Cibiyar Injiniya
 mechanics' institute | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
institute (en)  da educational institution (en) |
| Ƙasa | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Daular Biritaniya da Tarayyar Amurka |
Cibiyoyin makanikai, waɗanda aka fi sani da cibiyoyin makanikai, waɗanda wani lokacin kawai ake kira cibiyoyi, waɗanda kuma ake kira makarantun fasaha (musamman a yankunan mulkin mallaka na Ostiraliya ), cibiyoyin ilimi ne da aka kafa don samar da ilimin manya, musamman a fannonin fasaha, ga ma'aikata a zamanin mulkin Victorian da yankunan mulkin mallaka . Sau da yawa masana masana'antu na gida suna ba da kuɗaɗen su bisa dalilin cewa za su amfana daga samun ma'aikata masu ilimi da ƙwarewa. Cibiyoyin makanikai galibi suna haɗa da ɗakunan karatu ga manyan ma'aikata, kuma an ce suna ba su wani madadin abin sha'awa fiye da caca da shan giya a mashaya.
Da yawa daga cikin cibiyoyin asali sun haɗa da ba da lamuni ga ɗakunan karatu, kuma gine-ginen wasu ana ci gaba da amfani da su a matsayin ɗakunan karatu. Wasu sun rikide zuwa sassan jami'o'i, wuraren ilimin manya, gidajen wasan kwaikwayo, sinima, gidajen tarihi, wuraren nishaɗi, ko ɗakunan al'umma. Kadan ne har yanzu ake kiransu da cibiyoyin makanikai, amma wasu suna riƙe da suna da kuma mai da hankali a matsayin cibiyar ci gaban ilimi da al'adu. Wata ƙungiya ta ƙarni na 21, wadda ta samo asali daga Victoria, Ostiraliya, ta shirya jerin tarurruka da aka sani da Taro na Cibiyoyin Makanikai na Duniya, inda ake tattauna bayanai da ra'ayoyi game da makomar cibiyoyin makanikai.
Asali da tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tushen wannan motsi wanda ya ƙirƙiri cibiyoyin makanikai yana cikin laccoci da George Birkbeck ya bayar a Cibiyar Andersonian da ke Glasgow. Laccarsa ta huɗu ta shekara-shekara ta jawo hankalin jama'a 500, kuma ta zama abin da ya faru kowace shekara bayan tafiyarsa zuwa Landan a 1804, wanda ya haifar da kafawar [1] a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 1821 [2] na cibiyar makanikai ta farko a Edinburgh, Makarantar Fasaha ta Edinburgh (daga baya Jami'ar Heriot-Watt [2] ). Laccarta ta farko ta kasance kan ilmin sunadarai, kuma cikin wata guda maza 452 suka yi rajista a ciki waɗanda kowannensu ya biya kuɗin biyan kuɗi na kwata-kwata. [3] Wannan sabon tsarin cibiyar ilimi ta fasaha ya ba da azuzuwan ma'aikata, kuma ya haɗa da ɗakunan karatu da kayan aiki da za a yi amfani da su don gwaje-gwaje da ilimin fasaha. [1] Manufarta ita ce "magance buƙatun al'umma ta hanyar haɗa tunanin kimiyya da bincike na asali cikin mafita na injiniya". [ <span title="The phrasing of this is suspiciously modern. (March 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ] Makarantar ta kawo sauyi ga damar samun ilimi a fannin kimiyya da fasaha ga talakawa.
An buɗe cibiyar makanikai ta farko a Ingila a Liverpool a watan Yulin 1823.
An kafa cibiya ta biyu a Scotland a Glasgow a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1823, wadda aka gina bisa harsashin wata ƙungiya da Birkbeck ya kafa. A ƙarƙashin kulawar Cibiyar Andersonian, inda Birkbeck ya kasance shugaban falsafar halitta daga 1799 zuwa 1804 kuma ya kafa laccoci kyauta kan fannoni na fasaha, kimiyya da fasaha daga 1800. Wannan ajin makanikai ya ci gaba da haɗuwa bayan ya ƙaura zuwa Landan a 1804, kuma a 1823 sun yanke shawarar kafa ƙungiyarsu ta hanyar haɗa kansu a matsayin Cibiyar Makanikai. An naɗa shi darektan cibiyar, wadda ya ba ta kuɗi har zuwa £3700, kuma ya riƙe mukamin har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1841. [4]
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An buɗe Cibiyar Makanikai ta London (wacce daga baya ta zama Kwalejin Birkbeck ) a watan Disamba na 1823, sannan kuma cibiyoyin makanikai a Ipswich da Manchester (wadda daga baya ta zama UMIST ) a 1824. A tsakiyar ƙarni na 19, akwai cibiyoyi sama da 700 a garuruwa da birane a faɗin Burtaniya da ƙasashen waje, wasu daga cikinsu sun zama tushen wasu kwalejoji da jami'o'i. Misali, Jami'ar Gloucestershire, tana da Cibiyar Makanikai ta Cheltenham (1834) da Cibiyar Makanikai ta Gloucester (1840) a cikin jadawalin tarihinta. Sakamakon gabatar da jerin laccoci a Cibiyar Makanikai ta Cheltenham ne aka kama mai tsattsauran ra'ayi George Holyoake sannan aka yanke masa hukunci bisa zargin yin saɓo. [5]
A Ostiraliya, an kafa cibiyar makanikai ta farko a Hobart a shekarar 1827, sai kuma Makarantar Fasaha ta Sydney Makanikai [6] a shekarar 1833, Makarantar Fasaha ta Newcastle a shekarar 1835, sannan Cibiyar Makanikai ta Melbourne da aka kafa a shekarar 1839 (an sake sanya mata suna Melbourne Athenaeum a shekarar 1872 [7] ). Daga shekarun 1850, cibiyoyin makanikai sun bazu cikin sauri a duk faɗin Victoria duk inda ake buƙatar zaure, ɗakin karatu ko makaranta. An gina cibiyoyin makanikai sama da 1200 a Victoria kuma sama da 500 ne suka rage a yau, kuma shida ne kawai ke gudanar da ayyukan lamunin ɗakin karatunsu.
Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu ya ƙirƙiri sabon aji na masu karatu a Burtaniya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18, "makanikai", waɗanda injiniyoyi ne na farar hula da na injiniya a zahiri. An kafa ƙungiyar 'Yan'uwa ta Birmingham a shekara ta 1796 ta hanyar makanikai na gida don cike wannan buƙata, kuma ita ce farkon cibiyoyin makanikai, waɗanda suka girma a Ingila zuwa sama da ɗari bakwai a shekara ta 1850. [ mafi kyau tushe ana buƙata ]
Ƙananan ma'aikata da ma'aikata ba za su iya biyan kuɗin ɗakunan karatu na biyan kuɗi ba, don haka don amfanin su, ƙungiyoyi masu kirki da mutane sun ƙirƙiri cibiyoyin makanikai waɗanda ke ɗauke da abubuwan ƙarfafa gwiwa da na karatu na sana'a, akan ƙaramin kuɗin haya. Daga baya aka ƙara shahararrun littattafan almara da na almara a cikin waɗannan tarin. Laburare na farko da aka sani na wannan nau'in shine Laburaren Masu Fasaha na Birmingham, wanda aka kafa a 1823.
Wasu ɗakunan karatu na makanikai sun ɗauki shekaru goma ko biyu kacal, kuma daga ƙarshe da yawa sun zama ɗakunan karatu na jama'a ko kuma (a Amurka) an ba su ɗakunan karatu na jama'a na gida bayan Dokar Laburare ta Jama'a ta 1850 ta zartar. Duk da cewa amfani da ɗakunan karatu na makanikai ya takaita, yawancin masu amfani sun nuna goyon baya ga ra'ayin ɗakunan karatu na jama'a kyauta. Duk da haka, zuwa 1900 akwai cibiyoyin makanikai sama da 9,000 a duk faɗin duniya. [3]
Bayan ɗakin karatu na bayar da lamuni, cibiyoyin makanikai sun kuma ba da darussan lacca, dakunan gwaje-gwaje, kuma a wasu lokuta akwai gidan tarihi don nishaɗi da ilimin membobin. Cibiyar Glasgow, wacce aka kafa a 1823, ba wai kawai tana da dukkan ukun ba, har ma an ba ta haske kyauta a ranakun biyu a mako daga kamfanin hasken gas na gida. Cibiyar Makanikai ta London ta kafa hasken gas a 1825, wanda ya bayyana buƙatar da buƙatar membobi su yi amfani da littattafan. Wasu cibiyoyin makanikai kuma sun bayar da wani shiri daga fasaha; Cibiyar Makanikai ta Wisbech ta yi wa Mrs Butler rajista don ba da karatu daga wasannin Shakespeare da Milton 's Paradise Lost ga masu kallo kusan dubu.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 Smith, Mark K. (1997). "George Birkbeck and the London Mechanics Institute". The encyclopaedia of informal education. Archived from the original on 17 August 2010.
- 1 2 "Mechanics Institute Worldwide 2021". Heriot-Watt University. 5 November 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
- 1 2 "[Home page]". Mechanics Institutes. 25 May 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2021. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "mi" defined multiple times with different content. - ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ "Notes of Mr Hunt reporter August 15 1842, The Trial of George Jacob. Holyoake on an Indictment for blasphemy". British Library main catalogues. British Library.
- ↑ "SMSA (Sydney Mechanics' School of Arts)". SMSA.
- ↑ "1872 - Name Changed)".
