Browse "Nature & Geography"

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Macleans

100th Anniversary of Frank Slide Disaster

This article was originally published in Maclean’s magazine on April 28, 2003. Partner content is not updated.
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Acid Rain

Acid rain is the wet or dry deposition of acidic substances and their precursors on the Earth's surface. The ongoing industrialization of society has resulted in the increased release of acidic chemicals into the atmosphere.
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Aeolian Landform

Aeolian landform is a feature of the Earth's surface produced by either the erosive or constructive action of the wind. The word derives from Aeolus, the Greek god of the winds.
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Agriculture in Canada

Agriculture is the practice of growing crops and rearing animals mainly for food. Farmers also produce other items such as wool from sheep and CBD oil from hemp plants. In Canada, agriculture is an important industry. Only about 7 per cent of Canada’s land can be farmed. Other marginal (poorer) land can be used to ranch cattle. Aquaculture operations are found on the East and West Coasts and in the Great Lakes. Some crops such as tomatoes, cannabis and flowers are grown in greenhouses in urban centres. Canadian agriculture faces many challenges. Some of these challenges concern crop protection, soil conservation, labour, climate change and health. Click here for definitions of key terms used in this article. This is the full-length entry about agriculture in Canada. For a plain-language summary, please see Agriculture in Canada (Plain-Language Summary).
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Air Pollution

Air pollutants are substances that, when present in the atmosphere in sufficient quantities, may adversely affect people, animals, vegetation or inanimate materials.
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Alberta Hilda Dinosaur Mega-Bonebed

The Hilda mega-bonebed in southern Alberta is one of the largest dinosaur bonebeds in the world and the largest in Canada. It is made up of a group of at least 14 discontinuous bonebeds that occur in a mudstone deposit exposed along the South Saskatchewan River west of Hilda. It is estimated that the mega-bonebed contains the remains of a few thousand individuals of the cow-size dinosaur, Centrosaurus apertus. Although the mega-bonebed covers an area of at least 2.3 square kilometres on either side of the South Saskatchewan River valley, the discontinuous bonebeds that make up the mega-bonebed cover only hundreds to a few thousands of square metres each. The site is important because it confirms that Centrosaurus was a herding dinosaur, and documents that the herds were larger than previously thought, numbering well into the thousands. When combined with data from Dinosaur Provincial Park, located 100 km west of Hilda, data from the mega-bonebed also suggest that Centrosaurus migrated annually in an east-west direction, toward or away from the interior seaway that occupied the centre of North America at that time.
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Alder

Alder, tree or shrub of genus Alnus of birch family. The 30 known species are found mainly in the northern hemisphere; 3 are native to Canada.
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Alderfly

Alderfly, small (13-18 mm), dark, soft-bodied insect of order Megaloptera, family Sialidae, found in freshwater habitats bordered by alder.
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Alfalfa

Alfalfa, or lucerne (genus Medicago), is a herbaceous perennial belonging to the legume family and grown as a forage crop. It is the most commonly grown legume for livestock production in Western Canada. It evolved in central Asia and spread to Europe, East Asia, Africa and the New World. The major commercial species are the Flemish alfalfa (Medicago sativa), the Siberian sub-species from more northern climates (Medicago sativa spp. falcata) and the variegated alfalfa (Medicago sativa spp. varia), which is a sub-species developed by crossing Flemish alfalfa with Siberian alfalfa .
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Algae

They are mostly photosynthetic organisms whose body is termed a thallus (ie; they lack leaves, stems and roots). All the photosynthetic forms possess chlorophyll a as their primary photosynthetic pigment. Algae also form unprotected reproductive structures.
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Allison Pass

Allison Pass, elevation 1,352 metres, is located at kilometre 60, the highest point on the Hope-Princeton Highway (opened 1949) through the Cascade Mountains of southern British Columbia.
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Aluminum in Canada

Aluminum is a lightweight, strong and flexible metal that resists corrosion and is 100 per cent recyclable. It is a common material in vehicles, buildings, consumer goods, packaging, power transmission and electronics. Canada’s aluminum industry began at the turn of the 20th century and grew quickly during both World Wars. In 2022, Canada produced approximately 3.0 million tonnes of primary aluminum, making it the world's fourth largest primary aluminum producer. The country nevertheless accounts for 4.4 per cent of global production. Aside from one smelter in Kitimat, British Columbia, all Canadian plants are in the province of Quebec. Click here for definitions of key terms used in this article.
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American Bullfrog

The American Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) is a large bullfrog native to Eastern and central North America. Within Canada, it is native to Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and introduced in British Columbia. The bullfrog is the largest frog species in North America. It is known to be an opportunistic predator and will often attempt to eat anything smaller than itself. (See also Frog Species in Canada.)
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American Eel

The American eel (Anguilla rostrata) is an elongated fish with a round body and long dorsal fin. It is one of about 35 eel species found in Canadian waters and the only freshwater eel species found in North America. In Canada, the American eel is treasured and valued as food by many Indigenous peoples, including the Mi’kmaq, Innu, Abenaki, Haudenosaunee and Cree. Common names for the American eel include Atlantic eel, common eel and freshwater eel. Indigenous peoples in Canada have their own names for eel. For example, the Mi’kmaq call the eel katew (singular) and kataq (plural) while the Cree refer to it as kinebikoinkosew. Eels are fished recreationally and commercially in Canada.
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American Robin

The American robin (Turdus migratorius) is the largest and best-known member of the thrush family in Canada. The term robin also applies to several other thrushes that are not closely related to the American robin.
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