFM changes linearly, while the wear depth of PFM varies greatly. This study can be used as a guide for selecting friction materials for clutches with different applications.

Keywords: coefficient of friction; friction material; pin-on-disc test; wear depth.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Experimental equipment and test samples (a) Universal Material Tester (UMT-5); (b) test samples; (c) simplified model of the working chamber.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Discs after experiments.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Representative test signals.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Metallographic micrograph of the disc before and after the running-in process (a) copper-based friction material (CFM); (b) paper-based friction material (PFM).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Experimental results under the applied load condition. (a) Instantaneous COF of CFM; (b) instantaneous COF of PFM; (c) mean COFs of the CFM and PFM; (d) wear depths of the CFM and PFM.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Experimental results under the rotating speed condition. (a) Instantaneous COF of CFM; (b) instantaneous COF of PFM; (c) mean COFs of the CFM and PFM; (d) wear depths of the CFM and PFM.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Experimental results under the ambient temperature condition. (a) Instantaneous COF of CFM; (b) instantaneous COF of PFM; (c) mean COFs of the CFM and PFM; (d) wear depths of the CFM and PFM.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Metallographic micrograph of worn surface of the disc. (a) CFM; (b) PFM.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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