Dara (Chess)

dara
	Wasan Allo, type of sport (en) , two-player game (en) , game-based sport (en) , hobby (en) , abstract strategy game (en) da table sports (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	sequential game (en) , mind sport (en) da individual sport (en)
Farawa	7 century
Suna saboda	Shah
Nau'in	mind game (en) da abstract strategy game (en)
Ƙasa da aka fara	Gupta Empire (en)
Gagarumin taron	Deep Blue versus Kasparov, 1997, Game 6 (en)
Inspired by (en)	shatranj (en)
Regulated by (en)	FIDE (en)
Hashtag (mul)	chess
Tarihin maudu'i	history of chess (en)
Gudanarwan	chess player (en) , chess coach (en) da chess arbiter (en)
Uses (en)	chessboard (en) , chess piece (en) da chess clock (en)
Stack Exchange site URL (en)	https://chess.stackexchange.com
Earliest date (en)	1470s

Chess wasa ne na allo a tsakanin ' yan wasa biyu. Wani lokaci ana kiransa chess na duniya ko kuma dara na yammacin duniya don bambanta shi da wasanni masu alaƙa, kamar xiangqi (Ches na China) da shogi (Ches na Japan). Tsarin wasan na yanzu ya bayyana a Spain da sauran Kudancin Turai a lokacin rabin na biyu na karni na 15 bayan da ya samo asali daga chaturanga, wasa mai kama da asalin Indiyawa. A yau, chess na ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun wasanni a duniya, wanda miliyoyin mutane ke bugawa a duniya.^[1]

Chess wasa ne na dabarun dabara kuma bai ƙunshi bayanan ɓoye ba. Ana buga shi a kan allo mai murabba'i 64 da aka tsara a cikin grid takwas da takwas. A farkon, kowane mai kunnawa yana sarrafa guda goma sha shida: sarki ɗaya, sarauniya ɗaya, rooks biyu, bishops biyu, knights biyu, da 'yan baranda takwas. Mai kunnawa da ke sarrafa farar guda ya fara motsawa, sannan mai kunnawa yana sarrafa baƙake. Manufar wasan ita ce bincikar sarkin abokan hamayya, inda aka kai wa sarki hari nan take (a cikin "check") kuma babu yadda za a yi ta kubuta. Hakanan akwai hanyoyi da yawa da wasa zai iya ƙarewa a cikin zane.

Ches ɗin da aka tsara ya tashi a ƙarni na 19. FIDE (International Chess Federation) ce ke jagorantar gasar chess a yau. Zakaran Chess na Duniya na farko da aka sani a duniya, Wilhelm Steinitz, ya yi ikirarin takensa a 1886; Magnus Carlsen shine Gwarzon Duniya na yanzu. Babbar ka'idar dara ta haɓaka tun farkon wasan. Ana samun ɓangarorin fasaha a cikin ƙirar chess, kuma Ches a nasa bangaren ya shafi al'adu da fasaha na Yamma, kuma yana da alaƙa da wasu fannoni kamar lissafi, kimiyyar kwamfuta, da ilimin halin ɗan adam.

Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin masana kimiyyar kwamfuta na farko shine ƙirƙirar na'urar wasan dara. A cikin shekarar 1997, Deep Blue ta zama kwamfuta ta farko da ta doke Gwarzon Duniya mai mulki a wasa lokacin da ta doke Garry Kasparov. Injin chess na yau sun fi ƙwararrun ƴan wasan ɗan adam ƙarfi kuma sun yi tasiri sosai ga haɓakar ka'idar dara.

Dokoki

FIDE (Fédération Internationale des Échecs), hukumar gudanarwar chess ce ta buga dokokin dara, a cikin littafin Handbook.^[2] Dokokin da hukumomin gwamnatocin ƙasa suka buga, ko ta ƙungiyoyin darasi maras alaƙa, masu buga tallace-tallace, da sauransu, na iya bambanta a wasu cikakkun bayanai. Kwanan nan an sake sabunta dokokin FIDE a cikin shekarar 2018.

Chess ta mail

Bambance-bambancen dara ne wanda abokan hamayya ke musayar motsi ta imel. Ana auna lokacin ansawa a cikin kwanaki kuma wasan na iya daukar watanni ko shekaru kafin a gama.

Kungiyar Chess ta duniya ta mail (ICCF) wadala aka kafa a 1951, ita ce ke da alhakin shirya wasannin Olympics da na duniya ta hanyar wasiku.

Zakarun gasar chess ta duniya ta mail

#	Daga...zuwa	Zakaran	Kasar zama
1	1950-1953	Cecil Purdy	Asturaliya	^[3]
2	1956-1959	Viacheslav Ragozin	RUS	^[4]
3	1959-1962	Alberic O'Kelly	Beljik	^[5]
4	1962-1965	Vladimir Zagorovsky	RUS	^[6]
5	1965-1968	Hans Berliner	USA	^[7]
6	1968-1971	Horst Berliner	Jamus	^[8]
7	1972-1976	Jacob Estrin	RUS	^[9]
8	1975-1980	Jorn Sloth	Daular Denmark	^[10]
9	1977-1983	Tonu Oim	Istoniya	^[11]
10	1978-1984	Vytas Palciuaskas	USA	^[12]
11	1983-1989	Fritz Baumbach	Jamus	^[13]
12	1984-1991	Grigory Sanakoev	RUS	^[14]
13	1989-1998	Mikhail Umansky	RUS	^[15]
14	1994-2000	Tonu Oim	Istoniya	^[16]
15	1996-2002	Gert Timmerman	NED	^[17]
16	1999-2004	Tunc Hamarat	Austriya	^[18]
17	2002-2007	Ivar Bern	Norway	^[19]
18	2003-2005	Joop van Oosterom	NED	^[20]
19	2004-2007	Christophe Leotard	Faransa	^[21]
20	2004-2011	Pertti Lehinoinen	FIN	^[22]
21	2005-2008	Joop van Oosterom	NED	^[23]
22	2007-2010	Aleksandr Dronov	RUS	^[24]
23	2007-2010	Ulrich Stephan	Jamus	^[25]
24	2009-2011	Marjan Semri	Sloveniya	^[26]
25	2009-2013	Fabio Finocchiaro	ITA	^[27]
26	2010-2014	Ron Langeveld	NED	^[28]
27	2011-2014	Aleksandr Dronov	RUS	^[29]
28	2013-2016	Leonardo Ljubicic	Kroatiya	^[30]
29	2015-2018	Aleksandr Dronov	RUS	^[31]
30	2017-2019	Andrey Kochemasov	RUS	^[32]
31	2019-2022	Fabian Stanach Christian Muck Ron Langeveld	Poland Austriya NED	^[33]
32	2020-2022	Jon Edwards	USA	^[34]

Olympiad chess ta mail

Gasar Olympiad gasa ce da kowace kasa da ke da alaka da ICCF ke da hakkin gabatar da tawagar da za ta wakilce ta. Dole ne ya kasance da 'yan wasa 6 masu farawa da kuma 2 masu maye gurbin.

Jamus ce kasa mafi nasara a cikinsu, inda ta lashe lambar zinare sau 8. Sai Tarayyar Soviet 6 da Czechoslovakia 3 (dukkansu sun ruguje).

Ana gudanar da gasar ne a matakai biyu da za a fara lokaci guda: na karshe na Olympiad daya na kusa da karshe na gaba.

#	Daga...zuwa	Lambar zinare	Lambar azurfa	Lambar tagulla
01	1949-1952	Hungariya	Czechoslovakia	{{country data SWE}}
02	1952-1955	Czechoslovakia	{{country data SWE}}	Jamus
03	1958-1961	Kungiyar Soviet	Hungariya	Yugoslavia
04	1962-1964	Kungiyar Soviet	Demokradiyyar Jamus	{{country data SWE}}
05	1965-1968	Czechoslovakia	Kungiyar Soviet	Tarayya Jamus
06	1968-1972	Kungiyar Soviet	Czechoslovakia	Demokradiyyar Jamus
07	1972-1976	Kungiyar Soviet	Bulgairiya	Birtaniya
08	1977-1982	Kungiyar Soviet	Hungariya	Birtaniya
09	1982-1987	Birtaniya	Tarayya Jamus	Kungiyar Soviet
10	1987-1995	Kungiyar Soviet	Birtaniya	Demokradiyyar Jamus
11	1992-1999	Czechoslovaquia Jamus		Kanada Scotland
12	1998-2004	Jamus	Lithuania	Laitfiya
13	2004-2009	Jamus	CZE	Poland
14	2002-2006	Jamus	Lithuania	USA
15	2006-2009	Norway	Jamus	NED
16	2010-2016	CZE	Jamus	Faransa
17	2009-2012	Jamus	ESP	ITA
18	2012-2016	Jamus	Sloveniya	ESP
19	2016-2021	Bulgairiya	Jamus	CZE Poland
20	2016-2019	Jamus	RUS	ESP
21	2020-2023	Jamus	Luksamburg	USA

Manazarta

↑ United States Chess Federation. (2003). U.S. Chess Federation's official rules of chess. Just, Tim., Burg, Daniel B. (5th ed.). New York. ISBN 0-8129-3559-4. OCLC 52859422.
↑ "Fide Laws of Chess taking effect from 1 January 2023". FIDE. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
↑ 1.Zakaran
↑ 2.Zakaran
↑ 3.Zakaran
↑ 4.Zakaran
↑ 5.Zakaran
↑ 6.Zakaran
↑ 7.Zakaran
↑ 8.Zakaran
↑ 9.Zakaran
↑ 10.Zakaran
↑ 11.Zakaran
↑ 12.Zakaran
↑ 13.Zakaran
↑ 14.Zakaran
↑ 15.Zakaran
↑ 16.Zakaran
↑ 17.Zakaran
↑ 18.Zakaran
↑ 19.Zakaran
↑ 20.Zakaran
↑ 21.Zakaran
↑ 22.Zakaran
↑ 23.Zakaran
↑ 24.Zakaran
↑ 25.Zakaran
↑ 26.Zakaran
↑ 27.Zakaran
↑ 28.Zakaran
↑ 29.Zakaran
↑ 30.Zakaran
↑ 31.Zakaran
↑ 32.Zakaran

[1] United States Chess Federation. (2003). U.S. Chess Federation's official rules of chess. Just, Tim., Burg, Daniel B. (5th ed.). New York. ISBN 0-8129-3559-4. OCLC 52859422.

[2] "Fide Laws of Chess taking effect from 1 January 2023". FIDE. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.

[3] 1.Zakaran

[4] 2.Zakaran

[5] 3.Zakaran

[6] 4.Zakaran

[7] 5.Zakaran

[8] 6.Zakaran

[9] 7.Zakaran

[10] 8.Zakaran

[11] 9.Zakaran

[12] 10.Zakaran

[13] 11.Zakaran

[14] 12.Zakaran

[15] 13.Zakaran

[16] 14.Zakaran

[17] 15.Zakaran

[18] 16.Zakaran

[19] 17.Zakaran

[20] 18.Zakaran

[21] 19.Zakaran

[22] 20.Zakaran

[23] 21.Zakaran

[24] 22.Zakaran

[25] 23.Zakaran

[26] 24.Zakaran

[27] 25.Zakaran

[28] 26.Zakaran

[29] 27.Zakaran

[30] 28.Zakaran

[31] 29.Zakaran

[32] 30.Zakaran

[33] 31.Zakaran

[34] 32.Zakaran

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dara
Wasan Allo, type of sport ^(en) , two-player game ^(en) , game-based sport ^(en) , hobby ^(en) , abstract strategy game ^(en) da table sports ^(en)

Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	sequential game ^(en) , mind sport ^(en) da individual sport ^(en)
Farawa	7 century
Suna saboda	Shah
Nau'in	mind game ^(en) da abstract strategy game ^(en)
Ƙasa da aka fara	Gupta Empire ^(en)
Gagarumin taron	Deep Blue versus Kasparov, 1997, Game 6 ^(en)
Inspired by ^(en)	shatranj ^(en)
Regulated by ^(en)	FIDE ^(en)
Hashtag ^(mul)	chess
Tarihin maudu'i	history of chess ^(en)
Gudanarwan	chess player ^(en) , chess coach ^(en) da chess arbiter ^(en)
Uses ^(en)	chessboard ^(en) , chess piece ^(en) da chess clock ^(en)
Stack Exchange site URL ^(en)	https://chess.stackexchange.com
Earliest date ^(en)	1470s