Chavismo

Chavismo
Chavismo
Ketua umum	Hugo Chávez; Nicolás Maduro; Delcy Rodríguez
Dibentuk	17 Desember 1982
Keanggotaan	Para pendukung: Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement-200 (1982–1997); Fifth Republic Movement (1997–2007); Movement for Direct Democracy (2000–2007); Revolutionary Middle Class (2006–); United Socialist Party of Venezuela (2007–); Movement We Are Venezuela (2008–); Networks Party (2012–); Unidad Política Popular 89 (2015–); ; Sayap pemuda: United Socialist Party of Venezuela Youth (2008–); ; Organisasi: Lingkaran Bolivar (2001–2006); Colectivo (sejak tahun 1999); ; Lainnya: Kartel Matahari (sejak tahun 1999) (diduga); Kartel Bolivar (1992) (diduga); ;
Ideologi	Kultus individu; - Otoritarianisme ; - Populisme sosialis ; Marxisme (2010); Allendeisme (2009); Trotskyisme (2007); Gandhisme (2005); 1997–ca 2002:; Perezjimenismo [es] (unsur-unsur pekerjaan umum); Ekonomi pasar sosial; Jalan Ketiga; 1982–ca 1997:; Anti-Pinochetisme; Sosialisme revolusioner; Torrijisme; ; Velasquism
Posisi politik	Sayap kiri menjadi kiri jauh; Historis:; Kiri tengah menjadi sayap kiri (1997–ca 2002); Kiri jauh (1982–ca 1997)

Chavismo (pelafalan dalam bahasa Spanyol: [tʃaˈβizmo]), juga dikenal sebagai Chavisme atau Chavezisme, adalah sebuah ideologi politik populisme sayap kiri berdasarkan gagasan, program, dan gaya pemerintahan yang dikaitkan dengan Hugo Chávez dan kemudian Nicolás Maduro.^[26] Ideologi ini menggabungkan unsur-unsur patriotisme sosialis,^[27]^[28] Bolivarianisme, dan integrasi Amerika Latin.^[29] Para pendukung Hugo Chávez dan Chavismo dikenal sebagai Chavista.

Lihat pula

Referensi

↑ "Cartel of the Suns". InSight Crime. 22 September 2025.
1 2 Cas Mudde; Cristóbal Kaltwasser, ed. (June 5, 2012). Populism in Europe and the Americas. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 136. ISBN 9781107023857. Diakses tanggal January 3, 2026.
↑ Hetland, Gabriel (April 11, 2025). "Capitalism and Authoritarianism in Maduro's Venezuela". New Labor Forum. 34 (2). Sage Publishing: 62–69. doi:10.1177/1095796025133. Diakses tanggal January 4, 2026.
↑ Valery, Yolanda (1 January 1970). "BBC Mundo – América Latina – El marxismo según Chávez". Bbc.co.uk. Diakses tanggal 19 May 2014.
↑ Campos, Zurimar. "Chávez afirma que es "marxista" pero reconoce que todavía no ha leído "El Capital" en". Noticias24.com. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 5 December 2014. Diakses tanggal 19 May 2014.
↑ Vinogradoff, Ludmila (3 June 2010). "Chavez se declara marxista – Internacional_Iberoamerica – Internacional". ABC.es. Diakses tanggal 19 May 2014.
↑ "Chávez se declara marxista en un mensaje ante el Congreso". Edant.clarin.com. 16 January 2010. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 7 April 2014. Diakses tanggal 19 May 2014.
↑ Lendman, Stephen. "Wall Street Journal Claims Chávez Oil Policy "Aims to Weaken US""
↑ "Chavez accelerates on path to socialism". BBC News. 2007.
↑ Martin, Jorge (2007). ""What is the problem? I am also a Trotskyist!" - Chavez is sworn in as president of Venezuela". Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 7 February 2007.
↑ Woods, Alan (2018). "Five years on: the revolutionary legacy of Hugo Chávez". Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 5 March 2018.
↑ Johnson, Elliott; Walker, David; Gray, Daniel, ed. (2014). "Chávez, Hugo (1954–2013)". Historical Dictionary of Marxism (Edisi 2nd). Lanham; Boulder; New York; London: Rowman & Littlefield. hlm. 71. ISBN 978-1-4422-3798-8.
↑ "Intervención del Comandante Presidente Hugo Chávez durante cátedra impartida ante estudiantes e intelectuales, en la Universi".
↑ Rory, Carroll (2014). Comandante : Hugo Chavez's Venezuela. Penguin Books: New York. ISBN 978-0143124887.
↑ "BBC News - HARDtalk, Hugo Chavez, President of Venezuela". BBC.
↑ "BBC Mundo - América Latina - El marxismo según Chávez". www.bbc.com.
↑ "Lo que vi de Chávez". BBC News Mundo. 15 December 2012.
↑ "Hugo Chávez: reluctant revolutionary | New Internationalist". newint.org. 8 March 2013.
↑ Skidelsky, Robert (20 March 2013). "Der Chávez-Weg". Project Syndicate.
↑ "Chávez: "No soy un tirano, soy un demócrata"". 5 December 1998 – via elpais.com.
↑ Hugo! The Hugo Chávez Story from Mud Hut to Perpetual Revolution By Bart Jones, 2009
1 2 3 Marcano, Christina; Tyszka, Alberto Barrera (2007). Hugo Chávez: The Definitive Biography of Venezuela's Controversial President. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-45666-7.
↑ Gott 2000, hlm. 40 the suffix "200" was added to the group's name the
1 2 "Venezuela after Chávez Now for the reckoning". The Economist. 9 March 2013. Diakses tanggal 23 December 2014.
↑ https://core.ac.uk/download/305083741.pdf Artikel dengan URL mentah untuk kutipan January 2026^{[URL PDF mentah]}
↑ Morsbach, Greg (6 December 2005). "Chavez opponents face tough times". BBC News. Diakses tanggal 3 June 2018.
↑ "El chavismo es el patriotismo". Diario VEA (dalam bahasa Spanyol). 25 June 2012. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 21 February 2014. Diakses tanggal 3 February 2014.
↑ "El internacionalismo de Hugo Chávez" (dalam bahasa Spanyol). Ola Bolivariana. 18 March 2013. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 6 March 2014. Diakses tanggal 6 March 2014.
↑ Fraija, Farith (20 December 2012). "El chavismo es un bien colectivo del pueblo, que ha demostrado defender a toda costa su continuidad". Noticias24 (dalam bahasa Spanyol). Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 7 February 2019. Diakses tanggal 3 February 2014.

Bibliografi

Andrews-Lee, Caitlin. The Emergence and Revival of Charismatic Movements: Argentine Peronism And Venezuelan Chavismo (Cambridge University Press, 2021)

Hawkins, Kirk A. Venezuela's Chavismo and Populism in Comparative Perspective' (Cambridge UP, 2010)

Ramirez, C.V. (2005). "Venezuela's Bolivarian Revolution: Who Are the Chavistas?". Latin American Perspectives. 32 (3): 79–97. doi:10.1177/0094582x05275532. S2CID 145020614.

Porras, Simon Rodriguez, and Miguel Sorans, eds. Why did Chavismo fail? A balance sheet from the left opposition (Centro de Estudios Humanos y Sociales CEHuS, 2018)

Smilde, David , et al. eds. The Paradox of Violence in Venezuela: Revolution, Crime, and Policing During Chavismo (University of Pittsburgh Press, 2023)

Pranala luar

↑ The Chavismo movement experienced more democratic rhetoric under Chávez, especially in his earlier years, while became visibly authoritarian in both rhetoric and practice under Maduro, especially after 2017.^[2]^[3]
↑ Sumber:^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]
↑ Sources: ^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]
↑ (It's nationalism and anti-colonialism)
↑ Source:^[13]
↑ Sources:^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]
↑ It's nationalism.
↑ Sources:^[22]^[24]
↑ It's nationalism.
↑ Sources:^[22]^[24]^[25]

Kesalahan pengutipan: Ditemukan tanda <ref> untuk kelompok bernama "lower-alpha", tapi tidak ditemukan tanda <references group="lower-alpha"/> yang berkaitan

[1] "Cartel of the Suns". InSight Crime. 22 September 2025.

[auto-2] 1 2 Cas Mudde; Cristóbal Kaltwasser, ed. (June 5, 2012). Populism in Europe and the Americas. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 136. ISBN 9781107023857. Diakses tanggal January 3, 2026.

[3] Hetland, Gabriel (April 11, 2025). "Capitalism and Authoritarianism in Maduro's Venezuela". New Labor Forum. 34 (2). Sage Publishing: 62–69. doi:10.1177/1095796025133. Diakses tanggal January 4, 2026.

[BBCmarx-5] Valery, Yolanda (1 January 1970). "BBC Mundo – América Latina – El marxismo según Chávez". Bbc.co.uk. Diakses tanggal 19 May 2014.

[N24marx-6] Campos, Zurimar. "Chávez afirma que es "marxista" pero reconoce que todavía no ha leído "El Capital" en". Noticias24.com. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 5 December 2014. Diakses tanggal 19 May 2014.

[ABCmarx-7] Vinogradoff, Ludmila (3 June 2010). "Chavez se declara marxista – Internacional_Iberoamerica – Internacional". ABC.es. Diakses tanggal 19 May 2014.

[CLARINmarx-8] "Chávez se declara marxista en un mensaje ante el Congreso". Edant.clarin.com. 16 January 2010. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 7 April 2014. Diakses tanggal 19 May 2014.

[10] Lendman, Stephen. "Wall Street Journal Claims Chávez Oil Policy "Aims to Weaken US""

[BBC_News-11] "Chavez accelerates on path to socialism". BBC News. 2007.

[marxist.com-12] Martin, Jorge (2007). ""What is the problem? I am also a Trotskyist!" - Chavez is sworn in as president of Venezuela". Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 7 February 2007.

[Five_years_on:_the_revolutionary_le-13] Woods, Alan (2018). "Five years on: the revolutionary legacy of Hugo Chávez". Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 5 March 2018.

[auto1-14] Johnson, Elliott; Walker, David; Gray, Daniel, ed. (2014). "Chávez, Hugo (1954–2013)". Historical Dictionary of Marxism (Edisi 2nd). Lanham; Boulder; New York; London: Rowman & Littlefield. hlm. 71. ISBN 978-1-4422-3798-8.

[17] "Intervención del Comandante Presidente Hugo Chávez durante cátedra impartida ante estudiantes e intelectuales, en la Universi".

[19] Rory, Carroll (2014). Comandante : Hugo Chavez's Venezuela. Penguin Books: New York. ISBN 978-0143124887.

[20] "BBC News - HARDtalk, Hugo Chavez, President of Venezuela". BBC.

[21] "BBC Mundo - América Latina - El marxismo según Chávez". www.bbc.com.

[22] "Lo que vi de Chávez". BBC News Mundo. 15 December 2012.

[23] "Hugo Chávez: reluctant revolutionary | New Internationalist". newint.org. 8 March 2013.

[24] Skidelsky, Robert (20 March 2013). "Der Chávez-Weg". Project Syndicate.

[25] "Chávez: "No soy un tirano, soy un demócrata"". 5 December 1998 – via elpais.com.

[26] Hugo! The Hugo Chávez Story from Mud Hut to Perpetual Revolution By Bart Jones, 2009

[Marcano,_Christina_2007-28] 1 2 3 Marcano, Christina; Tyszka, Alberto Barrera (2007). Hugo Chávez: The Definitive Biography of Venezuela's Controversial President. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-45666-7.

[gott40-29] Gott 2000, hlm. 40 the suffix "200" was added to the group's name the

[ECONmarch2013-31] 1 2 "Venezuela after Chávez Now for the reckoning". The Economist. 9 March 2013. Diakses tanggal 23 December 2014.

[34] ttps://core.ac.uk/download/305083741.pdf Artikel dengan URL mentah untuk kutipan January 2026^{[URL PDF mentah]}

[36] Morsbach, Greg (6 December 2005). "Chavez opponents face tough times". BBC News. Diakses tanggal 3 June 2018.

[37] "El chavismo es el patriotismo". Diario VEA (dalam bahasa Spanyol). 25 June 2012. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 21 February 2014. Diakses tanggal 3 February 2014.

[38] "El internacionalismo de Hugo Chávez" (dalam bahasa Spanyol). Ola Bolivariana. 18 March 2013. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 6 March 2014. Diakses tanggal 6 March 2014.

[39] Fraija, Farith (20 December 2012). "El chavismo es un bien colectivo del pueblo, que ha demostrado defender a toda costa su continuidad". Noticias24 (dalam bahasa Spanyol). Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 7 February 2019. Diakses tanggal 3 February 2014.

[4] The Chavismo movement experienced more democratic rhetoric under Chávez, especially in his earlier years, while became visibly authoritarian in both rhetoric and practice under Maduro, especially after 2017.^[2]^[3]

[9] Sumber:^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

[15] Sources: ^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

[16] (It's nationalism and anti-colonialism)

[18] Source:^[13]

[27] Sources:^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]

[30] It's nationalism.

[32] Sources:^[22]^[24]

[33] It's nationalism.

[35] Sources:^[22]^[24]^[25]

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