The modern world is ripe for global viruses thanks to the relative ease of travel, but we also have tools on our side, like vaccines and infectious disease experts who monitor viruses around the world. Sure, the viruses that are the scariest are the ones we don't know about, and the ones we are very familiar with are bad enough, like influenza and COVID. There are also some viruses that are currently localized, but could become a problem if they spread. 

For example, have you heard of the Oropouche virus? It's indigenous to the Amazon area, but in the last twenty years has started to pop up elsewhere. It is spread by insects, and those insects are increasing their range. Travelers also carry the virus to other parts of the globe. Bird flu was bad enough in birds, but it has spread to cattle, and can be transmitted from cattle to humans. And virologists are monitoring HIV infections, which are poised to rise under disruptions in international aid. Oh yeah, and measles, too. Read about the global viruses that now worry experts at the Conversation. 

(Image credit: NIAID) 

Like all morally decent and right-thinking people, I enjoy pineapple on pizza. But that's not the only fruit that can do well on pizza. The Takeout has a list of 10 others, including pears. Pictured above is a pizza photographed by Flickr user Edsel Little. It is topped with caramelized pears, field, greens, onions, mozzarella, and fontina. The Takeout recommends crisp pears because they're unlikely to go soggy while baked and their soft flavors will accent rather than overwhelm the cheese.

What other fruits work? The Takeout suggests apricots, apples, berries, pomegranate seeds, plums, melon, mango, melons and dates. Which have you tried on pizza?

How many soldiers does it take to cut down a tree? In this case, it was 813, in a convoy of 23 heavily-armed vehicles supported by helicopters, fighter jets and bombers, and even rafts. While that sounds absurd on the surface, it was a response to a horrific murder. This all happened in the DMZ between North Korea and South Korea in 1976 (although the narration says 1973 at one point). Cold War tensions were high. In the Joint Security Area, a tree was blocking the view from the south, which was quite important for keeping an eye on North Korean activity. The first crew of 15 sent to trim the tree was attacked by North Korean soldiers, who killed two Americans with their own axes and injured others. Retaliation could have led to war between the two Koreas, which meant war between the US and China also. But the incident could not be ignored.

The response was to return and cut down the entire tree, using all the military might necessary to keep interference from the KPA from happening again. This was Operation Paul Bunyan. Half as Interesting takes us through the entire incident. The video is only 6:35; the rest is an ad. 

The first Social Security numbers were issued in November of 1936 as part of the New Deal. It didn't take long for people to start appropriating numbers that were not assigned to them. In 1938, a wallet manufacturer included dummy cards in their wallets to show how cards would fit into the slots. They used a mockup of a Social Security card that displayed the real number of a company executive's secretary, Mrs. Hilda Schrader Whitcher. What could possibly go wrong? 

People immediately began using the mockup card as their own Social Security card. It was printed in red instead of blue, but when the program was new, few people knew what the cards were supposed to look like. The wallet company claimed it was only half the size of a real card, but that makes no sense since it was made to show the size of a wallet slot, and a picture of Whitcher with the card shows it was the same size as her real card. 

Over the years, 40,000 or so people have claimed the number 078-05-1120, even without the mockup card. Some still use it today! Read the story of the first major Social Security card fraud at the SS website. -via Weird Universe 

Cities and states have climates and cultures attached to their names, and then it's easy to get a totally incorrect idea of where it is. The same happens when you take a piece of a round globe and straighten it out on a two-dimensional map. We think of Canada as north, Mexico as south, and South America as far south of the United States. But that doesn't tell the whole story. Laurence Brown pulled out a US map to determine where our National Parks are because he got a calendar of park posters for Christmas. That's when he found that what we think of the 48 contiguous United States doesn't have much to do with where they actually are. Besides what's in the video, commenters added more geographic facts that may blow your mind.

If you go south from Detroit, you enter Canada.
Over half of Canada's population lives south of the entire states of Washington and North Dakota.
The Atlantic Ocean enters the Panama Canal from the west and goes east to enter the Pacific.
Boston is roughly on the same latitude as Barcelona. 
The whole of the contiguous USA is further south than the whole of Britain.
New Orleans is about the same latitude as Cairo.
The International Date Line crosses Alaska, so it is both the westernmost and the easternmost state. (not true; see comments)
The state closest to Africa is Maine. 
Tijuana is closer to North Dakota than it is to Mexico City. 
Texarkana, Texas, is closer to Chicago than it is to El Paso.
Berlin is farther north than Winnipeg.

See, we've all been fooled by the weather and our own mental maps! 

In 1862, John Gilleland was a 53-year old carpenter in Athens, Georgia. He was too old to serve in the Confederate Army, but he was a private in a home guard unit. Determined to find some way to counteract the Union's massive manpower advantage, he devised this cannon to fire chain shot.

Chain shot--a length of chain between two cannon balls--had been used for centuries for anti-personnel purposes or, in naval applications, to destroy rigging. But such shells were usually loaded into a single cannon.

Gilleland's innovation, according to a 1996 article by military historian Lonnie R. Speer, was to cast a cannon with two barrels side by side. The barrels were pointed 3 degrees away from each other so that the chain would fan out and sweep through the bodies of Union soldiers.

Test firings revealed many technical problems. The chains would break apart and the balls would scatter wildly--a problem exacerbated when the firing of each barrel was not precisely simultaneous.

Gilleland's cannon was used in battle only once in August 1864 outside of Athens. I have no information about the utility of the cannon in that battle, but the Confederate forces were compelled to withdraw despite its use.

This unusual weapon resurfaced in the 1890s and, in 1957, was put on public display in Athens.

-via Michael Brasher | Photo: Jud McCranie

Yes, the base of this table is exactly what you think it is. Papaya Studios is an antique store and design studio in Thailand. In fact, it's the largest antique store in that nation. The size allows for a variety of unusual items, such as this coffee table that is definitely a conversation piece for your next home gathering.

When you want to watch a movie but you don't want to pay for streaming services or cable, you can turn to the internet and pull up a full-length feature film that's perfectly legal to watch at WikiFlix, a depository of public domain films. 

As of January first, all movies released in 1931 went into the public domain, meaning their copyright has expired. All movies made before that are also in the public domain. That includes films like Dracula, Frankenstein, The Maltese Falcon, The Public Enemy, Platinum Blonde, and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. All movies made before that are public domain, including many talkies. Films made later can be in the public domain for various reasons, like McLintock!, Night of the Living Dead, Charade, A Star Is Born, and The Day the Earth Stood Still. The newest one I found is a short from 2018. At WikiFlix, they are grouped by subject matter, and also include films from China, Japan, and the Soviet Union. See ya back in here in a couple of hours! -via kottke 

The British TV series Doctor Who has been around since 1963, and in all those years he (or she) has always had plenty to say. You can imagine that someone who transcends time and space has picked up a fair amount of wisdom. The best definition of wisdom I've heard is the ability to separate what's important from what is not important. This compilation of quote from the series, offered as advice for 2026, gives us the Doctor's perspective on life, the value of every person, and the hope that all of us can become better than what we are now. He has the right thing to say in times of despair and grief, and the best quips to bring down those who should be brought down a notch. But it's not strictly profound quotes, because there's no point in being grown up if you can't be childish sometimes!  -via Geeks Are Sexy 

In the early part of the 20th century, Iley Tate was a prominent and wealthy landowner in Haydentown, Pennsylvania, in the hill country not far from the West Virginia border. He traded in livestock and owned the only general store for miles around. Tate had twenty children from several wives, two of whom he actually married. The last one was around 14-16 years old when they wed (she wasn't sure). Tate never backed down from a fight, and was willing to shoot anyone who crossed him. He shot and killed at least two people, although he was never convicted. He was also suspected of poisoning his first wife.   

In the 1930s, Tate was living in West Virginia. In 1932, he was shot by his son George, who then smashed his skull with a rock to make sure he was dead. His brother Sam was with him. Another brother, John, was in on the plan. So was Tate's wife Nettie Belle, but she, pregnant at the time with her 12th child, was not charged in the case. The brothers went to trial where the defense appeared to be that their father needed killing. That's when Iley Tate's history of child abuse and child rape were uncovered. Read about the killing of Iley Tate at Pennsylvania Oddities. An addendum of the crimes of Tate's relatives is almost as horrific. -via Strange Company 

Do you recall what huge news it was when red dye #2 was found to be carcinogenic and banned in the 1970s? In the grand scheme of things, that was just one of many steps along the way to banning food dye. It really didn't make much difference, as food scientists came up with new ways to make our food more red. It's a process that's been going on thousands of years. Food dyes were used to make food more attractive when it was less than palatable under the surface, or even spoiled. When we got tired enough of dangerous stuff added to our food, we introduced the Food and Drug Administration, which has saved a lot of lives. 

At about the same time (well, the 20th century), food manufacturers came up with tons of new synthetic dyes to make processed food any color you can imagine. Each one is tested thoroughly, and many have been banned. Because it takes a long time to phase out these dyes, the industry comes up with new ones. But eventually, we are going to have to get used to food in its natural state, or at least dressed up with natural food dyes. Will that be so bad? Tom Blank of Weird History Food explains.  

Housekeeping is not a prestigious profession, but any job takes skill and, given enough time, consideration, and determination, a person can demonstrate a mastery of that occupation that can astound outsiders.

The International Sanitary Supply Association is a professional organization for the people who keep our environments clean, safe, and orderly. Each year for 35 years, the ISSA conducts a championship competition of core housekeeping skills. Teams from the top hotels of Las Vegas converge in an arena to prove which is the best at vacuum cleaning, mopping, floor scrubber driving, and more.

Fox 5 Vegas News reports that, last December, teams from Resorts World, Aria, and V-dara claimed the top prizes. Watch them in action.

-via David Thompson

Tessellation refers to a set of geometric tiles that fit together perfectly. They can be very simple, like a checkerboard or subway tiles, or they can be delightfully intricate, like the tessellations of M.C. Escher. The fish and bird tiles shown here were designed for his house in Amsterdam. 

People are still making representative tessellations like this, which is a bit easier with computer aided design. See plenty of examples at Tiled.art where artistic tessellations are animated. They go from a standard tile grid to a distorted grid to representative shapes featuring animals, people, and objects all fitting together with no gaps or overlaps. Watching these, you'll start to understand how they were designed.

And you can try it yourself! It may take a while to figure out all the tools, but once you get going, you start to understand how interlocking shapes can be created. I haven't gotten close to anything representative yet, but the further I go, the more fascinating it becomes. -via Metafilter 

(Image credit: HenkvD) 

Redditor /u/hjrrockies shares a picture of a page from their copy of the first volume Foundations of Applied Mathematics. It quotes Sauron, a villain from The Lord of the Rings, saying:

One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them,

One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them.

It's an advanced math textbook, so the authors correctly assume that readers will be familiar with Black Speech, which is the tongue of Mordor. This particular passage is famously inscribed on the One Ring in the Elvish Tengwar script.

-via Math Lady Hazel

Airlines always have trouble getting people to pay attention to the mandatory safety instructions. Unless it's their first flight, passengers have a tendency to zone out. Still, in the event of an emergency, it's crucial for these steps to be fresh in everyone's mind. Many airlines recruited their funniest flight attendants to give humorous monologues, and some produced videos filled with pop culture references to grab attention. Philippine Airlines goes a step further, and tells a story within a story while going over safety procedures.

Luisa faces a crisis that will affect the rest of her life. Will she follow her mother's advice, and wear her seatbelt properly? Will Diego be arrested for vaping? Will Anton find the emergency exit after he causes a sudden drop in cabin pressure? You will be on the edge of your seat as the drama unfurls. Then you'll have to watch it again to catch all the small but clever details. And you'll remember what to do if your tablet falls between the seats. -via reddit