Heliosentrisme
Heliosentrisme[a] (juga dikenali sebagai model heliosentrik) merupakan model astronomi gantian melibatkan Bumi dan semua planet lain berorbit mengelilingi Matahari yang merupakan pusat alam semesta. Dari segi sejarah, heliosentrisme bertentangan dengan geosentrisme, yang meletakkan Bumi di tengah. Tanggapan bahawa Bumi berputar mengelilingi Matahari telah dicadangkan seawal abad ke-3 SM oleh Aristarchus dari Samos,[1] yang telah dipengaruhi oleh konsep yang dikemukakan oleh Philolaus dari Croton (c. 470 – 385 SM). Pada abad ke-5 SM, ahli falsafah Yunani Philolaus dan Hicetas mempunyai pemikiran pada masa yang berbeza bahawa Bumi berbentuk sfera dan berputar mengelilingi api pusat "mistik", dan bahawa api ini mengawal alam semesta.[2] Pada zaman pertengahan Eropah, walau bagaimanapun, heliosentrisme Aristarchus tidak menarik perhatian, mungkin disebabkan oleh kehilangan karya saintifik pada zaman Helenistik.[b]
Hanya pada abad ke-16, model matematik sistem heliosentrik telah dibentangkan pada zaman Renaissance oleh ahli matematik, ahli astronomi, dan ulama Katolik, Nicolaus Copernicus, yang membawa kepada Revolusi Copernicus. Pada tahun 1576, Thomas Digges menerbitkan sistem Copernicus yang diubah suai. Pengubahsuaiannya menghampiri pemerhatian moden. Pada abad berikutnya, Johannes Kepler memperkenalkan orbit elips, dan Galileo Galilei mempersembahkan pemerhatian sokongan yang dibuat menggunakan teleskop.
Dengan pemerhatian William Herschel, Friedrich Bessel, dan ahli astronomi lain, telah disedari bahawa walaupun Matahari berhampiran dengan pusat bari Sistem Suria, tetapi ia bukanlah pusat alam semesta. Astronomi moden tidak menemui mahupun menetapkan mana-mana pusat alam semesta.
Nota
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ↑ Perkataan "Heliosentrisme" ini dipinjam daripada perkataan bahasa Inggeris "Heliocentrism". Sama ada huruf besar atau tidak terpulang kerana kedua-dua bentuk Heliocentrism atau heliocentrism boleh diterima menurut The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (6th ed., 2007). Istilah itu merupakan bentuk terbitan terpelajar berdasarkan perkataan bahasa Yunani Kuno Helios (ἥλιος) "Matahari" dan kentron (κέντρον) "pusat"; bentuk kata sifatnya heliocentric direkodkan buat pertama kalinya dalam bahasa Inggeris (sebagai heliocentrick) pada 1685, mengikut bahasa Neo-Latin heliocentricus yang turut digunakan sejak masa yang sama (seperti pada karya Johann Jakob Zimmermann Prodromus biceps cono ellipticæ et a priori demonstratæ planetarum theorices, 1679). Kata nama abstrak dengan akhiran -isme adalah lebih terkini, yang direkodkan sejak akhir abad ke-19 (contoh dalam karya Constance Naden Induction and Deduction: A Historical and Critical Sketch of Successive Philosophical Conceptions Respecting the Relations Between Inductive and Deductive Thought and Other Essays"), yang dimodelkan berdasarkan perkataan bahasa Jerman Heliocentrismus atau Heliozentrismus (s. 1870).
- ↑ Menurut Lucio Russo, pandangan heliosentrik telah dijelaskan dalam karya Hipparchus berkaitan graviti.[3]
Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]Petikan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ↑ Dreyer 1953, halaman 135–148; Linton 2004, halaman 38f.. The work of Aristarchus in which he proposed his heliocentric system has not survived. We only know of it now from a brief passage in Archimedes' The Sand Reckoner.
- ↑ Heliocentrism di Encyclopædia Britannica
- ↑ Russo, Lucio (2003). The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC and Why it Had to Be Reborn. Diterjemahkan oleh Levy, Silvio. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. m/s. 293–296. ISBN 978-3-540-20068-0.
Sumber
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Baker, A. and Chapter, L. (2002), "Part 4: The Sciences". In M. M. Sharif, "A History of Muslim Philosophy", Philosophia Islamica.
- di Bono, Mario (1995). "Copernicus, Amico, Fracastoro and Ṭūsï's Device: Observations on the Use and Transmission of a Model". Journal for the History of Astronomy. xxvi (2): 133–54. Bibcode:1995JHA....26..133D. doi:10.1177/002182869502600203. S2CID 118330488.
- Drake, Stillman (1978). Galileo At Work. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-16226-3.
- Diogenes Laërtius (1972) [1925], Lives of Eminent Philosophers, diterjemahkan oleh Hicks, Robert Drew, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, dicapai pada 16 July 2018
- Dreyer, John Louis Emil (1953) [1906], A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler, New York: Dover Publications, ISBN 978-0-486-60079-6
- Edwards, James (1998), The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-509539-5, dicapai pada 16 July 2018
- Fantoli, Annibale (2003). Galileo, for Copernicanism and for the church. Diterjemahkan oleh Coyne, George V. (ed. 3rd English). Notre Dame, IN: Vatican Observatory Publications / University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 88-209-7427-4. OCLC 52897897.
- Favaro, Antonio, penyunting (1907). Le Opere di Galileo Galilei, Edizione Nazionale [The Works of Galileo Galilei, National Edition] (dalam bahasa Itali). 19. Florence: Barbera. ISBN 978-88-09-20881-0. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada Julai 13, 2007. A searchable online copy is available on the Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Florence, and a brief overview of Le Opere is available at Finn's fine books[usurped], and here.
- Finocchiaro, Maurice (2010), Defending Copernicus and Galileo: Critical Reasoning in the two Affairs, Springer, ISBN 978-9048132003
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- Graney, Christopher M. (2015), Setting Aside All Authority: Giovanni Battista Riccioli and the Science against Copernicus in the Age of Galileo, University of Notre Dame Press, Bibcode:2015saaa.book.....G, ISBN 978-0-268-02988-3
- Heath, Sir Thomas (1913). Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus; a history of Greek astronomy to Aristarchus, together with Aristarchus's Treatise on the sizes and distances of the sun and moon : a new Greek text with translation and notes. London: Oxford University Press.
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- Heilbron, John L. (2010). Galileo. OUP. ISBN 978-0-19-958352-2.
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- Koyré, Alexandre (1973). The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus – Kepler – Borelli. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-0504-4.
- Langford, Jerome K. (1998) [1966]. Galileo, Science and the Church (ed. 3rd). St. Augustine's Press. ISBN 978-1-890318-25-3.. Original edition by Desclee (New York, 1966)
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- Neher, André (1977). "Copernicus in the Hebraic Literature from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century". Journal of the History of Ideas. 38 (2): 221–226. doi:10.2307/2708908. JSTOR 2708908.
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- Plutarch (1957), "Concerning the Face Which Appears in the Orb of the Moon", dalam Cherniss, Harold; Helmbold, William C. (penyunting), Plutarch's Moralia XII, Loeb Classical Library, 406, diterjemahkan oleh Cherniss, Harold, Harvard, MA and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd., m/s. 1–223
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Pautan luar
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Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan Heliosentrisme
- "Does Heliocentrism Mean That the Sun is Stationary?". Scienceray. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada August 16, 2013. Dicapai pada November 27, 2018.
- The Heliocentric Pantheon: An Interview with Walter Murch
- The Heliocentric Model and Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion di YouTube - The development of the Heliocentric model with the contributions of Nicolaus Copernicus, Giordano Bruno, Tycho Brahe, Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler
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