FutureGen
| FutureGen | |
|---|---|
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| Wuri | |
| Ƴantacciyar ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka |
| Jihar Tarayyar Amurika | Illinois |
| Coordinates | 39°49′23″N 90°33′58″W / 39.82303°N 90.56608°W |
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FutureGen wani aiki ne don nuna kamawa da kwace sharar carbon dioxide daga tashar samar da wutar lantarki da ke amfani da kwal. Aikin (wanda aka sake masa suna FutureGen 2.0) yana gyara wani tashar wutar lantarki mai amfani da kwal a Meredosia, Illinois, tare da janareto na konewa. Za a yi amfani da sharar CO2 kusan kilomita 30 (48) don a rufe shi a cikin tsarin saline na karkashin kasa. FutureGen haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin Gwamnatin Amurka da haɗin gwiwar kamfanoni masu alaƙa da kwal. An kiyasta farashin a dala biliyan 1.65, tare da dala biliyan 1.0 da Gwamnatin Tarayya ta bayar. [1] [2][3]
Shugaba George W. Bush ne ya fara sanar da shi a shekara ta 2003, an fara aikin ne a shekara ta 2014 bayan sake fasalin, sokewa, sake komawa, da sake farawa.[1] Da yake nuna rashin iya yin aiki da kashe kudade a lokacin da aka ƙayyade a cikin 2015, Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta janye kudade kuma ta dakatar da FutureGen 2.0 a watan Fabrairun 2015. Gwamnati ta kuma ambaci rashin iyawar Alliance don tara adadin kudade masu zaman kansu. An rushe tashar wutar lantarki ta Meredosia da aka shirya don sake fasalin a kusa da 2021.[4]
FutureGen 2.0 zai kasance mafi cikakken aikin nunawa na Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Adanawa, wanda ya shafi dukkan matakai daga konewa zuwa tsare.[5] Shirin farko na FutureGen ya haɗa da fasahar haɗin gas don samar da wutar lantarki da hydrogen. Da farko a cikin aikin za a zauna a Mattoon, IL.
Aikin asali
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Asalin jiki na FutureGen ya kasance a matsayin Haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu don gina tashar wutar lantarki ta farko a duniya da ke kusa da ƙarancin ƙarancin wuta. Za a yi niyyar masana'antar 275-Megawatt don tabbatar da yiwuwar samar da wutar lantarki da hydrogen daga kwal yayin kamawa da adana carbon dioxide na dindindin a karkashin kasa. Alliance ta yi niyyar gina shuka a Mattoon Township, Coles County, Illinois arewa maso yammacin Mattoon, Illinois, dangane da amincewar da ake bukata (bayar da "Rubuce-rubucen yanke shawara") ta Ma'aikatar Makamashi (DOE) a matsayin wani ɓangare na Dokar Manufofin Muhalli ta Kasa (NEPA). [6]
FutureGen za a tsara shi, ci gaba da sarrafa shi ta hanyar FutureGen Industrial Alliance, ƙungiyar da ba ta da riba ta ma'adinai da kamfanonin lantarki da aka kafa don yin haɗin gwiwa tare da DOE akan aikin FutureGen. Har yanzu aikin yana cikin matakin ci gaba lokacin da aka soke kudadensa a watan Janairun 2008. An sanar da shawarar Alliance game da wurin shafin mai karɓar bakuncin, dangane da DOE ta kammala nazarin muhalli na NEPA, a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007 bayan tsarin tayin shekaru biyu da sake dubawa. An shirya ginin don farawa a shekara ta 2009, tare da cikakken aikin masana'antu don farawa a shekarar 2012. [7]
Kudin da aka kiyasta, gami da gini da ayyukan, da kuma cire kudaden China, ya kai dala biliyan 1.65.[8] An gudanar da aikin ne ta hanyar yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa tsakanin DOE da Alliance. A karkashin yarjejeniyar, DOE ya samar da kashi 74% na farashin aikin, tare da masana'antu masu zaman kansu suna ba da gudummawa ga sauran kashi 26%. DOE kuma ta shirya neman tallafin kudi da kuma shiga cikin gwamnatocin kasa da kasa a cikin aikin FutureGen, tun lokacin da za a yi shekarar 2020 fiye da kashi 60% na hayakin gas din da mutum ya yi ana sa ran fitowa daga kasashe masu tasowa. Tallafin kudi na kasashen waje shine don biyan wani ɓangare na farashin DOE. Ya zuwa watan Janairun shekara ta 2008, gwamnatocin kasashen waje na kasar Sin, Indiya, Ostiraliya, Koriya ta Kudu, da Japan sun nuna sha'awar shiga da raba kudin aikin.[9]
FutureGen ya kasance don hana hayakin carbon dioxide a cikin adadin tan miliyan daya a kowace shekara na tsawon shekaru hudu, wanda shine sikelin rahoton Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT) da ya ambata ya dace don tabbatar da tsare. Rahoton MIT ya kuma bayyana cewa "mahimmancin fifiko dangane da kwal ya kamata ya zama nasarar nunawa mai girma na fasaha, tattalin arziki, da aikin muhalli na fasahar da ta ƙunshi dukkan manyan abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin CCS mai mahimmanci - kamawa, sufuri da ajiya. " An yi gwajin filin allura mai kama da wannan a Norway.
A watan Maris na shekara ta 2009 Washington Post ta ruwaito cewa Sakataren Makamashi na Amurka Steven Chu ya nuna goyon baya ga ci gaba da aikin ta amfani da kudaden motsawa (bayan wasu canje-canje da ba a riga an ƙayyade su ba) da kuma sanya shi wani ɓangare na babban fayil na tsire-tsire na bincike da aka haɓaka tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da wasu ƙasashe.
Bayan nasarar kammala matakin farko, a watan Fabrairun 2013, Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta sanar da farkon Mataki na II na ci gaban aikin tare da sabon yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa tsakanin FutureGen Industrial Alliance da Ma'abiyar Makamashi. Wannan yana nufin cewa aikin FutureGen yana da tallafin gwamnati yayin da yake motsawa zuwa mataki na uku, tura aikin.[8]
Zaɓin shafin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Zaɓin shafin don kayan aikin FutureGen ya dogara ne akan tsarin gasa wanda ya fara a watan Mayu 2006. Jihohi bakwai sun amsa ga Shafin Shafin Shawarwari tare da jimlar shawarwari 12. An sake nazarin shawarwari game da tsarin muhalli, fasaha, tsari, da ka'idojin kuɗi tare da shigarwa daga masu ba da shawara na fasaha na waje game da ƙirar tashar wutar lantarki da kuma ƙwace carbon. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2006, an zaɓi shafuka huɗu na 'yan takara don ƙarin bita, gami da nazarin tasirin muhalli kamar yadda NEPA ta buƙaci.
DOE ta ba da Sanarwar tasirin muhalli na ƙarshe (EIS) a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 2007, wanda ya kammala cewa duk shafuka huɗu sun dace daga tasirin muhallu kuma duk za su ci gaba a cikin tsarin kimanta shafin. EPA ta buga Sanarwar Availability (NOA) don EIS a cikin Tarihin Tarayya a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2007. Dokar tarayya ta buƙaci DOE ta jira akalla kwanaki 30 bayan sakin NOA kafin bayar da rikodin yanke shawara na ƙarshe (ROD). Lokacin jira ya rufe bisa doka a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 2007. DOE ta zaɓi kada ta ba da ROD kuma ta shawarci FutureGen Alliance da su jinkirta sanarwar zaɓin shafin na ƙarshe, wanda aka shirya ya faru a ƙarshen lokacin jira na kwanaki 30. Alliance ta zaɓi ci gaba da sanarwar, ta nuna lokaci, kuɗi, da kuma jajircewa ga masu ba da shawara don zaɓar shafin ƙarshe a ƙarshen shekara. "Kowace wata na jinkiri na iya ƙara dala miliyan 10 ga farashin aikin, kawai saboda hauhawar farashi, "in ji Michael Mudd, shugaban zartarwa na Alliance.
| Birni | Shawarwari | Wadanda suka kammala |
|---|---|---|
| Effingham, Illinois | x | |
| Marshall, Illinois | x | |
| Mattoon, Illinois | x | x |
| Tuscola, Illinois | x | x |
| Gundumar Henderson, Kentucky | x | |
| Gundumar Bowman, Arewacin Dakota | x | |
| Gundumar Meigs, Ohio | x | |
| Gundumar Tuscarawas, Ohio | x | |
| Odessa, Texas | x | x |
| Jewett, Texas | x | x |
| Point Pleasant, West Virginia | x | |
| Gillette, Wyoming | x |
Michael Mudd, Shugaba na FutureGen Alliance, ya sanar da zabar a matsayin shafin mai karɓar bakuncin a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2007. A cewar EIS, Mattoon, IL shafin yana kusa da kilomita 3.5 (5.6 arewa maso yammacin garin Mattoon a gabashin yankin Mattoon 8 a kan 1.8 square kilometres (440 acres) km2 (440 acres) na tsohuwar gonar gona. Yankin da aka tsare carbon yana da kimanin ƙafa 8,000 (2.4 a ƙasa. A watan Yulin 2007, Dokar Jama'a ta Illinois 095-0018 ta zama doka da ke ba jihar Illinois mallakar da kuma alhakin iskar gas da aka tsare.[10]
Fasahar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An yi niyyar aikin FutureGen na asali don haɗawa da gwada sabbin fasahohi da yawa a wuri ɗaya, gami da gas ɗin kwal, sarrafa hayaki, Samar da hydrogen, samar da wutar lantarki, da Kamawa da adana carbon dioxide (CCS). [11]
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) ita ce ainihin fasahar da ke bayan FutureGen. Tashoshin wutar lantarki na IGCC suna amfani da turbines guda biyu - gas da turbine na tururi - don samar da wutar lantarki da kyau fiye da tsire-tsire na kwal. Shuke-shuke na IGCC kuma suna sauƙaƙa kama carbon dioxide don ƙwace carbon.[12]
FutureGen ya kama carbon dioxide da aka samar a lokacin tsarin gasification kuma ya zuba shi cikin zurfin dutse dubban ƙafa a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. FutureGen musamman ya yi niyya da tsarin dutse wanda ke dauke da ruwan gishiri, saboda waɗannan suna ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan tsarin ƙasa da za a iya amfani da su don adana carbon dioxide a duk duniya.[13] Wani binciken da Shirin Fasahar Fasahar Makamashi na Duniya ya yi ya kiyasta ƙarfin ajiya na waɗannan tsarin dutsen saline a Amurka ya zama 2,970 gigatons na carbon dioxide, idan aka kwatanta da ƙarfin 77 gigatons of carbon dioxide ga duk sauran nau'ikan tafkuna, kamar filayen gas da suka lalace.[14] Ana mai da hankali kan tsarin dutse tare da ruwan gishiri don taimakawa tabbatar da cewa darussan da aka koya daga aikin ana iya canja su a ko'ina cikin Amurka da kuma duniya baki daya.
Ƙalubalen
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ci gaba da jadawalin aikin da kuma rage farashin manyan kalubale guda biyu ne da DOE da FutureGen Alliance suka yi. Aikin ya kasance a kan jadawalin tare da sanarwar shafin mai karɓar bakuncin kafin ƙarshen 2007; duk da haka, sha'awar DOE don sake fasalin tsarin kudi na aikin ya kawo aikin zuwa dakatarwar.
A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007, Mataimakin Mataimakin Sakataren DOE na Fossil Energy James Slutz ya bayyana cewa tsadar da aka tsara don aikin "yana buƙatar sake nazarin ƙirar FutureGen". Kuma "Wannan zai buƙaci sake fasalin FutureGen don kara rawar da ake takawa na kirkire-kirkire masu zaman kansu, don sauƙa haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu mafi ƙima, da kuma hana ci gaba da ƙimar farashi".
FutureGen Alliance ta rubuta wasika ga Mataimakin Sakataren Ma'aikatar Makamashi C.H. "Bud" Albright Jr. yana mai bayyana cewa hauhawar farashi gaba ɗaya da hauhawar farashin albarkatun kasa da ayyukan injiniya suna motsa farashi a kan ayyukan makamashi a duniya. A cewar James L. Connaughton, shugaban Majalisar Fadar White House kan Ingancin Muhalli, kasuwar ƙarfe, kankare da kayan aikin wutar lantarki "kawai sun ratsa rufin a duniya", kuma yawancin dalilin shine gina daruruwan sabbin shuke-shuke na kwal.
A ranar 11 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2008, FutureGen Alliance ta aika da wasika ga DOE da ke ba da gudummawa don rage rabon gwamnati na farashin aikin. Shirye-shiryen farko sun bukaci DOE ta biya bisa ga kashi na jimlar farashin, kuma rabon su ya tashi daga kimanin dala miliyan 620 zuwa kusan dala biliyan 1.33. Wasikar ta nuna cewa rabon DOE yanzu zai zama dala miliyan 800.
Gudanar da haɗari wani muhimmin bangare ne na farashin aiwatar da gwajin FutureGen na farko. FutureGen ya haɗa da matsaloli masu rikitarwa da ba a taɓa warware su ba. Har ila yau, haɗarin ya haɗa da haɗarin kiwon lafiya, idan tsarin fasahar da ba a gwada ba ya aiki daidai.
Cance kudade
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ranar 29 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2008, Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta janye kudaden ta don aikin, galibi saboda farashin da ya fi na tsammanin. Wataƙila matakin zai jinkirta aikin yayin da wasu mambobi ke neman ƙarin kudade da DOE zai samar. Damuwa ta kwatsam game da farashi bayan an zaɓi shafin Illinois a kan waɗanda ke Texas sun tayar da tambayoyi game da dalilan sokewa. Jami'an gida da na jihohi a Illinois, gami da Gwamna Rod Blagojevich na lokacin, sun nuna takaici game da matakin, musamman a cikin hasken kudi da albarkatun da jihar ta kashe don jawo hankalin aikin. Sanata na Democrat Dick Durbin na Illinois ya zargi Sakataren Makamashi Samuel Bodman da "mummunan yaudara" na Illinoisans ta hanyar "halicci bege na ƙarya a cikin aikin FutureGen wanda ba shi da niyyar tallafawa ko tallafawa". Durbin ya yi iƙirarin cewa "lokacin da aka zaɓi birnin Mattoon, Illinois, a kan wuraren da za su iya zama a Texas, Sakataren makamashi ya shirya don kashe FutureGen. Mattoon magajin garin David Cline ya ce "wani zai iya tambayar dalilin Ma'aikatar Makamashi wanda ke shirye don ci gaba da aikin har sai an zaɓi wani shafin ba".[15]
A watan Maris na shekara ta 2009, masu binciken majalisa sun yanke shawarar cewa DOE ya yi kuskuren lissafin ɓangaren gwamnati na farashin aikin, ya wuce adadin da rabin dala biliyan. A sakamakon haka, gwamnatin Bush ta nuna cewa aikin ya kusan ninka farashin lokacin da, a zahiri, ya karu da kashi 39%
Sakatare Bodman ya bayyana cewa tare da sake fasalin aikin FutureGen, DOE yana shirin "don samar da sabbin tashoshin wutar lantarki masu tsabta da yawa tare da fasahar CCS mai ci gaba, maimakon tashar nunawa guda ɗaya. Wannan zai samar da karin wutar lantarki daga tsire-tsire masu tsabta da sauri, yana rufe akalla sau biyu fiye da CO2 kuma yana samar da amfani da sauri da kasuwanci".
Shirin da aka sake fasalin FutureGen 2.0
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shirye-shiryen ci gaba da FutureGen
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Duk da soke kudade daga DOE, FutureGen Alliance ya ci gaba da ci gaba tare da aikin, yana buɗe ofis a Mattoon kuma yana shirin siyan ƙasar don shuka a watan Agusta 2008, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyar gida.
A lokacin yakin neman zaben shugaban Amurka na shekara ta 2008, Sanata Barack Obama ya yi alkawarin goyon bayansa ga Fasahar kwal mai tsabta, tare da shirye-shiryen bunkasa masana'antun kwal guda biyar da ke da fasahar CCS.[16]
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2008, Fred Palmer, babban mataimakin shugaban Peabody Energy ya ba da ra'ayinsa game da FutureGen tare da Ƙungiyar Amurka don Tsabtace Wutar Lantarki (ACCCE), yana mai cewa FutureGen Alliance za ta "yi ƙoƙari a cikin gwamnatin Obama don sake dawo da aikin kuma a gina shi kamar yadda aka tsara shi da farko".[17]
A ranar 12 ga Yuni, 2009, DOE ta ba da sanarwar sake fara aikin ƙira don aikin FutureGen. "Bayan kammala cikakken ƙididdigar farashi da ayyukan tara kuɗi," sanarwar manema labarai ta ce, "Ma'aikatar Makamashi da FutureGen Alliance za su yanke shawara ko dai don ci gaba ko dakatar da aikin a farkon shekara ta 2010. "
Shirin da aka sake dubawa: FutureGen 2.0
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, 2010, DOE ta ba da sanarwar sake fasalin aikin FutureGen, wanda ake kira FutureGen 2.0. Shirin da aka sake sabuntawa ya haɗa da gyaran tashar wutar lantarki mai amfani da kwal a Meredosia, Illinois don nuna fasahar konewar oxy, da kuma bututun carbon dioxide mil 175 zuwa Mattoon don ajiyar ƙasa. Saboda wadannan canje-canje, shugabannin a Mattoon sun yanke shawarar ficewa daga aikin FutureGen.
Shafukan Illinois da ke gwagwarmaya don ɓangaren ajiyar ƙasa na aikin sun kasance a cikin yankunan Kirista, Douglas, Fayette, da Morgan, bayan an yanke shafuka a cikin yankuna na Adams da Pike a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, an zabi yankin Morgan County don wurin da aka tsare shi.
A watan Satumba, 2014 FutureGen ta sami izinin EPA na farko don rijiyoyin carbon dioxide na aji na VI a cikin Morgan County, tare da shirye-shiryen adana tan miliyan 1.1 a kowace shekara na shekaru 20. [18] Har ila yau, a cikin 2014 FutureGen ya tsira daga karar da aka shigar daga kamfanin lantarki na Illinois ComEd, wanda ya kalubalanci ikon jihar na sanya karin caji ga duk abokan ciniki don biyan wutar lantarki na FutureGen.
A cewar masu sukar, gami da Cibiyar Manufofin Illinois, shirin ya gabatar da manyan matsalolin muhalli da na kasafin kudi.[19]
FutureGen 2.0 tallafin sokewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta ba da umarnin dakatar da FutureGen 2.0 a watan Fabrairun 2015. Kudaden, wanda Dokar Amincewa da sake saka hannun jari ta Amurka ta 2009, ana buƙatar a yi su a ranar 1 ga Yuli kuma a kashe su a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2015. Gwamnati ta kuma ambaci rashin iyawar Alliance don tara adadin kudade masu zaman kansu. Sakataren Makamashi Ernest Moniz ya bayyana a wani taron manema labarai "Idan ka kalli tsakanin yanzu da Yuli 1, ba tare da sun rufe kudaden su ba, kuma su yi ƙoƙari kamar yadda za mu iya, ba mu ga yadda ya wuce layin ƙarshe ba. " A lokacin dakatarwa wani ɓangare na tashar wutar lantarki na aikin ya kashe dala miliyan 116.5 kuma ɓangaren tsare-tsare ya kashe dala dala miliyan 86.
Mambobin Alliance
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]FutureGen Industrial Alliance ƙungiya ce ta masu samar da wutar lantarki 10 da kayan aikin lantarki daga ko'ina cikin duniya.[20]
| Kamfanin | Hedikwatar |
|---|---|
| Anglo American | Landan, Ingila |
| BHP Billiton Energy Coal | Melbourne, Ostiraliya |
| Ƙungiyar Huaneng ta China | Beijing, kasar Sin |
| Ta'aziyya Makamashi | Pittsburgh, Amurka |
| E.ON | Louisville, Amurka |
| Gidauniyar Coal | Linthicum Heights, Amurka |
| Peabody Energy | St Louis, Amurka |
| Rio Tinto | Gillette, Amurka |
| Xstrata | Sydney, Ostiraliya |
Tsoffin mambobin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kamfanoni huɗu da farko wani ɓangare na FutureGen Industrial Alliance tun daga lokacin sun fice daga aikin.
| Kamfanin | Hedikwatar |
|---|---|
| Ikon Lantarki na Amurka | Columbus, Amurka |
| Mai Haskakawa | Dallas, Amurka |
| Kungiyar Kula da Makamashi ta PPL[21] | Allentown, Amurka |
| Kamfanin Kudancin[22] | Atlanta, Amurka |
Bayanan da aka ambata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 Talbot, David (15 September 2014). "Construction Begins at a Carbon-Capture Plant, but Will It Ever Be Completed?". MIT Technology Review.
- ↑ "FutureGen Fact Sheet: Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Project". MIT Carbon Capture and Sequestration Technologies Program. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
- ↑ "FAQs". FutureGen Alliance. Archived from the original on 2 November 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
- ↑ McDaniel-Ogletree, Samantha (26 July 2021). "Piece by piece, landmark Meredosia smokestacks fading". Jacksonville Journal-Courier. Archived from the original on 27 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "CRSHistory". - ↑ "How Much Does Viasat Internet Cost?". www.rsinc.com. Archived from the original on February 2, 2008.
- ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-16. Retrieved 2008-02-02.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- 1 2 "Carbon Capture and Sequestration Technologies @ MIT".
- ↑ "How Much Does Viasat Internet Cost?". www.rsinc.com. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008.
- ↑ "Illinois General Assembly - Full Text of Public Act 095-0018". www.ilga.gov.
- ↑ "FutureGen - Technology". Archived from the original on 2008-01-01. Retrieved 2008-01-04. FutureGen Technology Overview
- ↑ "FutureGen - Coal Gasification". Archived from the original on 2008-01-13. Retrieved 2008-01-21. Coal Gassification
- ↑ "FutureGen - Carbon Sequestration". Archived from the original on 2008-01-12. Retrieved 2008-01-21. Carbon Sequestration
- ↑ “Carbon Dioxide Capture and Geologic Storage: A Core Element of A Global Energy Technology Strategy To Address Climate Change, p. 26. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-16. Retrieved 2008-02-02.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "ChT". - ↑ Barack Obama and Joe Biden: New Energy for America "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-17. Retrieved 2008-11-05.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) BarackObama.com. Retrieved November 25, 2008.
- ↑ Lucas, Joe (2008-11-21). "No matter what you've heard, FutureGen is alive". Behind the Plug (blog). AmericasPower.org. Archived from the original on 16 September 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
- ↑ "FutureGen Alliance 2.0 Permit Application". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on June 13, 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
- ↑ Rasmussen, Kristina (2012-04-26). "Budget Hawk, meet Tree Hugger". Illinois Policy Institute - Blog. Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
- ↑ "How Much Does Viasat Internet Cost?". www.rsinc.com. Archived from the original on December 23, 2007.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "pethok". - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "mercer".
