Cuta

cuta
class of disease (en) da variable-order class (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	health problem (en) , biological process (en) da manner of death (en)
Has cause (en)	disease causative agent (en)
Yana haddasa	Mutuwa da discomfort (en)
Karatun ta	Ilimin Cututtuka da Ilimin zamantakewa na kiwon lafiya da rashin lafiya
Handled, mitigated, or managed by (en)	disease prevention (en) , early detection of disease (en) , medical treatment (en) da disease management (en)
ICD-9-CM (en)	799.9
ICPC 2 ID (en)	A99
Hannun riga da	Lafiya da physical health (en)

 

"Yarinyar da Ba ta da Lafiya", na Michael Ancher, 1882, Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Denmark

Cuta wata cuta ce ta musamman da ba ta dace ba wadda ke shafar tsarin ko aikin dukkan wani abu ko wani ɓangare na wani abu kuma ba wai nan take take faruwa ba saboda wani rauni na waje. Sau da yawa cututtuka ana san su da yanayin lafiya wanda ke da alaƙa da takamaiman alamu da alamu . Cutar na iya faruwa ne ta hanyar abubuwan waje kamar ƙwayoyin cuta ko kuma ta hanyar rashin aikin ciki. Misali, rashin aikin garkuwar jiki na ciki na iya haifar da cututtuka daban-daban, gami da nau'ikan raunin garkuwar jiki daban-daban, rashin lafiyar jiki, rashin lafiyar jiki, da kuma cututtukan da ke shafar garkuwar jiki .

A cikin mutane, ana amfani da cuta sosai don nufin kowace irin cuta da ke haifar ko kuma za ta iya haifar da ciwo, rashin aiki, damuwa, matsalolin zamantakewa, ko mutuwa ga wanda abin ya shafa, ko kuma irin waɗannan matsaloli ga waɗanda suka yi mu'amala da mutumin. A wannan ma'anar, wani lokacin yana haɗa da raunuka, nakasa, cututtuka, cututtuka, cututtuka, alamomin da ba a saba gani ba, halaye marasa kyau, da bambance-bambancen tsari da aiki marasa tsari, yayin da a wasu yanayi da kuma don wasu dalilai ana iya ɗaukar waɗannan a matsayin rukuni daban-daban. Cututtuka na iya shafar mutane ba kawai a zahiri ba har ma a hankali, kamar yadda kamuwa da cuta da rayuwa da ita na iya canza ra'ayin mutumin da abin ya shafa game da rayuwa.

Mutuwa sakamakon cuta ana kiranta mutuwa ta hanyar dalilai na halitta . Akwai manyan nau'ikan cututtuka guda huɗu: cututtuka masu yaduwa, cututtukan ƙarancin abinci, cututtukan gado, da cututtukan jiki. Haka kuma ana iya rarraba cututtuka ta wasu hanyoyi, kamar cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa da waɗanda ba sa yaɗuwa . Cututtuka mafi muni a cikin mutane sune cututtukan zuciya na ischemic (ciwon jini), sai kuma bugun jini da COPD (cutar huhu). A cikin ƙasashe masu ci gaba, cututtukan da ke haifar da mafi yawan cututtuka gabaɗaya sune cututtukan kwakwalwa, kamar baƙin ciki da damuwa .

Ilimin cututtuka, nazarin cututtuka, ya haɗa da <i id="mwUw">tushen cututtuka</i>, ko nazarin dalili, misali, mutum zai iya duba ciwo na ƙarancin garkuwar jiki (AIDS) ko kuma abubuwan da ke haifar da su: ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙarancin garkuwar jiki (HIVs).

Kalmomi

Ra'ayoyi

A lokuta da yawa, ana amfani da kalmomi kamar cuta, rashin lafiya, rashin lafiya, rashin lafiya da rashin lafiya a madadin haka; duk da haka, akwai yanayi inda ake ganin takamaiman kalmomi sun fi dacewa.

Disease

The term disease broadly refers to any condition that impairs the normal functioning of the body. For this reason, diseases are associated with the dysfunction of the body's normal homeostatic processes. Commonly, the term is used to refer specifically to infectious diseases, which are clinically evident diseases that result from the presence of pathogenic microbial agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multicellular organisms, and aberrant proteins known as prions. An infection or colonization that does not and will not produce clinically evident impairment of normal functioning, such as the presence of the normal bacteria and yeasts in the gut, or of a passenger virus, is not considered a disease. By contrast, an infection that is asymptomatic during its incubation period, but expected to produce symptoms later, is usually considered a disease. Non-infectious diseases are all other diseases, including most forms of cancer, heart disease, and genetic disease.

Acquired disease

An acquired disease is one that began at some point during one's lifetime, as opposed to disease that was already present at birth, which is congenital disease. Acquired sounds like it could mean "caught via contagion", but it simply means acquired sometime after birth. It also sounds like it could imply secondary disease, but acquired disease can be primary disease.

Acute disease

An acute disease is one of a short-term nature (acute); the term sometimes also connotes a fulminant nature

Chronic condition or chronic disease

A chronic disease is one that persists over time, often for at least six months, but may also include illnesses that are expected to last for the entirety of one's natural life.

Congenital disorder or congenital disease

A congenital disorder is one that is present at birth. It is often a genetic disease or disorder and can be inherited. It can also be the result of a vertically transmitted infection from the mother, such as HIV/AIDS.

Genetic disease

A genetic disorder or disease is caused by one or more genetic mutations. It is often inherited, but some mutations are random and de novo.

Hereditary or inherited disease

A hereditary disease is a type of genetic disease caused by genetic mutations that are hereditary (and can run in families)

Iatrogenic disease

An iatrogenic disease or condition is one that is caused by medical intervention, whether as a side effect of a treatment or as an inadvertent outcome.

Idiopathic disease

An idiopathic disease has an unknown cause or source. As medical science has advanced, many diseases with entirely unknown causes have had some aspects of their sources explained and therefore shed their idiopathic status. For example, when germs were discovered, it became known that they were a cause of infection, but particular germs and diseases had not been linked. In another example, it is known that autoimmunity is the cause of some forms of diabetes mellitus type 1, even though the particular molecular pathways by which it works are not yet understood. It is also common to know certain factors are associated with certain diseases; however, association does not necessarily imply causality. For example, a third factor might be causing both the disease, and the associated phenomenon.

Incurable disease

A disease that cannot be cured. Incurable diseases are not necessarily terminal diseases, and sometimes a disease's symptoms can be treated sufficiently for the disease to have little or no impact on quality of life.

Primary disease

A primary disease is a disease that is due to a root cause of illness, as opposed to secondary disease, which is a sequela, or complication that is caused by the primary disease. For example, a common cold is a primary disease, where rhinitis is a possible secondary disease, or sequela. A doctor must determine what primary disease, a cold or bacterial infection, is causing a patient's secondary rhinitis when deciding whether or not to prescribe antibiotics.

Secondary disease

A secondary disease is a disease that is a sequela or complication of a prior, causal disease, which is referred to as the primary disease or simply the underlying cause (root cause). For example, a bacterial infection can be primary, wherein a healthy person is exposed to bacteria and becomes infected, or it can be secondary to a primary cause, that predisposes the body to infection. For example, a primary viral infection that weakens the immune system could lead to a secondary bacterial infection. Similarly, a primary burn that creates an open wound could provide an entry point for bacteria, and lead to a secondary bacterial infection.

Terminal disease

A terminal disease is one that is expected to have the inevitable result of death. Previously, AIDS was a terminal disease; it is now incurable, but can be managed indefinitely using medications.

Illness

The terms illness and sickness are both generally used as synonyms for disease; however, the term illness is occasionally used to refer specifically to the patient's personal, subjective experience of their disease. In this model, it is possible for a person to have a disease without being ill (to have an objectively definable, but asymptomatic, medical condition, such as a subclinical infection, or to have a clinically apparent physical impairment but not feel sick or distressed by it), and to be ill without being diseased (such as when an objectively healthy person perceives a normal experience as a medical condition, or medicalizes a non-disease situation in their life – for example, a person who feels unwell as a result of embarrassment, and who interprets those feelings as sickness rather than normal emotions). Symptoms of illness are often not directly the result of infection, but a collection of evolved responses – sickness behavior by the body – that helps clear infection and promote recovery. Such aspects of illness can include lethargy, depression, loss of appetite, sleepiness, hyperalgesia, and inability to concentrate.

Disorder

A disorder is a functional abnormality or disturbance that may or may not show specific signs and symptoms. Medical disorders can be categorized into mental disorders, physical disorders, genetic disorders, emotional and behavioral disorders, and functional disorders. The term disorder is often considered more value-neutral and less stigmatizing than the terms disease or illness, and therefore is preferred terminology in some circumstances. In mental health, the term mental disorder is used as a way of acknowledging the complex interaction of biological, social, and psychological factors in psychiatric conditions; however, the term disorder is also used in many other areas of medicine, primarily to identify physical disorders that are not caused by infectious organisms, such as metabolic disorders.

Medical condition or health condition

A medical condition or health condition is a broad concept that includes all diseases, lesions, disorders, or nonpathologic condition that normally receives medical treatment, such as pregnancy or childbirth. While the term medical condition generally includes mental illnesses, in some contexts the term is used specifically to denote any illness, injury, or disease except for mental illnesses. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the widely used psychiatric manual that defines all mental disorders, uses the term general medical condition to refer to all diseases, illnesses, and injuries except for mental disorders. This usage is also commonly seen in the psychiatric literature. Some health insurance policies also define a medical condition as any illness, injury, or disease except for psychiatric illnesses.

As it is more value-neutral than terms like disease, the term medical condition is sometimes preferred by people with health issues that they do not consider deleterious. However, by emphasizing the medical nature of the condition, this term is sometimes rejected, such as by proponents of the autism rights movement.

The term medical condition is also a synonym for medical state, in which case it describes an individual patient's current state from a medical standpoint. This usage appears in statements that describe a patient as being in critical condition, for example.

Morbidity

Morbidity (from Latin morbidus 'sick, unhealthy') is a diseased state, disability, or poor health due to any cause. The term may refer to the existence of any form of disease, or to the degree that the health condition affects the patient. Among severely ill patients, the level of morbidity is often measured by ICU scoring systems. Comorbidity, or co-existing disease, is the simultaneous presence of two or more medical conditions, such as schizophrenia and substance abuse.

In epidemiology and actuarial science, the term morbidity (also morbidity rate or morbidity frequency) can refer to either the incidence rate, the prevalence of a disease or medical condition, or the percentage of people who experience a given condition within a given timeframe (e.g., 20% of people will get influenza in a year). This measure of sickness is contrasted with the mortality rate of a condition, which is the proportion of people dying during a given time interval. Morbidity rates are used in actuarial professions, such as health insurance, life insurance, and long-term care insurance, to determine the premiums charged to customers. Morbidity rates help insurers predict the likelihood that an insured will contract or develop any number of specified diseases.

Pathosis or pathology

Pathosis (plural pathoses) is synonymous with disease. The word pathology also has this sense, in which it is commonly used by physicians in the medical literature, although some editors prefer to reserve pathology to its other senses. Sometimes a slight connotative shade causes preference for pathology or pathosis implying "some [as yet poorly analyzed] pathophysiologic process" rather than disease implying "a specific disease entity as defined by diagnostic criteria being already met". This is hard to quantify denotatively, but it explains why cognitive synonymy is not invariable.

Syndrome

A syndrome is the association of several signs and symptoms, or other characteristics that often occur together, regardless of whether the cause is known. Some syndromes such as Down syndrome are known to have only one cause (an extra chromosome at birth). Others such as Parkinsonian syndrome are known to have multiple possible causes. Acute coronary syndrome, for example, is not a single disease itself but is rather the manifestation of any of several diseases including myocardial infarction secondary to coronary artery disease. In yet other syndromes, however, the cause is unknown. A familiar syndrome name often remains in use even after an underlying cause has been found or when there are a number of different possible primary causes. Examples of the first-mentioned type are that Turner syndrome and DiGeorge syndrome are still often called by the "syndrome" name despite that they can also be viewed as disease entities and not solely as sets of signs and symptoms.

Predisease

Predisease is a subclinical or prodromal vanguard of a disease. Prediabetes and prehypertension are common examples. The nosology or epistemology of predisease is contentious, though, because there is seldom a bright line differentiating a legitimate concern for subclinical or premonitory status and the conflict of interest–driven over-medicalization (e.g., by pharmaceutical manufacturers) or de-medicalization (e.g., by medical and disability insurers). Identifying legitimate predisease can result in useful preventive measures, such as motivating the person to get a healthy amount of physical exercise, but labeling a healthy person with an unfounded notion of predisease can result in overtreatment, such as taking drugs that only help people with severe disease or paying for treatments with a poor benefit–cost ratio.

One review proposed three criteria for predisease:

• a high risk for progression to disease making one "far more likely to develop" it than others are- for example, a pre-cancer will almost certainly turn into cancer over time
• actionability for risk reduction – for example, removal of the precancerous tissue prevents it from turning into a potentially deadly cancer
• benefit that outweighs the harm of any interventions taken – removing the precancerous tissue prevents cancer, and thus prevents a potential death from cancer.

Nau'i ta tsarin jiki

Hankali

Ciwon kwakwalwa wata babbar alama ce ta cututtuka da za su iya haɗawa da rashin kwanciyar hankali na motsin rai ko na motsin rai, rashin daidaituwar ɗabi'a, rashin aiki da hankali ko rauni. Takamaiman cututtuka da aka sani da cututtukan kwakwalwa sun haɗa da babban baƙin ciki, rikice-rikicen damuwa na gabaɗaya, da schizophrenia, da kaɗan. Ciwon kwakwalwa na iya zama na halitta (misali, yanayin jiki, sinadarai, ko kwayoyin halitta) ko kuma na tunani (misali, rauni ko rikici). Yana iya lalata ikon mutumin da abin ya shafa na yin aiki ko karatu kuma yana iya cutar da dangantakar da ke tsakanin mutane.

Halitta

Cutar halitta cuta ce da ke faruwa sakamakon canjin jiki ko na jiki ga wani nama ko gabar jiki. Kalmar wani lokacin ba ta ɗauke da cututtuka ba. Ana amfani da ita galibi idan aka kwatanta da matsalolin kwakwalwa. Ya haɗa da matsalolin motsin rai da na hali idan sun faru ne saboda canje-canje ga tsarin jiki ko aikin jiki (kamar bayan bugun jini ko raunin kwakwalwa - cutar kwakwalwa ta halitta kalma ce da aka saba amfani da ita ga irin waɗannan shari'o'in) amma ba idan sun faru ne saboda matsalolin zamantakewa ba.

Matakai

A cikin wata cuta mai yaɗuwa, lokacin kamuwa da cuta shine lokacin da ke tsakanin kamuwa da cuta da bayyanar alamun. Lokacin rashin lafiya shine lokacin da ke tsakanin kamuwa da cuta da ikon cutar na yaɗuwa ga wani mutum, wanda zai iya gaba, ya biyo baya, ko kuma ya kasance tare da bayyanar alamun. Wasu ƙwayoyin cuta kuma suna nuna lokacin barci, wanda ake kira latency na ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda kwayar cutar ke ɓoyewa a cikin jiki a cikin yanayin rashin aiki. Misali, ƙwayar cutar varicella zoster tana haifar da cutar pox a cikin matakin gaggawa ; bayan murmurewa daga cutar pox, ƙwayar cutar na iya zama a cikin ƙwayoyin jijiya na tsawon shekaru da yawa, kuma daga baya ta haifar da herpes zoster (shingles).

Cutar mai tsanani

Cutar mai tsanani cuta ce mai ɗan gajeren lokaci, kamar mura .

Cututtuka na yau da kullun

Cutar da ke dawwama ita ce wadda ke ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo, yawanci aƙalla watanni shida. A wannan lokacin, tana iya kasancewa a koyaushe, ko kuma tana iya komawa baya lokaci -lokaci. Cutar da ke dawwama na iya zama mai karko (ba ta ƙara muni ba) ko kuma tana iya ci gaba (tana ƙara muni akan lokaci). Wasu cututtuka na yau da kullun ana iya warkar da su har abada. Yawancin cututtuka na yau da kullun ana iya magance su da amfani, koda kuwa ba za a iya warkar da su har abada ba.

Cutar asibiti

Wanda ke da sakamako na asibiti; a wata ma'anar, matakin cutar da ke haifar da alamun wannan cutar. AIDS shine matakin cutar asibiti na kamuwa da cutar HIV .

Warkewa

Waraka ita ce ƙarshen wata cuta ta rashin lafiya ko magani da ke iya kawo ƙarshenta, yayin da waraka ke nufin ɓacewar alamun, wataƙila na ɗan lokaci. Waraka gaba ɗaya ita ce mafi kyawun sakamako ga cututtuka marasa magani.

Fuskantar da kai

Ƙarar bayyanar cututtuka na iya nufin ko dai sake dawowar alamun ko kuma fara alamun da suka fi tsanani.

Cutar da ke ci gaba

Cutar da ke ci gaba cuta ce da yanayinta na asali shine ta'azzara cutar har sai ta mutu, tawaya mai tsanani, ko gazawar gabobi. Cututtuka masu ci gaba a hankali suma cututtuka ne na yau da kullun ; da yawa kuma cututtuka ne masu lalacewa . Akasin cutar da ke ci gaba ita ce cuta mai karko ko cuta mai tsayawa : yanayin lafiya da ke wanzuwa, amma ba ya yin kyau ko muni.

Cutar da ke hana magani cuta ce da ke hana magani, musamman idan mutum ya kamu da cutar da ba ta buƙatar magani fiye da yadda aka saba.

Cutar da ba ta da magani

Ana kuma kiransa da cutar shiru, matakin shiru, ko cutar da ba ta nuna alamunta ba . Wannan mataki ne na wasu cututtuka kafin a fara lura da alamun.

Matakin Tasha

Idan mutum zai mutu nan ba da jimawa ba daga wata cuta, ko da kuwa wannan cutar ce ke haifar da mutuwa, to matakin da ke tsakanin farkon cutar da kuma lokacin da mutum ke mutuwa shi ne matakin ƙarshe.

Farfadowa

Murmurewa na iya nufin gyara hanyoyin jiki (nama, gabobi da sauransu) da kuma dawo da aiki lafiya bayan an warkar da hanyoyin da ke haifar da lalacewa.

Tsawon

Wannan kurji yana shafar wani ɓangare na jiki ne kawai, don haka cuta ce ta gida.

Cutar da aka gano a yankin

Cutar da ke shafar wani yanki na jiki ita ce wadda ke shafar wani ɓangare na jiki kawai, kamar ƙafar ɗan wasa ko kamuwa da cutar ido .

Cutar da aka yaɗa

Wata cuta da ta yaɗu ta bazu zuwa wasu sassa; tare da ciwon daji, wannan yawanci ana kiransa cutar metastatic .

Cututtukan tsarin jiki

Cutar da ke shafar jiki cuta ce da ke shafar dukkan jiki, kamar mura ko hawan jini .

Rarrabawa

Ana iya rarraba cututtuka ta hanyar dalili, hanyar da cutar ke haifarwa, ko kuma ta hanyar alamunta . A madadin haka, ana iya rarraba cututtuka bisa ga tsarin gabobin da abin ya shafa, kodayake wannan sau da yawa yana da rikitarwa tunda cututtuka da yawa suna shafar fiye da gabobi ɗaya.

Babban matsala a fannin nosology shine cewa sau da yawa ba za a iya fayyace cututtuka a sarari ba, musamman idan ba a san musabbabi ko pathogenesis ba. Don haka kalmomin ganewar asali galibi suna nuna wata alama ko tarin alamu ( ciwon ).

Rarraba cututtukan ɗan adam ta gargajiya ta samo asali ne daga alaƙar lura tsakanin nazarin cututtuka da cututtukan asibiti. A yau ana fifita a rarraba su bisa ga dalilinsu idan an san su.

Rarraba cututtuka da aka fi sani kuma ake amfani da su shine ICD na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya . Wannan ana sabunta shi lokaci-lokaci. A halin yanzu, bugu na ƙarshe shine ICD-11 .

Dalilai

Ana iya haifar da cututtuka ta kowace irin hanya, kuma ana iya kamuwa da su ko kuma a haife su da ita . Ƙananan halittu, kwayoyin halitta, muhalli ko haɗuwa da waɗannan na iya taimakawa wajen haifar da rashin lafiya.

Wasu cututtuka kamar mura ne kawai ke yaɗuwa kuma ana kyautata zaton suna yaɗuwa. Ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da ke haifar da waɗannan cututtuka ana kiransu da ƙwayoyin cuta kuma sun haɗa da nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, da fungi. Ana iya yaɗuwar cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa, misali ta hanyar taɓa hannu da baki da kayan da ke yaɗuwa a saman fata, ta hanyar cizon kwari ko wasu masu ɗauke da cutar, da kuma daga ruwa ko abinci da ya gurɓata (sau da yawa ta hanyar gurɓatar najasa ), da sauransu. Haka kuma, akwai cututtukan da ake yaɗawa ta hanyar jima'i . A wasu lokuta, ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ba sa yaɗuwa cikin sauri daga mutum zuwa mutum suna taka rawa, yayin da wasu cututtuka za a iya hana su ko rage su ta hanyar abinci mai gina jiki ko wasu canje-canjen salon rayuwa.

Wasu cututtuka, kamar yawancin (amma ba duka ba ) nau'ikan ciwon daji, cututtukan zuciya, da cututtukan kwakwalwa, cututtuka ne marasa yaduwa . Yawancin cututtuka marasa yaduwa suna da tushen kwayoyin halitta na wani ɓangare ko gaba ɗaya (duba matsalar kwayoyin halitta ) kuma don haka ana iya yada su daga tsara zuwa tsara.

Abubuwan da ke ƙayyade lafiyar jama'a su ne yanayin zamantakewa da mutane ke rayuwa a ciki waɗanda ke ƙayyade lafiyarsu. Cututtuka gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, siyasa, da muhalli . Ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya da dama kamar Hukumar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Kanada da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya sun amince da abubuwan da ke ƙayyade lafiyar jama'a don yin tasiri sosai ga walwalar jama'a da ta mutum. Majalisar Masu ƙayyade lafiyar jama'a ta Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya kuma ta amince da abubuwan da ke ƙayyade lafiyar jama'a a cikin talauci . Sauyin yanayi na iya ƙara ta'azzara yaduwar wasu cututtuka masu yaɗuwa da kuma nauyinsu.

Idan ba a fahimci musabbabin cuta sosai ba, al'ummomi suna yin tatsuniya game da cutar ko kuma su yi amfani da ita a matsayin misali ko alama ta duk abin da al'adar ta ɗauka a matsayin mummuna. Misali, har sai da aka gano musabbabin ƙwayoyin cuta na tarin fuka a shekarar 1882, ƙwararru sun danganta cutar da gado, salon rayuwa mai natsuwa, yanayi mai baƙin ciki, da yawan jima'i, abinci mai yawa, ko barasa, waɗanda duk waɗannan matsalolin zamantakewa ne a lokacin.

Idan wata cuta ta samo asali ne daga wata cuta mai saurin yaɗuwa (misali, idan cutar zazzabin cizon sauro ta samo asali ne daga Plasmodium ), bai kamata a rikita cutar (mummunan cutar) da cutar kanta ba. Misali, cutar West Nile (mai saurin yaɗuwa) tana haifar da zazzabin West Nile (cutar). Ba daidai ba ne a yi amfani da ma'anoni na asali a cikin ilimin cututtuka a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya.

Nau'ikan dalilai

Motsa jiki akai-akai, kamar hawa keke ko tafiya, yana rage haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan rayuwa.

Jirgin sama

Cutar iska ita ce kowace cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta ke haifarwa kuma ana yada ta ta iska.

Abincin da aka ci

Ciwon da ake samu daga abinci ko gubar abinci duk wata cuta ce da ta samo asali daga cin abincin da aka gurbata da ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa, guba, ƙwayoyin cuta, prions ko ƙwayoyin cuta.

Mai yaɗuwa

Cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa, waɗanda aka fi sani da cututtuka masu yaɗuwa ko cututtuka masu yaɗuwa, sun ƙunshi cututtuka da aka gano a asibiti (watau, alamun lafiya ko alamun cutar) waɗanda suka samo asali daga kamuwa da cuta, kasancewar da kuma girman magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta masu yaɗuwa a cikin wani abu da ke cikin jiki. An haɗa a cikin wannan rukuni da cututtuka masu yaɗuwa - kamuwa da cuta, kamar mura ko mura, wanda galibi ke yaɗuwa daga mutum ɗaya zuwa wani - da kuma cututtuka masu yaɗuwa - cuta da za ta iya yaɗuwa daga mutum ɗaya zuwa wani, amma ba lallai ba ne ta yaɗuwa ta hanyar hulɗa ta yau da kullun.

salon rayuwa

Cutar salon rayuwa ita ce kowace cuta da ke ƙaruwa yayin da ƙasashe ke ƙara samun ci gaba a masana'antu kuma mutane suna rayuwa tsawon rai, musamman idan abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari sun haɗa da zaɓin ɗabi'a kamar salon rayuwa mai natsuwa ko cin abinci mai yawan abinci mara lafiya kamar carbohydrates mai kyau, fats masu trans, ko abubuwan sha masu maye.

Ba ya yaɗuwa

Cutar da ba ta yaɗuwa cuta ce ta lafiya ko cuta wadda ba ta yaɗuwa. Cututtukan da ba sa yaɗuwa ba ba za a iya yaɗuwa kai tsaye daga mutum ɗaya zuwa wani ba. Cututtukan zuciya da ciwon daji misalai ne na cututtukan da ba sa yaɗuwa a cikin mutane.

Rigakafi

Ana iya hana cututtuka da matsaloli da yawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Waɗannan sun haɗa da tsafta, abinci mai kyau, motsa jiki mai kyau, alluran rigakafi da sauran matakan kula da kai da lafiyar jama'a, kamar amfani da abin rufe fuska na zane .

Jiyya

Magunguna ko jiyya na likita ƙoƙari ne na warkarwa ko inganta wata cuta ko wasu matsalolin lafiya. A fannin likitanci, magani yana da alaƙa da kalmar magani . A tsakanin masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, kalmar na iya nufin musamman ga ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ko "maganin magana". Magungunan da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da magunguna, tiyata, na'urorin likitanci, da kula da kai . Ana iya bayar da jiyya ta hanyar tsarin kula da lafiya mai tsari, ko kuma ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, ta hanyar mara lafiya ko 'yan uwa.

Kula da lafiya ta rigakafi hanya ce ta guje wa rauni, rashin lafiya, ko cuta tun farko. Ana amfani da magani ko magani bayan an fara matsalar lafiya. Maganin yana ƙoƙarin inganta ko kawar da matsala, amma magunguna ba sa haifar da waraka ta dindindin, musamman a cikin cututtuka na yau da kullun . Magani wani ɓangare ne na jiyya waɗanda ke magance cututtuka gaba ɗaya ko kuma kawo ƙarshen matsalolin lafiya har abada. Cututtuka da yawa waɗanda ba za a iya warkar da su gaba ɗaya har yanzu ana iya magance su. Maganin ciwo (wanda kuma ake kira maganin ciwo) shine wannan reshe na magani wanda ke amfani da hanyar da ta dace don rage radadi da inganta rayuwar waɗanda ke fama da radadi.

Dole ne a samar da maganin gaggawa na likita cikin gaggawa, sau da yawa ta hanyar sashen gaggawa ko kuma, a cikin mawuyacin hali, ta hanyar cibiyar kulawa ta gaggawa .

Ilimin Cututtuka

Ilimin cututtuka (Epidemiology) nazarin abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka ko kuma ke ƙarfafa su. Wasu cututtuka sun fi yawa a wasu yankuna na duniya, tsakanin mutanen da ke da wasu halaye na kwayoyin halitta ko tattalin arziki, ko kuma a lokutan daban-daban na shekara.

Ana ɗaukar ilimin cututtuka a matsayin muhimmin hanyar binciken lafiyar jama'a kuma ana girmama shi sosai a cikin maganin da ke dogara da shaida don gano abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari ga cututtuka. A cikin nazarin cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa da waɗanda ba sa yaɗuwa, aikin masana cututtuka ya kama daga binciken barkewar cuta zuwa ƙira na nazari, tattara bayanai, da bincike, gami da haɓaka samfuran ƙididdiga don gwada hasashe da kuma rubuta sakamakon da za a gabatar wa mujallu da aka yi nazari a kansu. Masana cututtuka kuma suna nazarin hulɗar cututtuka a cikin al'umma, yanayin da aka sani da syndemic . Masana cututtuka suna dogara da wasu fannoni na kimiyya da dama kamar ilimin halitta (don fahimtar hanyoyin cututtuka mafi kyau), ilimin halittu (bayanan da ake da su a yanzu), Kimiyyar Bayanai ta Yanki (don adana bayanai da taswirar yanayin cututtuka) da fannoni na kimiyyar zamantakewa (don fahimtar abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari na kusanci da nesa). Ilimin cututtuka na iya taimakawa wajen gano dalilai da kuma jagorantar ƙoƙarin rigakafi.

A nazarin cututtuka, ilimin cututtuka na fuskantar ƙalubalen bayyana su. Musamman ga cututtukan da ba a fahimce su sosai ba, ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na iya amfani da ma'anoni daban-daban. Ba tare da ma'anar da aka amince da ita ba, masu bincike daban-daban na iya bayar da rahoton adadi daban-daban na lokuta da halaye na cutar.

Wasu bayanan rashin lafiya ana tattara su ne da bayanai da hukumomin lafiya na jihohi da yankuna suka bayar, a matakin ƙasa ko mafi girma (kamar Bayanan Cututtukan Asibitin Turai (HMDB)) wanda zai iya ƙunsar bayanan sallamar marasa lafiya daga asibiti ta hanyar cikakken ganewar asali, shekaru da jinsi. Kasashen Turai ne suka gabatar da bayanan HMDB na Turai ga Ofishin Yankin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya na Turai.

Nauyin cuta

Nauyin cututtuka shine tasirin matsalar lafiya a wani yanki da aka auna ta hanyar kuɗin kuɗi, mace-mace, rashin lafiya, ko wasu alamomi.

Akwai matakai da dama da ake amfani da su don auna nauyin da cututtuka ke ɗora wa mutane. Shekarun da ake iya rasa rai (YPLL) ƙiyasin adadin shekarun da aka rage rayuwar mutum saboda wata cuta ne. Misali, idan mutum ya mutu yana da shekaru 65 daga wata cuta, kuma wataƙila ya rayu har zuwa shekaru 80 ba tare da wannan cutar ba, to wannan cutar ta haifar da asarar shekaru 15 na yiwuwar rayuwa. Ma'aunin YPLL ba ya lissafin yadda mutum yake da nakasa kafin ya mutu, don haka ma'aunin yana kula da mutumin da ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani da kuma mutumin da ya mutu a daidai wannan shekarun bayan shekaru da yawa na rashin lafiya. A shekara ta 2004, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ƙiyasta cewa an rasa shekaru miliyan 932 na yuwuwar rayuwa sakamakon mutuwa da wuri.

Ma'aunin shekarar rayuwa mai inganci (QALY) da kuma shekarar rayuwa mai daidaitawa da nakasa (DALY) iri ɗaya ne amma ana la'akari da ko mutumin yana da lafiya bayan an gano cutar. Baya ga adadin shekarun da suka ɓace sakamakon mutuwar da ba ta kai ga lokacin da aka gano ba, waɗannan ma'aunin suna ƙara wani ɓangare na shekarun da suka ɓace sakamakon rashin lafiya. Ba kamar YPLL ba, waɗannan ma'aunin suna nuna nauyin da aka ɗora wa mutanen da ke rashin lafiya sosai, amma waɗanda ke rayuwa cikin rayuwa ta yau da kullun. Cutar da ke da yawan rashin lafiya, amma ƙarancin mace-mace, tana da yawan DALY da ƙarancin YPLL. A cikin 2004, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ƙididdige cewa 1.5 An rasa shekaru biliyan da suka shafi nakasa sakamakon cututtuka da raunuka. A cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba, cututtukan zuciya da bugun jini suna haifar da asarar rayuka mafi yawa, amma yanayin tabin hankali kamar babban rashin jin daɗi yana haifar da mafi yawan shekarun da ake rasawa saboda rashin lafiya.

Rukunin cututtuka	Kashi na duk YPLLs da aka rasa, a duk duniya	Kashi na dukkan DALYs da aka rasa, a duk duniya	Kashi na dukkan YPLLs da aka rasa, Turai	Kashi na dukkan DALYs da suka sha kashi, Turai	Kashi na duk YPLLs da suka rasa, Amurka da Kanada	Kashi na dukkan DALYs sun sha kashi, Amurka da Kanada
Cututtuka masu yaduwa da kuma na kwaro, musamman cututtukan ƙananan hanyoyin numfashi, gudawa, AIDS, tarin fuka, da kuma malaria	Kashi 37%	kashi 26%	9%	6%	5%	3%
Yanayin tabin hankali, misali baƙin ciki	2%	13%	3%	19%	5%	kashi 28%
Raunuka, musamman haɗuran mota	14%	12%	18%	13%	18%	10%
Cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, galibi ciwon zuciya da bugun jini	14%	10%	Kashi 35%	kashi 23%	kashi 26%	14%
Haihuwa kafin lokacin haihuwa da sauran mutuwar bayan haihuwa	11%	8%	4%	2%	3%	2%
Ciwon daji	8%	5%	19%	11%	kashi 25%	13%

Al'umma da al'adu

Kiba alama ce ta matsayi a cikin al'adun Renaissance : "Janar na Tuscan Alessandro del Borro ", wanda aka danganta shi da Andrea Sacchi, 1645. Yanzu ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin cuta gabaɗaya.

Yadda al'umma ke mayar da martani ga cututtuka shine batun ilimin zamantakewa na likitanci .

Ana iya ɗaukar wata cuta a matsayin cuta a wasu al'adu ko zamani amma ba a wasu ba. Misali, kiba tana da alaƙa da wadata da wadata, kuma wannan fahimta ta ci gaba a yankunan Afirka da yawa, musamman tun farkon cutar HIV/AIDS . Ana ɗaukar farfadiya a matsayin alama ta baiwar ruhaniya a tsakanin mutanen Hmong .

Rashin lafiya yana ba da damar halatta wasu fa'idodi a zamantakewa, kamar fa'idodin rashin lafiya, guje wa aiki, da kuma kula da wasu. Mutumin da ba shi da lafiya yana ɗaukar wani matsayi na zamantakewa da ake kira rawar rashin lafiya . Mutumin da ya mayar da martani ga wata cuta mai ban tsoro, kamar ciwon daji, ta hanyar da al'ada ta yarda da ita, ana iya girmama shi a bainar jama'a da kuma a ɓoye tare da matsayi mafi girma a zamantakewa . A madadin waɗannan fa'idodin, mara lafiya yana da alhakin neman magani da aiki don ya sake samun lafiya. A matsayin kwatantawa, yi la'akari da ciki, wanda ba a fassara shi a matsayin cuta ko rashin lafiya ba, koda kuwa uwa da jariri za su iya amfana daga kulawar likita.

Yawancin addinai suna keɓewa daga ayyukan addini ga mutanen da ke rashin lafiya. Misali, wanda rayuwarsa za ta shiga cikin haɗari ta hanyar azumin Yom Kippur ko a watan Ramadan an keɓe shi daga wajibai, ko ma an hana shi shiga. Mutanen da ke rashin lafiya kuma an keɓe su daga ayyukan zamantakewa. Misali, rashin lafiya shine kawai dalilin da ya dace da zamantakewa ga Ba'amurke ya ƙi gayyatar zuwa Fadar White House .

Gane wani yanayi a matsayin cuta, maimakon kawai bambancin tsarin ɗan adam ko aikinsa, na iya samun babban tasiri a zamantakewa ko tattalin arziki. Fahimtar cututtuka masu rikitarwa kamar raunin damuwa mai maimaitawa (RSI) da kuma matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali (PTSD) ya yi tasiri mai kyau da mara kyau kan nauyin kuɗi da sauran nauyin gwamnatoci, kamfanoni, da cibiyoyi ga daidaikun mutane, da kuma daidaikun mutane. Ma'anar zamantakewa ta kallon tsufa a matsayin cuta na iya zama mai zurfi, kodayake wannan rarrabuwar ba ta yaɗu ba tukuna.

Kutare mutane ne da aka yi watsi da su a tarihi saboda suna da cutar da ke yaɗuwa, kuma kalmar "kuturu" har yanzu tana tayar da ƙyama a zamantakewa . Tsoron cuta har yanzu yana iya zama abin da ya yaɗu a zamantakewa, kodayake ba duk cututtuka ke haifar da ƙyama a zamantakewa ba.

Matsayin zamantakewa da matsayin tattalin arziki suna shafar lafiya. Cututtukan talauci cututtuka ne da ke da alaƙa da talauci da ƙarancin matsayi a zamantakewa; cututtukan wadata cututtuka ne da ke da alaƙa da matsayi mai girma na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Waɗanne cututtuka ne ke da alaƙa da waɗanda yanayi ya bambanta dangane da lokaci, wuri, da fasaha. Wasu cututtuka, kamar ciwon suga, na iya alaƙa da talauci (rashin kyawun abinci) da wadata (tsawon rai da rashin zaman lafiya), ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Kalmar cututtukan rayuwa tana bayyana cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da tsawon rai kuma waɗanda suka fi yawa a tsakanin tsofaffi. Misali, ciwon daji ya fi yawa a cikin al'ummomin da yawancin membobi ke rayuwa har sai sun kai shekaru 80 fiye da a cikin al'ummomin da yawancin membobi ke mutuwa kafin su kai shekaru 50.

Harshen cuta

Labarin rashin lafiya hanya ce ta tsara yanayin likita zuwa wani labari mai ma'ana wanda ke nuna irin yanayin da mutumin da ba shi da lafiya ya fuskanta.

Mutane suna amfani da misalai don fahimtar abubuwan da suka faru da cuta. Misalai suna motsa cuta daga wani abu mai ma'ana wanda ke akwai zuwa kwarewar motsin rai. Mafi mashahuriyar kwatanci ta samo asali ne daga ra'ayoyin soja: Cutar abokin gaba ne wanda dole ne a ji tsoro, yaƙi, yaƙi da kuma rushewa. Mai haƙuri ko mai ba da kiwon lafiya jarumi ne, maimakon wanda aka azabtar ko mai kallo. Wakilan cututtukan da ke yaduwa sune masu mamayewa; cututtukun da ba su yaduwa sun zama tashin hankali na ciki ko yakin basasa. Saboda barazanar tana da gaggawa, watakila batun rayuwa da mutuwa, ba zato ba tsammani mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, har ma da zalunci, matakan aikin ɗabi'a ne na al'umma da mai haƙuri yayin da suke da ƙarfin zuciya don yin gwagwarmaya da hallaka. "Yaƙin kan ciwon daji" misali ne na wannan amfani da harshe. Wannan harshe yana ba da ƙarfi ga wasu marasa lafiya, amma yana barin wasu suna jin kamar sun gaza.

Wani nau'in misalan ya bayyana gogewar rashin lafiya a matsayin tafiya: Mutumin yana tafiya zuwa ko daga wurin da yake da rashin lafiya, kuma yana canza kansa, yana gano sabbin bayanai, ko kuma yana ƙara ƙwarewarsa a hanya. Yana iya tafiya "a kan hanyar murmurewa" ko yin canje-canje don "samun hanya madaidaiciya" ko kuma ya zaɓi "hanyoyi". Wasu a bayyane suke da jigon shige da fice: an kori majiyyaci daga yankin lafiya na gida zuwa ƙasar marasa lafiya, canjin asali da dangantaka a cikin wannan tsari. Wannan harshe ya fi yawa a tsakanin ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na Burtaniya fiye da harshen zalunci na jiki.

Wasu misalai suna da alaƙa da cututtuka. Bauta misali ne da aka saba amfani da shi ga jaraba : Mashayi yana bautar da giya, kuma mai shan taba yana kama da nicotine. Wasu masu fama da cutar kansa suna ɗaukar asarar gashinsu daga chemotherapy a matsayin metonymy ko kwatanci ga duk asarar da cutar ta haifar.

Ana amfani da wasu cututtuka a matsayin misalan matsalolin zamantakewa: "Ciwon daji" wani bayani ne da aka saba amfani da shi ga duk wani abu da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari kuma yana lalata al'umma, kamar talauci, rashin adalci, ko wariyar launin fata. An ga cutar AIDS a matsayin hukuncin Allah ga lalacewar ɗabi'a, kuma ta hanyar tsarkake kanta daga "gurɓataccen" "mai mamaye" ne kawai al'umma za ta iya sake samun lafiya. Kwanan nan, lokacin da cutar AIDS ta yi kama da ba ta da barazana, an yi amfani da wannan nau'in harshen motsin rai ga mura da ciwon suga na nau'in 2. Marubuta a ƙarni na 19 sun saba amfani da cutar tarin fuka a matsayin alama da kuma misali ga wuce gona da iri . An nuna mutanen da ke dauke da cutar a cikin adabi a matsayin waɗanda suka fi ƙarfin rayuwa ta yau da kullun don zama abubuwan da suka fi ƙarfin ruhaniya ko fasaha. A ƙarni na 20, bayan an fahimci dalilinta sosai, wannan cutar ta zama alamar talauci, rashin tsari, da sauran matsalolin zamantakewa.

  

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

 

• "Mutum da Cuta", tattaunawa ta BBC Radio 4 da Anne Hardy, David Bradley da Chris Dye ( A Lokacinmu, 15 Disamba 2002)
• CTD Bayanan Kwatancen Toxicogenomics wata hanya ce ta kimiyya da ke haɗa sinadarai, kwayoyin halitta, da cututtukan ɗan adam.
• Kimanta haɗarin lafiya ta yanar gizo kyauta ta Haɗarin Cututtukan ku a Jami'ar Washington da ke St. Louis
• Batutuwan Lafiya A–Z, takardun bayanai game da cututtuka da yawa da aka saba gani a Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka
• Batutuwan Lafiya, bayanin MedlinePlus game da yawancin cututtuka, tare da samun damar zuwa labaran bincike na yanzu.
• Cikakken bayanai na NLM daga Laburaren Magunguna na Ƙasa na Amurka
• Cikakken bayani game da kwayoyin halittar da ke haifar da cututtuka a Gidan Jarin Mendelian na Kan layi a cikin Mutum
• Littafin Merck wanda ke ɗauke da cikakken bayani game da yawancin cututtuka