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Yüksek Hızlı Tren

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Yüksek Hızlı Tren
BERJAYA
BERJAYA
A high-speed train set in Ankara.
Overview
Service typeHigh-speed rail
StatusOperating
LocaleNorthwest, Central Anatolia
Predecessor
First service13 March 2009
Current operatorTCDD Taşımacılık
Former operatorTurkish State Railways
Ridership12.4 million (2024)[citation needed]
Route
TerminiAnkara
Istanbul or Karaman or Sivas
Distance travelled1,385 km (860.6 mi)
Average journey time1 hour, 50 minutes[1]
Service frequency15x Daily (Ankara-Istanbul)
6x Westbound 3x Eastbound(Ankara-Eskisehir)
4x Daily (Ankara-Konya)
4x Daily (Istanbul-Konya)
2x Daily (Ankara-Karaman)
2x Daily (Ankara-Sivas)
1x Daily (Istanbul-Karaman
1x Daily (Istanbul-Sivas)
On-board services
ClassesFirst, business and economy class
Disabled accessFully accessible
Catering facilitiesOn-board café, and at-seat meals (depending on the route)
Entertainment facilitiesOn-board television with feature films
Baggage facilitiesChecked baggage available at selected stations
Technical
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Electrification25 kV 50 Hz AC
Operating speed300 km/h (186 mph) maximum[2]
Track ownerTurkish State Railways
BERJAYA
A TCDD HT65000 at the ATG terminal in Ankara
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A TCDD HT80000 at the ATG terminal in Ankara

Yüksek Hızlı Tren or YHT (English: High Speed Train) is a high-speed rail service operated by TCDD Transport in Turkey.[3] Branded as "YHT", they are TCDD Transport's flagship passenger train service and the only high-speed rail service in the country. As of 2025, the network spans 1,385 km (860.6 mi) and serves major cities like Istanbul, Ankara, Eskişehir, İzmit, Konya, and Sivas. Expansion of the system is underway and the network is expected to reach Edirne, Afyonkarahisar, Adana, and İzmir in the 2020s.

High-speed rail in Turkey was originally planned to be built as early as 1975, but it wasn't until 2003 that the construction of the Ankara-Istanbul high-speed railway began. On 13 March 2009, the first phase of the high-speed railway, Ankara–Istanbul line, entered service between Ankara and Eskişehir. On 25 July 2014, the Ankara-Istanbul high-speed railway services began to reach the Pendik railway station on the Asian side of Istanbul,[4] and on 13 March 2019 the services began to reach the Halkalı railway station on the European side of Istanbul, passing through the Marmaray railway tunnel under the Bosphorus strait. There were initially 6 daily departures in both directions.[5]

As of 2026, the current length of the high-speed service stands at 1300km and another 1560km under construction, reaching 11 cities with 15 more cities on the line.[6] All lines are compliant with ETCS Level 2 while some lines additionally retain Level 1 for legacy support.[7] Being the 6th longest network in the world, high speed trains have carried over 100 million passengers and nearly 100 million kilometers since 2009.[8] The 2053 Strategic Plan of the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure envisions a 6.196km of high-speed rail, connecting 52 cities with locally manufactured trainsets and signalization solutions.[9]

History

[edit]

Istanbul and Ankara are Turkey's largest two cities, having a combined population over 20 million. Transportation demand between the two cities is expectedly high. The Otoyol 4 motorway is a major highway between the two cities, and the Ankara–Istanbul route is the busiest domestic air route in the country. The route between Istanbul and Ankara by rail has been a single-track line, and trains usually were delayed 30 minutes to 2 hours plus the average 7 hours, 30 minutes travel time. Rail transport in Turkey was already at its lowest point, so in 2003 the State Railways and the Turkish Ministry of Transport made an agreement to build a 533 km (331 mi) line between the two cities. The line would be an electrified double trackline. Construction began in 2004 from Esenkent to Eskişehir. The line was completed on 23 April 2007.[10]

On 28 February 2007 TCDD requested bids for high-speed train sets from other networks to be tested on the completed portion of the high-speed line.

On 30 March 2007, TCDD signed an agreement with Trenitalia of Ferrovie dello Stato to rent an ETR 500 train set for 4 months for testing the system.[10][11]

The first run was from Haydarpaşa Terminal in Istanbul to the Central Station in Ankara, using the completed portion of the high-speed line between Hasanbey and Esenkent.

On 14 September 2007 the ETR 500 Y2 set a speed record in Turkey, reaching 303 km/h (188.3 mph).[12] This test received extensive media coverage in Turkey.

On 20 November 2007 the first TCDD HT65000 high-speed train sets purchased from CAF of Spain entered Turkey from the Kapıkule border station in Edirne,[13] and tests were subsequently made with these trains prior to the commencement of services on 13 March 2009.

In 2010 one of the YHT trains was converted into a test train in order to test and measure the new lines.[14] The Transportation Ministry spent 14 million TL (around 7 million Euros at that time) for the installation of testing and measuring equipment on the train, which it named – because it is a tradition to give a name to test trains – as "Piri Reis" after the renowned Turkish admiral and cartographer who drew some of the most accurate and detailed maps of the Mediterranean Sea and the Americas in the early 16th century.[14]

TCDD requested bids for the name of the high-speed service. Out of over 100 entries, the ones with the highest votes were: Türk Yıldızı (Turkish Star), Turkuaz (Turquoise), Yüksek Hızlı Tren (High Speed Train), Çelik Kanat (Steel Wing) and Yıldırım (Lightning). TCDD chose Yüksek Hızlı Tren to be the name of the service.[15]

On 13 March 2009, the inauguration ceremony took place in Ankara; attended by President Abdullah Gül, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, and Minister of Transport Binali Yıldırım, who started the first phase of the YHT service running between Ankara and Eskişehir.

Ridership

[edit]
‹ The template Historical populations is being considered for merging. ›
Ridership
Yearmillion riders±% p.a.
2011 2.56—    
2012 3.35+30.86%
2013 4.21+25.67%
2014 5.09+20.90%
2015 5.69+11.79%
2016 5.9+3.69%
2017 7.1+20.34%
2018 8.1+14.08%
2019 8.3+2.47%
2020 2.8−66.27%
2021 4.3+53.57%
20229.3+116.28%
2023 11.8+26.88%
2024 12.4+5.08%
Source: [16][17][18]

Until 2015, ridership had grown at the expense of TCDD's regular train services and has not dented air traffic demand. [citation needed] Total TCDD services including HSR remain flat.[16] Traffic was affected since 2012 when all services to Istanbul were suspended. A sharp increase in ridership occurred after extra high speed trains started operation. A further increase in 2018 and 2019 is expected with new trainsets becoming operational and the opening of the Istanbul terminals Halkali and Haydarpaşa.[17][needs update]

Lines in operation

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Rail transport map of Turkey
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Map of operating YHT services as of 2023.

Ankara–Istanbul

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A TCDD HT80000 at the ATG terminal in Ankara
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The ATG terminal in Ankara is a hub for the YHT services of the Turkish State Railways
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A TCDD HT80000 high-speed train (Siemens Velaro) traveling from Ankara to Istanbul in Bilecik, Türkiye


Prior to the introduction of the high-speed line, the population centres of Istanbul (14 million) and Ankara (5 million) were connected by a 576 km (358 mi) long railway line, of which only 110 km (68 mi) was double-tracked.[19] The whole line was electrified, but low radius turns and poor track quality made high-speed rail transport impossible. Prior to the upgrading of this line in 2006, the railway's market share of Istanbul–Ankara passenger transit was 10%, with a travel time of ~6.5 hours.[19]

The Ankara–Istanbul HST line opened on 25 July 2014, with all trains terminating at Pendik, which is 1 hour by bus from Kadikoy in the eastern suburbs of Istanbul. There are 12 trips per day and the journey takes 3.5 hours. All trains stop at Eskişehir and İzmit.

Design and construction

[edit]

The high-speed railway connects the county's largest metropolises, Ankara the capital and conurbation of Istanbul via Eskişehir, with a junction at Polatlı to the Ankara-Konya high-speed line.[20]

The railway link was built by a Chinese-Turkish consortium, which was formed when the China Railway Construction Corporation and the China National Machinery Import and Export Corporation won the bid in 2005 to build the railway line in partnership with two Turkish companies, Cengiz Construction and Ibrahim Cecen Ictas Construction.[21]

The line is 533 km (331 mi) long, double tracked, electrified, and signalled,[20] to ETCS level 1 standard[22][23] and is independent of the original Ankara to Istanbul line. The design speed is 250 km/h (155 mph).[20]

The first part of the line to be constructed (Phase 1) was the Ankara–Eskişehir section, specifically between Sincan and İnönü, scheduled to open in 2006.[citation needed]

The second phase was scheduled to open in 2008 and included more difficult terrain which covers the path between İnönü and Köseköy, extending to Gebze close to Istanbul.[22] The service in this line is expected to start on 25 July 2014.[24] A part of the route has not been completed yet by the time of opening, so conventional line will be used until the completion of the project.

Ankara–Istanbul high-speed line construction
Line section Length (km) Start / opening date[note 1] Notes
Ankara–Sincan 24 As of 2009, the existing track between Ankara and Esenkent is used until the completion of a dedicated high-speed line[25]

As of 2013, one track of high-speed line has been completed between Ankara and Sincan and it is being used with reduced signalling features

Sincan–Esenkent 15 2008–2010[20] This section has been opened in 2010 with full signalling features
Esenkent–Eskişehir 206 2004–2009[25] Infrastructure includes: 2 road bridges and 30 road underpasses, 7 railway bridges, and 13 river crossings. 4 viaducts (total length over 4 km (2.5 mi)), and 1 tunnel (471 m (1,545 ft)).
First test runs in April 2007.[20]
Eskişehir station 3.4 km 2008–[20] To avoid congestion problems in the city of Eskişehir, a tunnel and cutting project is being undertaken. 2,240 m (7,350 ft) of covered tunnel consisting of 2 high-speed lines, 2 conventional lines, and 1 freight line, plus 1,151 m (3,776 ft) of excavated track (U shape) with 2 high-speed tracks and 1 freight track.[20]

Eskisehir station infrastructure works have already started

Eskişehir–Inönü 30 Officially opened on 25 July 2014.[26]
Inönü–Vezirhan 54 Officially opened on 25 July 2014.[26]
Vezirhan–Köseköy 104 Officially opened on 25 July 2014.[26]
Köseköy–Pendik 56 Officially opened on 25 July 2014.[26]
Pendik–Söğütlüçeşme–Halkalı 43 Opened 12 March 2019 together with the Marmaray project.
Söğütlüçeşme–Haydarpaşa (Istanbul) 2 Pending completion of repairs.

Operation and rolling stock

[edit]
BERJAYA
TCDD HT80000 (Siemens Velaro TR) has a maximum operating speed of 300 km/h (186 mph)[2][27]

The Ankara to Eskişehir section officially opened on 13 March 2009.[25]

On 13 November 2009, a high-speed train derailed near Eskişehir.[28]

On 25 July 2014, Istanbul–Ankara high-speed train service started.[5] The stretch was not completed yet, thus service started using conventional line for some parts, which causes a little longer trip than envisaged. Initially, 8 trains departed every day in both directions,[29] and the final station in Istanbul was Pendik, a district in east of Istanbul. Other public-transport connections, such as buses, were organized to connect Pendik to the city proper.[30]

The line from Ankara to Eskişehir was initially operated by Turkish State Railways with the TCDD HT65000 six-car train sets constructed by the Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles (CAF) of Spain. Additionally, TCDD bought seven Siemens Velaro sets for the Ankara–Istanbul line.[31] Moreover, in 2013 TCDD opened a new tender for 106 new sets to be supplied in 5 years,[32] but this tender was later cancelled, and a new tender opened in 2018.

Ankara–Konya

[edit]

The second high-speed line construction project in Turkey was a line from Polatlı on the Ankara to Istanbul line to Konya.[33]

Prior to the construction of the line, journeys between Ankara and Konya took over 10 hours, travelling from Ankara via Eskişehir and Afyon, with a total length of nearly 1,000 km (621 mi).[34][note 2] The new high-speed line is 306 km (190 mi) in length, with a journey time of 1 hour and 15 minutes.[34] 212 km (132 mi) of new track is constructed via Polatlı and Konya, with a design permitting up to 350 km/h (217 mph) of high-speed rail transport.[33] ETCS Level 2 will be used.[35]

Construction was split into two phases: Phase 1 was the 100 km (62 mi) section and Phase 2 was the 112 km (70 mi) section between Polatlı and Konya.

Ankara–Konya high-speed line construction
Line section Length (km) Start/opening date[note 1] Notes
Ankara–Polatlı junction 98 km 2004–2009 Constructed as part of the Ankara to Istanbul high-speed line, on the Sincan – Eskişehir section
Phase 1
Polatlı via Kocahacılı to the 100 km mark		 100 km 2007–2011 An estimated cost increase of 20% due to weak ground[33]
Phase 2
from 100 km mark to Konya		 112 km 2006–2011

The line includes a tunnel of 2,030m.[33] The first test train ran in December 2010;[36] Revenue services began on 24 August 2011.[37] Currently, same CAF trains which are used on Ankara–Eskisehir line are running on this line with 250 km/h maximum speed. In the future, TCDD will procure 6 more sets with up to 350 km/h. The journey time between the two cities (Ankara–Konya) is 1 and a half hours, dropping to 1 hour and 15 minutes in the future. Previously the journey time was 10 hours and 30 minutes. There are 10 trains a day, though this will rise to one per hour in the future.

Konya-Karaman

[edit]

This 102 km high-speed line opened on 8 January 2022.[38] The Konya-Karaman high-speed line has been designed for a speed of 200 km/h.[39]

Ankara–Sivas high-speed line

[edit]

More than half of the budgeted investment has been done by 2014, and was planned to open in late-2021.[40]

Prior to the construction of the high-speed line, the railway line length between Ankara and Sivas was 602 km (374 mi), primarily single-tracked, with a travel time of 12 hours. The travel time is cut to 2 hours and 51 minutes[33] The line is double-tracked and have a length of 465 km (289 mi) eastwards from Ankara to Sivas[33] via Kırıkkale, Yerköy and Yozgat[41] and constructed for the most part to the same 250 km/h (155 mph) operational design like other high speed lines except Konya-Karaman line. The infrastructure includes 6 viaducts (with a total length over 3 km (1.9 mi)), 11 tunnels (including one of ~3 km (1.9 mi) in length), and 67 bridges.[42] A 2019 update predicted service in 2022, 3 years behind schedule due to "geographic difficulties",[43] but the project returned to the prior opening date of 2020 summer.[44] In 2022, the Minister of Transport announced the opening of the line by the end of the year, as it is 99% complete in the spring.[45][46]

The route study was completed by the end of 2006, and put up for tender in two parts; separated at the 174 km (108 mi) mark from Ankara at Yerköy.[42]

The line was inaugurated on 26 April 2023.[47]

Ankara – Sivas high-speed line construction
Line section Length (km) Start / opening date Notes
Ankara–Kırıkkale 88 2013 – April 2023 Plans are revised due to that previous plans includes short sections of less than high-speed running due to small radius curve sections of track in the Ankara to Kırıkkale section.[42] Inaugurated on 26 April 2023.
Kırıkkale–Yerköy 86 2013 – April 2023 Tender is completed in 2012. Inaugurated on 26 April 2023.
Yerköy–Sivas 291 2009[48]–April 2023 7 tunnels over 10 km in total length and 4 viaducts over 2.7 km in total length.
Tender for construction of groundwork awarded in 2008. 7 stations to be built: 3 between Yerköy and Doğakent, and 4 between Doğakent and Sivas, to be separately tendered.[42] Inaugurated on April 26, 2023.
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A TCDD HT65000 at the Ankara Central Station

Lines under construction and planning phase

[edit]

Turkey has aimed to have 3400 miles of high speed track as part of its overall railway network by 2025.[49]

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A TCDD HT65000 at the Ankara Central Station

Sivas–Kars

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An extension eastwards to Kars from the Ankara – Sivas line is planned (a feasibility study done in 2006[50]), passing through Erzincan and Erzurum.[41] The line is expected to be built in three phases. It will be electrified and double-tracked based on the 250 km/h standard.[51]

The design study for the Sivas–Erzincan section was completed by Italian-based SWS Engineering in July 2021. The project will include 59 bridges totaling 17 km (11 mi), and 35 tunnels totaling 170 km (106 mi) through a region with high seismicity and difficult hydrogeological conditions.[52] The 247 km (153 mi) section will start from the current station in Sivas, through Hafik, Zara, Imranli, Refahiye, and end in Erzincan.[53]

Ankara-Kayseri

[edit]

A 142 km double-tracked electrified spur off of the Ankara-Sivas line, planned from Yerköy to Kayseri, construction began in July 2022, and is planned for completion by 2026, reducing travel times from Ankara to under 2 hours with a design speed of 250 km/h.[54]

Osmaneli-Bursa-Bandırma

[edit]

The 201 km spur off the Istanbul-Ankara line from Osmaneli to Bandırma through Bursa is under construction and is slated for completion by 2026;[55] the full line will be built for 200 km/h operation and cost 9.5 billion lira, bringing travel times between Ankara and Bursa to 2 hours and 10 minutes.[56] The line is 80% complete as of December 2023.[55]

Istanbul-Edirne-Kapıkule

[edit]

A 229 km line on the European side of the Bosporus will connect Halkalı station in Istanbul with Kapıkule railway station in Edirne. Construction started in 2019 with an anticipated opening in 2025,[57] and the project will reduce travel times from 4 hours to 1 hour 20 minutes. The double-tracked electrified railway will be built for 215 km/h operation and cost 10.5 billion lira, of which more than half is provided by a European Union grant.[58]

Karaman-Ulukışla-Yenice

[edit]

A further 135 km extension Ankara-Konya-Karaman line is currently in construction to Ulukışla, which is 89% complete as of winter 2022.[59] Extensions from Ulukışla to Yenice and Aksaray are in the process of being tendered as of 2021, the 200 km/h line is planned to eventually connect to Mersin - Adana - Gaziantep high speed line.[60] The Mersin-Adana-Osmaniye-Gaziantep high speed line is expected to open in 2024.[46]

Ankara–İzmir

[edit]

The project has started and is tentatively planned to open in 2027.[61]

The line will pass through Afyon to meet the high-speed line from Ankara to Istanbul near Polatlı. It will have a length of 624 km, with a projected running speed of 250 km/h[51] The travel will take 3 hours and 30 minutes.

The construction of line is planned in three phases:

Ankara–İzmir high-speed line construction
Line section Length (km) Start / opening date Notes
Ankara–Polatlı junction 98 2004–2009/prior work Constructed as part of the Ankara to Istanbul high-speed line, on the Sincan – Eskişehir section.
Polatlı–Konya
the 120 km mark		 27 2007–2011/prior work Constructed as part of the Ankara to Konya high-speed line, on the Phase 1 section.
Phase 1
Polatlı–Afyon		 167 2016–2018 The line uses first 120 km. of Ankara – Konya high-speed line. The junction is located approximately 20 km south of Polatlı.

Number of tunnels: 11 --- Total tunnel length: 8,000 meters
Number of viaducts: 16 --- Total viaduct length: 6,300 meters
Number of bridges: 24

Phase 2
Afyon–Uşak		 2018–2019 Tendered in 2017.
Phase 3
Uşak–Manisa–İzmir		 2019–2027 Under construction.

Ankara–Samsun

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The project commenced in 2026 with its first step connecting Ankara to Çorum.[62]

Ankara–Istanbul super-fast line

[edit]

Ankara - Istanbul SHD, is a double-track, electric, signaled high-speed railway project suitable for a maximum speed of 350 kilometers/hour (220 mph), which is planned to provide services in 2030s.[63]

[edit]

The Marmaray project, which consists of a rail transport network around Istanbul and the world's deepest immersed tube railway tunnel under the Bosphorus strait, is also under construction. The Marmaray tunnel will connect the railway lines on the European and Asian parts of Istanbul and Turkey. In 2013 the Marmaray tunnel was opened and passenger transportation is started partially in 13.5 km of total 76.5 km.[64] The rest was expected to be completed by 2015, but it now looks like this will not happen until some time in 2016. The project connecting the European and Asian suburban railway lines, will also connect the Thracian and Anatolian high-speed railway lines in Turkey via the world's deepest immersed-tube railway tunnel under the Bosporus.[65]

A new high-speed rail terminus station is to be built in Ankara (2009–2010), which is to be funded as a public–private partnership, using the Build-Operate-Transfer model. Additionally, new stations are to be constructed in İstanbul, Izmir, Edirne, Trabzon, Erzurum, Erzincan, Sivas, Kayseri, Antalya, Afyon, and Polatlı.[66] Furthermore, an additional project called Başkentray is also underway which consist of the renewal of railways in the urban section of Ankara.

Service and operation

[edit]

Speed limitations

[edit]
BERJAYA
TCDD HT80000 (Siemens Velaro TR) has a maximum operating speed of 300 km/h (186 mph)[2][27]

The YHT operates at a maximum speed of 300 km/h (186 mph)[2][27] on high-speed tracks. But the YHT also runs on non-high-speed and renewed tracks like the Köseköy-Gebze section of the Ankara–Istanbul high-speed railway where its top speed is 160 km/h (99 mph). Naturally, some speed restrictions also apply in urban sections while accessing the central station, especially in Ankara and Istanbul thus increasing journey times. The speed on these sections is expected to increase once renewal projects in urban areas (like Başkentray and second phase of Marmaray) are completed.

Staff, operation and security

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A security checkpoint for YHT passengers at the Ankara station

On YHT service, there is usually one train engineer (two on some trains), a train manager (absent in some trips), two train attendants and a café car attendant. Business-class passengers are served meals at their seats if they applied for while buying their tickets. When accessing the trains, passengers must pass a security check like in airports. Maintenance of the sets is done at the Eryaman Yard in Ankara.

High-speed train sets and production facilities

[edit]

TREVI ETR 500

[edit]

The first high-speed trains to run on Turkish rails were two ETR 500 train sets rented from Trenitalia of Italy and were used for testing the completed part of the high-speed railway network, between Eskişehir and Ankara, on 23 April 2007.[67] During the tests, ETR 500 Y2 achieved the current rail speed record in Turkey, reaching 303 km/h.[12]

TCDD HT65000

[edit]
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TCDD HT65000

TCDD HT65000 is a series of twelve high-speed electric multiple units built by the Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles (CAF) of Spain for the Turkish State Railways (TCDD), The EMUs are used on the Turkish high-speed railway network and can reach a maximum commercial speed of 250 km/h.[68][69]

TCDD HT80000

[edit]
BERJAYA
TCDD HT80000

The Velaro TR (TCDD HT80000) is a Velaro D derived 8-car standard gauge high-speed train for the Turkish State Railways (TCDD).[70] The eight cars, totalling a length of 200 m, can accommodate 519 passengers and reach a top speed of 300 km/h.[2][27] 25 kV 50 Hz AC power the train with a total of 8 MW.[70]

Turkish State Railways (TCDD) placed an order for seven Velaro high-speed trainsets in July 2013.[71] The contract is worth €285M, including seven years of maintenance.[71] The Velaros are to be deployed on the Turkish high-speed railway network. The first Siemens Velaro TR entered service in 2014.[72]

On 18 February 2015, TCDD ordered another 10 Velaro TR for delivery in 2017.[73] The €400M contract include the first three years of maintenance and spareparts.

Unlike the traditional white – red – dark blue color scheme used on the TCDD HT65000 high-speed trains, a white – turquoise – grey color scheme has been selected for the livery of TCDD's Velaro TR trains.[72]

EUROTEM and TÜRASAŞ

[edit]

EUROTEM, alternatively Hyundai EURotem, is a joint enterprise between Hyundai Rotem of South Korea and TÜVASAŞ of Turkey which was established in 2006[74] and started production in December 2007.[74] The Hyundai EURotem factory in Adapazarı, Turkey, was built as the Hızlı Tren Fabrikası (High-Speed Train Factory) with the purpose of manufacturing the next generation of Turkey's high-speed train sets.[75]

TÜRASAŞ (Turkish: Türkiye Raylı Sistem Araçları Sanayii Anonim Şirketi) is a railway manufacturer based in Ankara resulted in the merging of TÜLOMSAŞ, TÜVASAŞ and TÜDEMSAŞ, announced in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey on 4 March 2020.[76] Until 2030, the company aims to produce the first domestically made high-speed trainset, TCDD HT70000, under the National High-Speed Train project.

See also

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Notes

[edit]
  1. 1 2 Start of construction / Official opening
  2. ↑ There was no direct connection between Ankara and Konya by rail
[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ YHT Tanıtım Kitabi (YHT Reference Book), published by TCDD and Turkish Ministry of Transport.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Velaro Turkey: High-Speed Train for TCDD" (PDF). Siemens Mobility. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  3. ↑ Hızlı Tren Saatleri hareketsaati.com 30 November 2024 (in Turkish)
  4. ↑ Uysal, Onur. "First High Speed Train Set on Ankara Istanbul Line Arrived Istanbul", Rail Turkey, 26 July 2014
  5. 1 2 Uysal, Onur. "New Schedule for Istanbul-Ankara High Speed Train", Rail Turkey, 9 August 2014
  6. ↑ "Turkish high-speed lines transported 100 million passengers". Railway PRO. 9 July 2025. Retrieved 26 June 2026.
  7. ↑ https://www.ertms.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/18.-ERTMS-in-Turkey.pdf
  8. ↑ "High-speed trains carry 110 million passengers in Türkiye - Türkiye News". Hürriyet Daily News. 16 March 2026. Retrieved 19 March 2026.
  9. ↑ https://www.uab.gov.tr/media/v3ifp3wn/20221025-2053-ulastirma-ve-lojistik-ana-plani-tr.pdf
  10. 1 2 "Demiryolu" Magazine March–April Issue
  11. ↑ "Hızlı tren artık raylarda". www.hurriyet.com.tr. 24 April 2007. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  12. 1 2 "Nuovo record di velocità del treno italiano Etr 500 in Turchia: 303 km/h" (in Italian). Il Sole 24 Ore. 14 September 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  13. ↑ TCDD English Site Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine - First High Speed Train set arrived in Turkey
  14. 1 2 "Ankara-İstanbul YHT'yi Piri Reis ölçüyor". Hürriyet. 8 December 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  15. ↑ Vikipedi - YHT Vikipedi Page (in Turkish).
  16. 1 2 "Every one of four traveled fast". 14 August 2016.
  17. 1 2 "Passenger Transportation by rail on the rise". 27 January 2018.
  18. ↑ "Turkish railways posts record figures for 2019". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  19. 1 2 Evaluation of Ankara – Istanbul high speed train project[permanent dead link] Authors: Ali Payidar Akgungor, Abdulmuttalip Demirel, 2006, ISSN 1648-4142 print / ISSN 1648-3480 online, periodical: "TRANSPORT" 2007, Vol XXII, No 1, www.transport.vgtu.lt
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The current situation in the Ankara–Istanbul high-speed line project Archived 28 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine www.tcdd.gov.tr "Ankara–Istanbul high-speed line project"
  21. ↑ Sweet, Rod (29 July 2014). "Turkey's new high-speed rail: victory for Erdogan – and China". Global Construction Review.
  22. 1 2 Ankara-Istanbul High-Speed Train Project, Turkey railway-technology.com
  23. ↑ Alcatel-Lucent partners with Thales to expand Turkish Railways’ high-speed signalling network 16 March 2009 www.alcatel-lucent.com
  24. ↑ Uysal, Onur. "Istanbul–Ankara High Speed Train to Start on 25th of July", Rail Turkey, 21 July 2014
  25. 1 2 3 UIC celebrates the introduction of high speed in Turkey Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine 19 March 2009 uic.asso.fr
  26. 1 2 3 4 Ozen, Levent. "Sections of Ankara Istanbul HST Line" Archived 7 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine, RaillyNews, 25 July 2014
  27. 1 2 3 4 "Velaro Turkey High-Speed Train". Siemens Mobility. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  28. ↑ Turkey high-speed train derails 13 November 2009 news.bbc.co.uk
  29. ↑ "TCDD Taşımacılık AŞ Genel Müdürlüğü" (PDF). www.tcddtasimacilik.gov.tr. Retrieved 26 June 2026.
  30. ↑ Uysal, Onur. "How to Get to High Speed Train in Istanbul?", Rail Turkey, 22 October 2014
  31. ↑ Uysal, Onur. "TCDD Prefers Velaro as HST Sets", Rail Turkey, 9 July 2013
  32. ↑ Uysal, Onur. "Turkey to Buy 106 New High Speed Trains", Rail Turkey, 28 July 2013
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 The current situation on the Ankara–Konya high-speed line Archived 10 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine www.tcdd.gov.tr
  34. 1 2 Railway projects in Turkey Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Author: Mustafa Karaşahin, Publication: "Mechanics Transport Communications", ISSN 1312-3823, issue 3, 2007 ww.mtc-aj.com
  35. ↑ "Railway Gazette: First ETCS Level 2 contract awarded in Turkey". Archived from the original on 16 February 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
  36. ↑ "Railway Gazette: Completion of Ankara – Konya high speed line is significant step". 24 December 2010. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2010.
  37. ↑ "Opening of Ankara – Konya fast line completes strategic link – Railway Gazette". Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  38. ↑ "Turkey's High Speed Train Network Expands: Konya Karaman High Speed Line Opens Today". raillynews.com. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  39. ↑ "Turkey: Konya-Karaman rapid railway line opens". UIC (International Union of Railways). Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  40. ↑ "Testing underway on Ankara – Sivas high speed line". Railway Gazette International. 9 March 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  41. 1 2 Turkey's Railway Stations: A railway station that connects the Black Sea to the Mediterranean: Sivas Railway Station Archived 4 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine www.arkas.com.tr
  42. 1 2 3 4 ANKARA-SİVAS HIZLI TREN PROJESİ YERKÖY-YOZGAT-SİVAS KESİMİ Archived 6 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine Ankara – Sivas railway project www.tcdd.gov.tr
  43. ↑ "Erdogan: "Ankara Sivas YHT Line Project of Yozgat at the Same Time"". 26 February 2019.
  44. ↑ "Ankara-Sivas high-speed train project has been completed". www.raillynews.com. 5 March 2020.
  45. ↑ "Ankara-Sivas YHT hattı yıl sonunda hizmete alınacak". www.trthaber.com (in Turkish). 14 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  46. 1 2 "Bakan Karaismailoğlu: Ankara-İzmir arasındaki seyahat süresini 3,5 saate düşüreceğiz". www.trthaber.com (in Turkish). 22 March 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  47. ↑ "İlk sefer bugün... Ankara-Sivas Hızlı Treni hareket etti!". www.cumhuriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 26 April 2023.
  48. ↑ SİVAS ANKARA ARASI 2 SAAT 50 DAKİKAYA İNECEK[permanent dead link] "2hr 50mins between Ankara and Sivas" 16 March 2009 sipastv.com
  49. ↑ orbiteers (3 January 2023). "Five Takeaways From Turkey's High-Speed Rail Success Story". High Speed Rail Alliance. Retrieved 19 March 2026.
  50. ↑ SİVAS – ERZİNCAN – ERZURUM- KARS DEMİRYOLU PROJESİ[permanent dead link] SİVAS – ERZİNCAN – ERZURUM – KARS RAILWAY PROJECT www.dlh.gov.tr
  51. 1 2 Development of Euro-Asian transport links Author: Selim Bolat, Research, Planning & Coordination Department, Turkish State Railways –TCDD, September 2007, Page 4, via www.unece.org
  52. ↑ "The design of the high-speed railroad Sivas-Erzincan in Turkey was completed | RailTarget". www.railtarget.eu. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  53. ↑ www.larin.it, Larin (6 July 2021). "247 km of high speed rail successfully finalized!". SYSTRA SWS. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  54. ↑ "TCDD Taşımacılık AŞ Genel Müdürlüğü". www.tcddtasimacilik.gov.tr. Retrieved 26 June 2026.
  55. 1 2 "Bursa Hızlı Treni'nin Yüzde 80'i Tamamlandı". SAYFA16 | Doğru haber, Doğru adres... (in Turkish). Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  56. ↑ Gazetesi, Dünya (4 January 2021). "Bursa'nın hızlı treni 2023'te raylarda". www.dunya.com (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  57. ↑ "Halkalı-Kapıkule Hızlı Tren Projesi'nin ilk etabı 2025'te tamamlanacak". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  58. ↑ "Halkalı-Kapıkule Demir Yolu Projesi'nin Edirne'deki viyadük çalışmaları sürüyor". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  59. ↑ "Rebuilt Konya – Karaman route opens". Railway Gazette International. 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  60. ↑ "Aksaray Ulukışla Yenice High Speed Train Project Included in AYGM's Investment Program". Railly News. 30 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  61. ↑ "ANKARA-İZMİR HIZLI TREN HATTI 2027'DE HİZMETE GİRECEK - Haberler - T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı". www.uab.gov.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 17 February 2024.
  62. ↑ "HIZLI TREN SAMSUN'A BİR ADIM DAHA YAKLAŞTI". T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı (in Turkish). Retrieved 26 June 2026.
  63. ↑ Şimşek, Dilara. "'Süper Hızlı Tren' Geliyor: Ankara-İstanbul Arası 80 Dakikaya Düşecek!". Onedio (in Turkish). Retrieved 26 June 2026.
  64. ↑ Uysal, Onur. "Marmaray Opened", Rail Turkey, 29 October 2013
  65. ↑ Project of the Century: Marmaray Archived 10 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine www.tcdd.gov.tr
  66. ↑ Privatizations & Upcoming PPP-Projects in Turkey[permanent dead link] Page 28 www.joi.or.jp
  67. ↑ Hürriyet: Hızlı tren artık raylarda
  68. ↑ "Technical specifications of TCDD HT65000". CAF. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  69. ↑ "Our High Speed Train set that departed from Spain entered into our country through Kapıkule on November 20, 2007". www.tcdd.gov.tr. Turkish State Railways. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2008.
  70. 1 2 "Velaro Turkey High-Speed Train" (PDF). Mobility.siemens.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  71. 1 2 "Turkey orders Siemens Velaro high speed trainsets". Railway Gazette International. 8 July 2013. Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
  72. 1 2 "TCDD's first Siemens Velaro train set at the Ankara Central Station". Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
  73. ↑ "TCDD orders 10 more Velaros". Railway Gazette International. 18 February 2015.
  74. 1 2 Presentation of the Rail Transport – Turkey Archived 22 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine Tevfik Muhammed YEŞİLÇAM (TCDD) 21 November 2008 Page 29, www.euromedtransport.org
  75. ↑ TCDD: Hızlı Tren Fabrikası (High-Speed Train Factory)
  76. ↑ "TÜRKİYE RAYLI SİSTEM ARAÇLARINA SANAYİİ ANONİM ŞİRKETİNİN KURULUŞUNA İLİŞKİN KARAR" [DECISION ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF TÜRKİYE RAYLI SİSTEM ARAÇLARINA SANAYİİ ANONİM ŞİRKETİ] (PDF). Resmî Gazete (in Turkish). Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Resmî Gazete. 4 March 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
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