close
Jump to content

Senoi

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

 

Senoi
Yankuna masu yawan jama'a
Maleziya
Harsuna
Aslian Languages (mul) Fassara
Kabilu masu alaƙa
Austroasiatic peoples (en) Fassara

Senoi (wanda kuma aka rubuta Sengoi da Sng'oi ) rukuni ne na al'ummar Malaysia da aka rarraba a cikin Orang Asli, ƴan asalin ƙasar Malesiya. Su ne mafi yawa na Orang Asli kuma an rarraba su a ko'ina cikin yankin. Senois suna magana da rassa daban-daban na harsunan Aslian, wanda hakan ya zama reshe na harsunan Austroasiatic. Yawancin su kuma suna jin harsuna biyu a cikin yaren ƙasa, yaren Malaysian (Bahasa Melayu).

Matsayi da ainihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
BERJAYA
Wata mace ta Senoi, 1899.

Gwamnatin Malaysia ta rarraba ƴan asalin ƙasar Malesiya a matsayin Orang Asli (ma'ana "'yan asali" a cikin Malay ). Akwai kabilu 18 da aka amince da su a hukumance a karkashin kulawar Sashen Harkokin Aboriginal ( Jabatan Kemajuan Orang Asli, JAKOA). An raba su zuwa kabilu 3 wato, Semang (Negrito), Senoi da Proto-Malays, wadanda suka kunshi kabilu 6 kowanne. Irin wannan rarrabuwa yana da sharadi kuma yana dogara ne da farko akan jin daɗin jihar don aiwatar da ayyukan gudanarwa. Kalmomin "Semang", "Senoi" da "Proto Malays" ba sa nufin ƙayyadaddun ƙabilu ko asalin ƙabilarsu. Ga Orang Asli, asalinsu na waje ne. Kowanne daga cikin kabilun yana da cikakken 'yancin kansa kuma ba ya danganta kansa da kowane nau'in kabilanci na yawan jama'a.

Rukunin kabilanci guda uku na Orang Asli sun samo asali ne daga masu mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a farkon karni na ashirin bisa ga ra'ayoyin launin fata na farko na Turai. Saboda gaskiyar cewa kabilun uku sun bambanta da harshe, bayyanar (halayen jiki) da yanayin tattalin arzikin gargajiya, an dauki Negritos (gajere, duhu, curly) a matsayin mafi tseren farko, Senois (mai tsayi, tare da fata mai haske, gashi mai baƙar fata) a matsayin masu ci gaba, kuma Aboriginal Malays (tsawo, fata mai kyau, tare da gashi madaidaiciya) kusan daidai da Musulmai. Daga baya, an ki amincewa da ra'ayoyin da ake la'akari da wariyar launin fata kuma rukunin Semang, Senoi da Proto-Malay (kalmar Malay da ta maye gurbin "Malay na asali") sun zama alamomi na samfuran al'adu daban-daban da takamaiman zamantakewar tattalin arziki. Misali na Senoi, musamman, yana samar da kasancewar al'ummomi masu cin gashin kansu, waɗanda manyan hanyoyin rayuwarsu sun dogara ne akan aikin gona da ƙonewa, wanda a kan karamin sikelin an kara shi da farauta, kamun kifi, tattarawa, da sarrafawa da siyar da kayan daji. A wannan bangaren, sun bambanta da Semangs (masu farauta) da Proto-Malays (masu noma).

An kuma san mutanen Senoi da mutanen Sakai a cikin mazauna yankin. Ga Mutanen Malay, kalmar sakai kalma ce mai banƙyama a cikin Harshen Malay kuma kalmar da aka samo asali menyakaikan tana nufin "don bi da girman kai da raini". Koyaya, ga mutanen Senoi mensakai na nufin "yi aiki tare". A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, Orang Asli da ke zaune a arewacin Malay Peninsula an rarraba su a matsayin Senoi kuma daga baya lokaci ne kuma ya zama kalmar da za a koma ga duk Orang Asli. A gefe guda, Tsakiyar Senois; musamman na Gundumar Batang Padang, sun fi son kiran kansu Mai Darat a gaban kalmar sakai. Sau da yawa ba a fahimta ba cewa mutanen Senoi waɗanda suka watsar da yarensu don yaren Malay ana kiransu Blandas, Biduanda ko Mantra. Mutanen Blandas na tseren Senoi ne daga Melaka . Harshen Blandas ko Bahasa Blandas, wanda shine cakuda Harshen Malay da harshen Senoic; mai yiwuwa ana amfani dashi kafin zuwan farko na mutanen Malay a Melaka. [1]

rukunan kabilu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
BERJAYA
Taswirar mazaunin Orang Asli (1906); yankunan mazaunin mutanen Senoi (Sakai) suna da alamar rawaya.

Senoi ita ce mafi girman rukuni na Orang Asli, rabon su kusan kashi 54 cikin dari na jimlar adadin Orang Asli. Ƙungiyar kabilun Senoi ta haɗa da kabilun 6 wato, Mutanen Cheq Wong, Mutanen Mah Meri, Mutanen Jah Hut, Mutanen Semaq Beri, Mutanen Semai da Mutanen Temiar. Suna da alaƙa da Mutanen Semelai, ɗaya daga cikin kabilun da aka rarraba a matsayin wani ɓangare na Proto-Malays. Akwai wani karamin rukuni na kabilanci, Mutanen Temoq, wanda ya daina wanzuwa a cikin shekarun 1980 lokacin da magajin JAKOA ya haɗa su a cikin kabilanci.

A baya, dole ne a sami wasu kabilun Senoi. A saman kogin Klau a yammacin Dutsen Benum, an ambaci Beri Nyeg ko Jo-Ben mai ban mamaki, suna magana da yaren da ke da alaƙa da Mutanen Cheq Wong. An kuma bayar da rahoton kabilar Jah Chong, wacce za ta iya magana da yaren da ya bambanta da Mutanen Jah Hut. Harsuna da yawa da ke da alaƙa da Besis (mutane na Mah Meri) sun kasance a yankin Kuala Lumpur. Wataƙila akwai wasu kabilun da ke magana da yarukan Kudancin Aslian kuma suna zaune a yankunan da a halin yanzu Mutanen Temuan da Jakun ke zaune, masu magana da yaren Austronesian.[2]

  • Mutanen Cheq Wong (Chewong, Ceq Wong, Che 'Wong, Ceʔ GISNegritos, Semang) su ne rabin Negritos da ke zaune a ƙauyuka uku ko huɗu a kan gangaren kudancin Dutsen Benom [3] a yankuna masu nisa na yammacin Pahang (Gundumar Raub da Gundumar Temerloh [4]). Rarrabawar kabilanci na mutanen Cheq Wong koyaushe yana da matsala. Sunan "chewong" karkatar da sunan ma' yankan Malay ne a cikin Sashen Hunting na Arewa wanda ke da alaƙa da yaren Yankin Duniya na Yankin Halitta, wanda ke haifar da yaren Halitta na Halitta ba daidai ba.
  • Mutanen Temiar (Northern Sakai, Temer, Təmεr, Ple) sune na biyu mafi girma mutanen Senoi. Suna zaune da kilomita 5,200 na daji a bangarorin biyu na Dutsen Titiwangsa, suna zaune a kudancin Kelantan da arewa maso gabashin Perak.  A matsayin doka, suna zaune a saman koguna, a cikin mafi girma da kuma mafi yawan yankuna masu nisa. A yankunan da ke kewaye da yankinsu suna kula da hulɗa mai zurfi tare da maƙwabta. Babban ayyukan gargajiya sune noma da cinikayya.
  • Mutanen Semai (Central Sakai, Səmay, Səmey) sune mafi girman kabilar ba kawai na kabilun Senoi ba, har ma da dukkan Orang Asli. Suna zaune a kudancin Mutanen Temiar, a cikin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, kuma a kan gangaren Dutsen Titiwangsa a kudancin Perak, arewa maso yammacin Pahang, da yankunan makwabta na Selangor.[5] Babban ayyukan gargajiya shine aikin gona da cinikayya, suna kuma shiga cikin noman amfanin gona da aikin aiki. Suna zaune a yanayi daban-daban, daga gandun daji zuwa birane. Mutanen Semai ba su taɓa samun kyakkyawar ma'anar kasancewa tare ba. Mutanen Semai da ke zaune a kan tsaunuka suna nufin 'yan uwan su na ƙasƙanci a matsayin "Malay"; kuma su ma, suna nufin' yan uwan su da ke zaune na dutse a matsayin "Temiars".
  • Mutanen Jah Hut (Jah Hět, Jah Hət) suna cikin Gundumar Temerloh da Gundumar Jerantut, a kan gangaren gabashin Dutsen Benom a tsakiyar Pahang, maƙwabtan gabashin Mutanen Cheq Wong. Ayyukansu na gargajiya sun haɗa da aikin gona da ƙonewa.
  • Mutanen Semaq Beri (Səmaʔ Bərēh, Semoq Beri) mazauna ne na cikin Pahang (Gundumar Jerantut, Gundumar Maran, Gunduma ta Kuantan) da Terengganu (Gunduma ta Hulu Terengganu, Gundumar Kemaman). Sunan Semaq Beri an fara ba da shi ga ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin cikin gida daga masu mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, kuma daga baya sunan ya bazu ga dukan ƙasar. A cikin yarensu, yana nufin "mutane na daji".[6] Ayyukan gargajiya na mutane sun kasance noma da ƙonewa, farauta da tattarawa. An raba su zuwa kungiyoyin mazauna a kudu da kungiyoyin tsoffin mafarauta da masu tarawa waɗanda a baya suka yi yawo a kan babban yanki a kusa da Tafkin Bera a Pahang, da kuma Terengganu da Kelantan. Sauran Orang Asli da yawa suna ganin mutanen Semaq Beri a matsayin mutanen Semelai.
  • Mutanen Semelai (Səməlay) suna cikin tsakiyar Pahang, musamman a Tafkin Bera Lake, koguna na Gundumar Bera, Teriang, Paya Besar da Paya Badak. Har ila yau suna zaune a kan iyakar Pahang tare da Negeri Sembilan (a kan koguna na Serting da Sungai Shi, da kuma a cikin ƙasashen arewacin Gundumar Segamat zuwa kudancin Kogin Pahang) da kuma a wancan gefen iyakar tsakanin waɗannan jihohin.[7] An haɗa shi a hukumance a cikin yawan mutanen Proto-Malay. Taron daji ba wani bangare ne na al'adun tattalin arzikin su ba. Baya ga aikin gona na yanka da ƙonewa, suna kamun kifi a cikin tabkuna kuma suna aiki don haya.
  • Mutanen Temoq (Təmɔʔ) ƙaramin sanannen rukuni ne wanda a halin yanzu JAKOA ba ta amince da shi ba, kodayake a baya an haɗa shi cikin jerin kabilun. An haɗa su tare da yawan mutanen Semelai, maƙwabtansu na yamma. Suna zaune a Pahang, tare da Kogin Jeram a arewa maso gabashin Tafkin Bera. A al'adance su makiyaya ne kuma daga lokaci zuwa lokaci suna yin noma.[8]
  • Mutanen Mah Meri (Hmaʔ MərĪh, wasu sunayen da suka wuce sune Besisi, Besisi, Btsisi', Ma' Betise', Hma' Btsisi') suna zaune a yankunan bakin teku na Selangor. Baya ga aikin gona, ya shiga aikin kamun kifi. Daga cikin dukkan mutanen Senoi, mutanen Mah Meri sun fi shafar mutanen Malay. Koyaya, suna jin tsoron zama a cikin birane, kuma jajircewarsu ga ƙasashensu na al'ada ya kasance mai ƙarfi sosai.

A baya, dole ne a sami wasu kabilun Senoi. A saman kogin Klau a yammacin Dutsen Benum, an ambaci Beri Nyeg ko Jo-Ben mai ban mamaki, suna magana da yaren da ke da alaƙa da Mutanen Cheq Wong. An kuma bayar da rahoton kabilar Jah Chong, wacce za ta iya magana da yaren da ya bambanta da Mutanen Jah Hut. Harsuna da yawa da ke da alaƙa da Besis (mutane na Mah Meri) sun kasance a yankin Kuala Lumpur. Wataƙila akwai wasu kabilun da ke magana da yarukan Kudancin Aslian kuma suna zaune a yankunan da a halin yanzu Mutanen Temuan da Jakun ke zaune, masu magana da yaren Austronesian.[2]

Shirye-shiryen ci gaban gwamnati suna da niyyar kawar da gandun daji da sauri a kan gangaren tsaunuka. A sakamakon haka, yankunan zamani na Senoi suna ƙara ƙuntata.

Yawan jama'a

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ƙabilun Senoi suna zaune a yankin tsakiya na Malay Peninsula kuma sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi daban-daban guda shida, wato Semai, Temiar, Mah Meri, Jah Hut, Semaq Beri da Cheq Wong kuma suna da jimlar yawan jama'a kusan 60,000. Misali na mutanen Senoi (Central Sakai), mafi tsarki na Sakai ana samun su a Jeram Kawan, Gundumar Batang Padang, Perak . [9]

Bayanan da ke akwai game da yawan kabilun Senoic kamar haka:

Shekara 1960 1965[10] 1969[10] 1974[10] 1980[10] 1982 1991 1993[11] 1996[10] 2000[12] 2003[12] 2004 2005 2010
Mutanen Semai 11,609 12,748 15,506 16,497 17,789 N/A 28,627 26,049 26,049 34,248 43,892 43,927 N/A 49,697
Mutanen Temiar 8,945 9,325 9,929 10,586 12,365 N/A 16,892 15,122 15,122 17,706 25,725 25,590 N/A 30,118
Mutanen Jah Hut 1,703 1,893 2,103 2,280 2,442 N/A N/A 3,193 3,193 2,594 5,104 5,194 N/A 4,191
Mutanen Cheq Wong 182 268 272 215 203 250 N/A N/A 403 234 664 564 N/A 818
Mutanen Mah Meri 1,898 1,212 1,198 1,356 1,389 N/A N/A 2,185 2,185 3,503 2,986 2,856 2,200[13] 2,120
Mutanen Semaq Beri 1,230 1,418 1,406 1,699 1,746 N/A N/A 2,488 2,488 2,348 3,545 3,345 N/A 3,413
Mutanen Semelai 3,238 1,391 2,391 2,874 3,096 N/A 4,775 4,103 [Lokaci 3] 4,103 [Lokaci 3] 5,026 6,418 7,198 N/A 9,228
Mutanen Temoq 51 52 100 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Jimillar 28,856 28,307 32,905 35,507 39,030 250 50,294 53,140 53,543 65,659 88,334 88,674 2,200 99,585

Wadannan bayanai sun fito ne daga tushe daban-daban, sabili da haka, ba koyaushe suke daidai ba. Alkaluman JAKOA, alal misali, ba su la'akari da Orang Asli da ke zaune a biranen da ba su fada ƙarƙashin ikon JAKOOA ba. Bambance-bambance a cikin lissafin mutanen Semai da mutanen Temiar wani lokacin sun kai kusan 10-11%. Yawancin Orang Asli yanzu suna zaune a cikin birane kuma ana iya kimanta lambobin su ne kawai, saboda ba a rubuta su daban daga Malays ba. Koyaya, wannan ba yana nufin cewa an haɗa su cikin al'ummar Malay ba.

Rarraba mutanen Senoi ta jihar (JHEOA, ƙidayar shekara ta 1996):-

Perak Kelantan Terengganu Pahang Selangor Negeri Sembilan Melaka Johor Jimillar
Mutanen Semai 16,299 91 9,040 619 26,049
Mutanen Temiar 8,779 5,994 116 227 6 15,122
Mutanen Jah Hut 3,150 38 5 3,193
Mutanen Cheq Wong 4 381 12 6 403
Mutanen Mah Meri 2,162 12 7 4 2,185
Mutanen Semaq Beri 451 2,037 2,488
Mutanen Semelai 2,491 135 1,460 6 11 4,103
Jimillar 25,082 6,085 451 17,215 3,193 1,483 13 21 53,543

Harshe

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
BERJAYA
Wani mutum na Senoi (a bango) yana aiki da mai tafiya (a gaba) a matsayin jagora a Dutsen Korbu, Perak, Malaysia.

Harsunan Aslian sun kasu kashi huɗu wato yarukan Jahaic (harsunan Aslian na Arewa), yarukan Semelaic (harshen Aslian na Kudancin), yarukan Senoic (harshe na Aslian na Tsakiya) da yaren Jah Hut. Daga cikin mutanen Senoi, sun ƙunshi masu magana daga dukkan harsuna huɗu. Mutanen biyu mafi girma, Mutanen Semai da Mutanen Temiar, suna magana da ƙungiyar yarukan Aslian ta Tsakiya, wanda galibi ana danganta su da Senoi. Harshen Jah Hut an haɗa shi a cikin harsunan Asiya ta Tsakiya a baya, amma sabbin nazarin tarihi da phonological sun nuna cewa yana cikin matsayi mai zaman kansa a cikin harkokin Aslian.[14] Kusan dukkanin rassan Senoic da Semelaic mutanen Senoi ne ke magana da su kamar Harshen Semaq Beri, Harshen Semelai, Harshen Temoq da harshen Mah Meri wanda ke cikin ƙungiyar yarukan Aslian na Kudancin. Koyaya, ban da Mutanen Lanoh (wanda aka fi sani da mutanen Sakai Jeram) wanda aka rarraba shi a matsayin Semang amma yana magana da reshe na yarukan Senoic da Semelai wanda aka rarrabe shi a matsayin Proto-Malay amma yana magana ne da reshe da yarukan Semelaic. Harshen Cheq Wong na cikin ƙungiyar yarukan Arewacin Aslian, ƙungiyar yaren da Semang ke magana; wanda ya sa ya bambanta da sauran harsunan wannan rukuni na kabilanci.[2]

Duk da bayyanar siffofi na yau da kullun tsakanin harsunan Aslian, gaskiyar asalin su na yau da kullum daga harshe ɗaya ba a tabbatar da shi ba.[14]

Harshen Semai, mafi girma daga cikin yarukan Senoi, an raba shi zuwa fiye da arba'in daban-daban yare, kodayake a al'adance kawai manyan yare biyu ne aka gane (yamma ko lowland, da gabas ko highland), kuma ba dukansu ba ne suke fahimtar juna. Kowane yare yana aiki har zuwa wani lokaci da kansa. Babban matakin rarraba yaren yana hana adana harshe gaba ɗaya.

Harshen Temiar a gefe guda yana da daidaituwa tare da bambance-bambance na gida suna fahimtar juna kuma ana ganin su ne kawai a matsayin sanarwa. Akwai daidaituwa da fadada yankin wannan harshe. Abinda ke da alaƙa da Harshen Temiar shi ne cewa yana aiki ne a matsayin wani nau'i na buffer tsakanin sauran Harsunan Aslian da Harshen Malay. A gefe guda, wannan ya kara yawan kalmomin Temiar, yana haifar da babban matakin synonymy, kuma a gefe guda, ya ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar harshen Temiar tsakanin kabilun Orang Asli makwabta. Ya zama wani abu kamar harshen magana a tsakanin kungiyoyin arewa da na tsakiya na Orang Asli.

Idan ya zo ga matakin barazanar halaka ga Harsunan Aslian, ya kamata a yi la'akari da hulɗar dogon lokaci tsakanin waɗannan harsuna da kuma Harshen Malay. Ana samun rance na Malay a cikin yarukan Kudancin Aslian, da kuma cikin yarukan ƙananan ko ƙungiyoyin Orang Asli na ciki, musamman waɗanda ke zaune a filayen kuma suna ci gaba da hulɗa tare da yawan Malay. Misali, a cikin Harshen Semelai yana da kalmomin aro 23%, da kalmomin aro 25% a cikin harshen Mah Meri. A gefe guda, harsunan manyan mutanen noma, waɗanda suka zauna da yawa a ware daga Malays, suna da mafi ƙarancin rance na Malay. Ga yaren Temiar, wannan adadi shine kawai 2%, ga yaren Semai na tsaunuka yana da 5%, kuma ga yaren semai na ƙasa yana da 7%. Harsunan Aslian suna da aro na phonetic daga Harshen Malay, amma galibi ana amfani da su ne kawai a cikin kalmomin Malay.

Tasirin Harshen Malay yana girma tare da ci gaban tattalin arziki da ababen more rayuwa a yankunan Orang Asli kuma, daidai da haka, karuwar lambobin sadarwa na waje. Amfani da wasu Harsunan Aslian ya ragu sosai, kuma harshen Mah Meri yana cikin haɗari mafi girma tsakanin harsunan Senoi. Masu magana da shi suna kusa da ba kawai ga Malays ba, har ma da sauran al'ummomin Orang Asli, gami da Mutanen Temuan, inda aka yi auren gauraye, kuma mutane sun sauya zuwa wani harshe. Rashin harshe, duk da haka, ba ya nufin asarar al'adun mutum.

Matsayi na Mutanen Semai da Mutanen Temiar, manyan harsuna biyu na Aslian, sun kasance masu ƙarfi. Harshen Semai yana aiki ne a matsayin harshen magana a cikin rundunonin soja Orang Asli- Senoi Praaq . [14] Harshen Temiar ya yadu tsakanin kabilun Orang Asli da yawa, har ma an san shi da wasu Malay a wasu sassan Kelantan. A asibitin Orang Asli a Gundumar Ulu Gombak, arewacin Kuala Lumpur, marasa lafiya da yawa suna magana da Harshen Temiar, bayyanar hadin kan "Aslian". Wani abu da ke nuna goyon baya ga yarukan Semai da Temiar shine fitowar asalin Aslian a cikin 'yan asalin ƙasar Malaysia, sabanin yawancin Malay. Harsunan Temiar da Semai shirye-shirye ne na musamman ga Orang Asli wanda Radio Televisyen Malaysia ke watsawa. Orang Asli rediyo watsa shirye-shirye ya fara ne a 1959 kuma yanzu ana watsa shi azaman Asyik FM kowace rana daga karfe 8 na safe zuwa karfe 10 na yamma. A halin yanzu ana samun tashar a kan layi.[15] Masu magana da Semai da Temiar, suna magana da yarensu, suna amfani da kalmomi masu yawa na Malay, musamman a cikin labarai. Sau da yawa ana amfani da Temiar da Semai tare. A baya, akwai wasu lokuta jawabai a wasu harsunan Aslian, gami da harshen Mah Meri, amma wannan ya tsaya. Abin takaici, manyan harsunan Senoi guda biyu ba su da matsayin hukuma a Malaysia.

Wani sabon abu shine fitowar saƙonnin rubutu a cikin Harsunan Aslian, waɗanda masu magana da su ke rarraba yayin amfani da wayoyin hannu. Abin takaici, saboda tsoron mamaye sirrin, yawancin waɗannan alamu na karatu da rubutu ba za a iya gani ba. Wani muhimmin taron shi ne sakin rikodin kiɗa a cikin Harsunan Aslian, galibi a cikin Harshen Temiar da Harshen Semai. Sau da yawa ana iya jin su a Asyik FM. Kundin da ya ci nasara a kasuwanci shi ne Asli, wanda ƙungiyar Orang Asli, Jelmol (Jɛlmɔl, ma'ana "dutse" a cikin Harshen Temiar) ta rubuta.[16] Kodayake yawancin waƙoƙin da ke cikin kundin ana yin su ne a cikin Harshen Malay, akwai waƙoƙi 2 a cikin Harshen Temiar.[16]

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
BERJAYA
Iyalin Senoi, 1908.

An yi imanin cewa Senoi sun isa tsibirin Malaya game da 8000 zuwa 6000 BC a lokacin Tsakiyar lokacin Holocene, yawan mutanen tsibirin Malay sun sami canje-canje masu mahimmanci a cikin yanayin halitta, al'adun kayan aiki, ƙwarewar samarwa da harshe. An samo asali ne daga isowar manoma masu ƙaura daga yankunan arewacin kudu maso gabashin Asiya (Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam). Zuwan baƙi yana da alaƙa da fitowar aikin gona na kashe wuta a yankin Malay da fitowar shinkafa. A sakamakon haɗuwa da sababbin kungiyoyi tare da kabilun Negrito na gida, kakannin Senoi, waɗanda ke zaune a arewa da tsakiya na tsibirin. Gabatar da aikin gona ya haifar da zama na dindindin na ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa, da kuma samar da tsarin zamantakewa mai ɗorewa a cikin mahallinsu. Rashin amincewa da motsi na yau da kullun ya haifar da kafa al'ummomi da mutane.

Jama'ar tsibirin sun kasu kashi biyu, kowannensu yana da nasa zamantakewar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, wato mutanen Semang da Senoi. Mutanen Semang sun zauna a cikin gandun daji masu yawa da ke ƙasa da mita 300 sama da matakin teku, kuma suna shiga cikin farauta da tarawa. Senoi sun zauna a tsaunuka masu tsawo kuma suna noma ƙasar noma. Sadarwa tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu ba su da yawa, mutanen Senoi kawai sun musayar kayan aikin gona don kyaututtuka na daji.

Mutanen da suka yi ƙaura daga arewa sun kawo ba kawai aikin gona ba har ma da yarukan Aslian, waɗanda yanzu mutanen Senoi da Semang ke magana.

Mutanen da suka fara ƙaura daga Australiya sun isa tsibirin Malay kimanin shekaru 2,500 da suka gabata. Su ne kakannin Proto-Malays na zamani (mutane na Jakun, Mutanen Temuan). Malays sun zo daga baya, watakila kimanin shekaru 1,500 zuwa 2,000 da suka gabata. Ƙabilun Orang Asli ba su ware ba. Kusan 500 BC, ƙananan ƙauyuka na bakin teku sun bayyana a Yankin Malay, wanda ya zama cibiyoyin kasuwanci kuma ya ci gaba da hulɗa da China, Indiya, Thailand, Gabas ta Tsakiya, da Bahar Rum. Orang Asli ya zama masu samar da kayan daji (itace mai ƙamshi, roba, ƙahonin rhino da ƙashin giwa), da kuma zinariya da ma'adinai, tare da ƙarshen musamman 'yan kasuwa na Indiya suka nemi don samar da tagulla. A musayar, 'yan asalin Malay Peninsula sun karɓi kayayyaki kamar yadudduka, kayan aikin ƙarfe, ƙwallo da abinci, gami da shinkafa. A karkashin tasirin lambobin sadarwa na waje akwai wata al'ada ta al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar, halayyar Proto-Malays na zamani. Akwai rahotanni cewa Harsunan Kudancin Asiya na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da harshen Mah Meri na zamani ko Harshen Semelai, a baya sun kasance sananne a cikin Negeri Sembilan, Pahang da Johor. Daga baya sun zama wani ɓangare na Mutanen Jakun da Mutanen Temuan. Don haka, kungiyoyin kudancin Senoi sun shiga kai tsaye wajen tsara al'adar 'yan asalin Proto-Malays.

A ƙarshen ƙarni na 14. a bakin tekun Malay Peninsula, Malays sun kafa wuraren cinikayya, wanda ya fi shahara shine Melaka. A farkon karni na 15, mai mulkin Malacca ya tuba zuwa Islama. Adadin Malays yana ƙaruwa akai-akai saboda kwararar sabbin baƙi daga Sumatra da sauran sassan Indonesia ta zamani, da kuma daidaitawar Orang Asli. 'Yan gudun hijirar Malay sun shiga cikin sannu a hankali ta koguna zuwa cikin yankin, kuma yawancin Orang Asli sun koma baya a layi daya da tuddai da duwatsu. Harshen Malay da al'adu sun bazu a hankali. Yayinda yawan mutanen Malay ya karu, muhimmancin siyasa da tattalin arziki na Orang Asli ya ragu. Yawan su ma ya ragu, kuma yanzu yawan 'yan asalin da suka rage su ne kawai' yan tsiraru waɗanda suka ƙi daidaitawa.

BERJAYA
Wani rukuni na kabilar Senoi tare da kayan kida a Chenderiang, Gundumar Batang Padang, Perak, 1906.

Haɓakar Jihohin Malay na farko ya juya mutanen Senoi zuwa ƙarƙashin su kuma bayan kafa Islama, an ɗauke su a matsayin arna da Kafirs. Hanyar rayuwa ta Orang Asli, al'adun tufafinsu, da kuma halayensu na jiki tsakanin Malays sun zama abin ba'a. A cikin ƙarni na 18 da 19, Orang Asli ya sha wahala daga masu fashi, galibi Malay daga Sumatra. [17] 'Yan asalin ƙasar ba Musulmai ba ne, don haka wasu Musulmai ba su hana su bautar ba. Yawanci, maza masu dauke da makamai sun kai hari kan ƙauye ko sansani da dare, suna kashe manya maza da mata kuma suna kama yara. Wani lokaci Malays sun tayar da ko kuma sun tilasta shugabannin Orang Asli su sace mutane daga wani rukuni na Orang Asli, wanda suka mika wa Malays; a cikin ƙoƙari na kare matansu daga bauta. Bayin da suka yi farin ciki sun kafa ma'aikata a cikin birane da kuma cikin gidajen sarakuna da sarakuna; yayin da aka sayar da wasu a kasuwannin bayi ga 'yan kasuwa, waɗanda suka kai su zuwa wasu ƙasashe, gami da Java. Daga wannan lokacin ya fito da kalmar wulakanci "sakai" kamar yadda Malays ke amfani da ita ga mutanen Senoi; wanda ke nufin "dabba (mai tsattsauran ra'ayi) 'yan asalin ƙasar" ko "bawa". [18] [19] Bayan Dokar kawar da bautar Burtaniya ta 1833, an soke bautar daga baya a duk faɗin Daular Burtaniya kuma gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya ta haramta cin zarafin bayi a Malaya ta Burtaniya a 1883, kodayake akwai rubuce-rubuce na cin zarafin bawa har zuwa ƙarni na 20 a cikin 1920s.[20]

Abubuwan da suka faru a baya sun haifar da rashin amincewa da mutanen Orang Asli ga jama'ar Malay. Sun yi ƙoƙari su ware kansu a yankuna masu nisa. Kawai kawar da bautar ne ya haifar da karuwar hulɗa da baƙi. Matsalar Malayan ta shekarun 1950 a Biritaniya ta Malaya ta hanzarta shiga jihar cikin ciki. A cikin ƙoƙari na hana Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Malayan goyon baya daga Orang Asli, 'yan Burtaniya sun tilasta ƙaura da' yan asalin zuwa sansani na musamman a ƙarƙashin kariya ta sojoji da' yan sanda. Sun zauna a sansanonin na tsawon shekaru biyu, bayan haka aka ba su damar komawa cikin daji. Wannan taron ya kasance mummunan rauni a gare su, yayin da daruruwan mutane suka mutu a sansanonin daga cututtuka daban-daban. Tun daga wannan lokacin, gwamnati ta ba da hankali ga Senoi da sauran 'yan asalin ƙasar.[21] Sa'an nan kuma an kafa Ma'aikatar Harkokin Aboriginal, wanda ya riga ya zama JAKOA na zamani a shekara ta 1954, wanda aka ba da izinin jagorantar al'ummomin Orang Asli.[21] A shekara ta 1956, a lokacin gwagwarmaya da masu tayar da kayar baya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Malaysia, hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya sun kirkiro rundunonin Senoi Praaq (a cikin Harshen Semai, yana nufin "mutane na soja"), wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin bayanan soja ban da ayyukan 'yan sanda. Sun kunshi Orang Asli kuma suna aiki a cikin zurfin daji. Rukunin Senoi Praaq sun kasance masu tasiri sosai kuma ayyukansu sun yi nasara sosai wajen murkushe masu tayar da kayar baya. Sun sami shahara saboda zaluncin da suka yi, wanda ya wuce kowane bangare na jami'an tsaro.[22] A yau, yanzu suna cikin Janar Operations Force na Royal Malaysia Police . [23]

Tun daga shekarun 1980s, an sami mamayewar yankunan Orang Asli ta mutane, da kamfanoni da gwamnatocin jihohi. Kashe katako da maye gurbin gandun daji don shuke-shuke na roba da man fetur sun zama gama gari.[24] Wadannan matakai sun sami mafi girma a cikin shekarun 1990. Wadannan matakai sun rushe rayuwar mafi yawan kabilun Orang Asli. Ba tare da gandun daji ba, tsoffin mafarauta ba su da damar tattara 'ya'yan itatuwa na daji da farautar dabbobin daji. Dole ne su saba da sabuwar hanyar rayuwa da ke da alaƙa da tattalin arzikin kuɗi. Gina manyan hanyoyi da ci gaban tattalin arzikin shuka suna haifar da ƙaurawar 'yan asalin zuwa birane da sababbin ƙauyuka, waɗanda gwamnatocin jihohi suka gina musu musamman. .mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman} Manufar gwamnati ita ce ta maida 'yan asalin ƙasar zuwa Islama da kuma haɗa su cikin manyan mutanen ƙasar a matsayin manoma masu zaman kansu. A lokaci guda, Orang Asli za su fi son zama na zamani ba tare da zama Malays ba, koda lokacin da suka tuba zuwa Islama. Bayan sun shiga cikin al'umma, Orang Asli sun mamaye mafi ƙasƙanci na tsalle-tsalle na zamantakewa. Ko da matsayinsu na 'yan asalin farko na tsibirin yanzu ana kalubalantar su a kan kusan dalilan da ba a fahimta ba cewa ba su da masu ɗaukar "civilization". Jihar siyasa a Malaysia an tsara ta ne a kan ra'ayin adana matsayin kabilanci na musamman (mafi girman Malay) na Malays a matsayin' yan asalin ƙasar (bumiputera a cikin Harshen Malay, a zahiri yana nufin "ɗan ƙasa") na ƙasar don daidaita tsakanin al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar. Kodayake mafi rinjaye Malays, Orang Asal na Gabashin Malaysia da Orang Asli ana ɗaukar su a matsayin bumiputera, ba sa jin daɗin matsayi iri ɗaya ko kuma hakkoki da gata iri ɗaya. A aikace, wannan yana da tasiri mai zurfi ga haƙƙin Orang Asli ga ƙasar da suka riƙe na dubban shekaru, kuma yanzu ana barazanar canja wurin zuwa wasu hannaye. Ana gudanar da shari'a mai tsawo da ke da alaƙa da waɗannan batutuwan a jihohi da yawa na Peninsular Malaysia, kuma sau da yawa yakan ƙare da goyon bayan Orang Asli musamman waɗanda suka sami hankalin jama'a.

Tattalin Arziki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
BERJAYA
Wani mutum na Senoi yana yanka itace mai tsayi 200 da kuma 6 a diamita daga kimanin 30 feet sama da ƙasa. Itacen ya fadi a rana daya tare da shimfidar wuri da aka gina a wannan rana kuma ta hanyar amfani da adze mai laushi. 1905.

A kusa da 1950, yawancin kungiyoyin Orang Asli sun bi hanyar rayuwa ta gargajiya, tare da tattalin arzikin rayuwa wanda aka kara da kasuwanci ko tallace-tallace na kayan daji. Babban sana'a ga mafi yawan kungiyoyin Senoi wani nau'i ne na aikin gona na slash-and-burn. Senoi yana shuka shinkafa, cassava, masara, millet, kayan lambu da wasu itatuwan 'ya'yan itace.

A cikin ƙasashensu na al'ada, mutane sun share wani yanki na daji kuma sun yi amfani da shi don noma na tsawon shekaru huɗu zuwa biyar, sannan suka koma wani yanki. An watsar da tsoffin makircin kawai, kuma an bar su da gandun daji. Cire sabon filin ya ɗauki daga makonni biyu zuwa wata ɗaya. Babban kayan aikin sun kasance peg don dasa shuka da parang. Filin Senoi sun sha wahala daga ciyawa, kwari (tsuntsaye, tsuntsaye) da dabbobin daji (deer, giwaye). Gudanar da ƙasa ya ɗauki ɗan lokaci kaɗan, kamar yadda kula da kwari ya yi, wanda ba shi da bege a cikin daji. Saboda haka, yawancin amfanin gona ya ɓace.[25] Don karewa daga dabbobin daji, ana rufe filayen Senoi. An shuka amfanin gona a tsakiyar lokacin rani, karamin shuka yana yiwuwa a cikin bazara. Manufar ita ce shuka nau'ikan dukkan amfanin gona kuma aƙalla wasu sun tsira ba tare da la'akari da yanayi da sauran yanayi ba. Girbi ya faru a ko'ina cikin shekara lokacin da ake buƙatar abinci; kawai amfanin shinkafa ne aka ƙayyade ta kalandar ta musamman.

Baya ga noma, mutanen Senoi suna kuma shiga wasu yankuna kamar farauta, kamun kifi da girbi na daji kamar rattan, roba, ganyen ayaba na daji da sauransu.[26] A al'adance, ana amfani da bindigogi tare da darts masu guba don farautar Senoi. Blowguns sune batun girman kai ga maza. Suna gogewa da kuma yin ado da su, suna bi da su da kulawa da ƙauna; cewa za su ciyar da karin lokaci wajen yin cikakken bindiga fiye da gina sabon gida. Abubuwan farauta ƙananan dabbobi ne kamar su squirrels, birai da aladu. Ana gaishe da mafarauta da ke dawowa daga farauta da ƙwazo da rawa.[27] Ana samun babban wasa (deer, wild boar, pythons, binturongs) tare da taimakon tarkuna, tarkuna, mashi.[26] A kan tsuntsaye ana kama su da tarko a ƙasa.[26] Ana kama kifi galibi a cikin kwando na musamman a cikin nau'in tarkon.[26] Ana amfani da guba, madatsun ruwa, shinge, mashi da ƙugiyoyi.

A cikin yankunansu na al'ada, mutanen Senoi suna da itatuwan 'ya'yan itace daga abin da ake girbe amfanin gona na yanayi. Bamboo, rattan da pandan sune manyan albarkatun kayan aikin hannu na Senoi.[28] Bamboo yana da mahimmanci a cikin gina gidaje, kayan gida, jiragen ruwa, kayan aiki, makamai, shinge, kwando, famfo, rafts, kayan kida da kayan ado. Senoi sune mashawarta a cikin zane-zane, musamman dabarun da suka dace don samar da su sune mashawarta daga kungiyoyin da suka zauna. Don motsi ta koguna yawanci amfani da rafts na bamboo, ba sau da yawa jirgin ruwa. Ba a san samar da yumbu ba, sarrafa yadudduka da karafa tsakanin mutanen Senoi. Kayan gargajiya da aka yi daga bark na nau'ikan bishiyoyi huɗu yanzu ana sawa ne kawai a lokacin bukukuwan na musamman.

BERJAYA
Wata ƙungiyar mafarautan Senoi tare da bindiga daga Lepoh, Gundumar Hulu Langat, Selangor, 1906. Baitin, shugaban ƙauyen yana dama.

Hanyar Rayuwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
BERJAYA
Gidan ƙasa na Senoi, 1905.

A al'ada, mutanen Senoi suna zaune a cikin yankunan karkara masu cin gashin kansu, wanda ya kai daga mutane 30 zuwa 300.[29] Gidaje yawanci suna kan tsawo kusa da haɗuwar rafi da kogi. Tsohon ne ya ƙayyade wurin zama. Ya kamata a samo shi daga kaburbura, ba tare da itatuwan katako ba kamar Merbau (Intsia bijuga) da sauransu.[30] Ginin ba zai iya tsayawa a cikin tafki ba, an yi imanin cewa fatalwowi "na rayuwa" a irin waɗannan wurare.[30] Har ila yau, suna guje wa wuraren da ke da magudanan ruwa da manyan koguna, inda "mermaids" ke zaune.

BERJAYA
Mata da yara na Senoi suna yin rawa a Kogin Perak, 1906. Lura da tufafin kawuna da ɗamara.

Mutanen Senoi na zamani waɗanda suka haɗu da Malays suna sa tufafin da suka dace da yawancin mutanen Malaysia. Amma a wasu yankuna masu nisa, maza da mata har yanzu suna sa sutura [31] a kusa da wuyansu a cikin nau'in kunkuntar igiya. Sashe na sama na jiki ba a rufe shi da yawa, wani lokacin mata suna rufe ƙirjinsu da wani karamin layi na gaba. Halin su ne tattoos, zane-zane na jiki. Ana fado da hanci tare da ƙwallo na porcupine, ƙashi, wani sanda, sandunan bamboo ko wasu abubuwa masu ado. [32] Tattoos na fuska da jiki yawanci suna da ma'anar sihiri.

Mafarki mai haske

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
BERJAYA
Wani rukuni na mutanen Senoi a Dutsen Korbu, 1906.

A cikin 1985 G. William Domhoff ya yi jayayya cewa Masana ilimin ɗan adam waɗanda suka yi aiki tare da Mutanen Temiar sun ba da rahoton cewa kodayake sun saba da manufar mafarki mai haske, ba shi da mahimmanci a gare su, amma wasu sun yi jayayya cewa zargi na Domhoff yana da yawa. [33] Domhoff bai kalubalanci shaidar cewa kula da mafarki yana yiwuwa ba, kuma dabarun kula da mafarkai na iya zama da fa'ida a takamaiman yanayi kamar maganin mafarkai masu ban tsoro: ya ambaci aikin likitocin kwakwalwa Bernard Kraków da Isaac Marks a wannan bangaren. Ya yi, duk da haka, ya yi jayayya da wasu da'awar ƙungiyar DreamWorks, da kuma shaidar cewa ƙungiyoyin tattaunawa na mafarki, sabanin motsawa da iyawa na mutum, suna da bambanci sosai wajen iya yin mafarki da kyau, da kuma iya yin hakan akai-akai.

  • Ka'idar Mafarki a Malaya
  • Gidan kayan gargajiya na Orang Asli
  1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "TTW124".
  2. 1 2 3 Geoffrey Benjamin (1976). "Austroasiatic Subgroupings in the Malay Peninsula" (PDF). University of Hawai'i Press: Oceanic Linguistics, Special Publication, No. 13, Part I. pp. 37–128. Retrieved 2020-08-10.
  3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "'CP59".
  4. ↑ Tarmiji Masron, Fujimaki Masami & Norhasimah Ismail (October 2013). "Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia: Population, Spatial Distribution and Socio-Economic Condition" (PDF). Journal of Ritsumeikan Social Sciences and Humanities. 6. Retrieved 2020-09-07.
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "'HDOM403".
  6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "MOP1-38".
  7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "M23".
  8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "AS49".
  9. ↑ Ivor Hugh Norman Evans (1915). "Notes on the Sakai of the Ulu Sungkai in the Batang Padang District of Perak". Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums. 6: 86.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Nobuta".
  11. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "TOAATCFR".
  12. 1 2 "Basic Data / Statistics". Center for Orang Asli Concerns (COAC). Archived from the original on 2020-10-29. Retrieved 2020-08-04.
  13. ↑ Selangor Tourism (5 April 2014). "Celebrate Mah Meri's cultural diversity". Sinar Harian. Archived from the original on 2016-11-10. Retrieved 2016-11-10.
  14. 1 2 3 Geoffrey Benjamin (2012). Peter K. Austin (ed.). "The Aslian languages of Malaysia and Thailand: an assessment" (PDF). Language Documentation and Description. 11. ISSN 1740-6234. Missing |editor1= (help)
  15. ↑ "Asyik FM". Archived from the original on 2017-09-16. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
  16. 1 2 "Jelmol – Asli". Discogs. Retrieved 2020-10-01.
  17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "MOP18".
  18. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "BTG184".
  19. ↑ "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Malaysia: Orang Asli". Minority Rights Group International. January 2018. Retrieved 2020-08-26.
  20. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "TAPOPM".
  21. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "SIH".
  22. ↑ Roy D. L. Jumper (2000). "Malaysia's Senoi Praaq Special Forces". International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence. 13 (1): 64–93. doi:10.1080/088506000304952. S2CID 154149802. Retrieved 2020-08-26.
  23. ↑ Chang Yi (24 February 2013). "Small town with many LINKS". The Borneo Post. Retrieved 2016-12-11.
  24. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "SO438".
  25. ↑ G. William Domhoff (March 2003). "Senoi Dream Theory: Myth, Scientific Method, and the Dreamwork Movement". dreamresearch.net. Retrieved 2020-10-17.
  26. 1 2 3 4 "Senoi". Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2020-10-17.
  27. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "TMOD16".
  28. ↑ Muhammad Fuad Abdullah; Azmah Othman; Rohana Jani; Candyrilla Vera Bartholomew (June 2020). "Traditional Knowledge And The Uses Of Natural Resources By The Resettlement Of Indigenous People In Malaysia". JATI: Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 25 (1): 168–190. doi:10.22452/jati.vol25no1.9. ISSN 1823-4127.
  29. ↑ Geok Lin Khor & Zalilah Mohd Shariff (2019). "Do not neglect the indigenous peoples when reporting health and nutrition issues of the socio-economically disadvantaged populations in Malaysia". BMC Public Health. 19 (1): 1685. doi:10.1186/s12889-019-8055-8. PMC 6916214. PMID 31842826.
  30. 1 2 Nor Azmi Baharom & Pakhriazad Hassan Zak (2020). "Socioeconomic Temiar community in RPS Kemar, Hulu Perak". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 596 (1): 012072. Bibcode:2020E&ES..596a2072A. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/596/1/012072.
  31. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "OA18".
  32. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "TDOATAA225".
  33. ↑ G. William Domhoff (March 2003). "Senoi Dream Theory: Myth, Scientific Method, and the Dreamwork Movement". University of California Santa Cruz. Retrieved 2017-10-26.

 

Bayanan littattafai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ƙarin karantawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senoi&oldid=721742"