Topcon
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|
 | |
Native name | 株式会社トプコン |
|---|---|
| Type | Private |
| TYO: 7732 | |
| Industry | Electronics |
| Founded | Tokyo (September 1932) |
| Headquarters | 75-1, Hasunuma-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 174-8580, Japan |
Key people | Takashi Eto (President and CEO) |
| Products | |
| Revenue |  US$ 1.471 billion (FY 2022)
(JPY 215.625 billion) (FY 2022) (2022) |
| US$101.13 million
(JPY 14.82 billion) (2022) | |
Number of employees | 5543 (2023) |
| Subsidiaries | Sokkia |
| Website | Official website |
| Footnotes [1][2] | |
Topcon Corporation (株式会社トプコン, Kabushiki-gaisha Topukon) is a Japanese manufacturer of optical equipment for ophthalmology and surveying.[3]
History
[edit] |
1930s
[edit]TOPCON was established in September 1932 [4] based on the merger of the surveying instruments division of K. Hattori & Co., Ltd. (now known as Seiko Holdinge Corporation) in order to manufacture the optical instruments for the Japanese Army. Initially, the company produced surveying instruments, binoculars and cameras, as well as sniper scopes used mainly by the Army.[5]
In April 1933, TOPCON built its head offices and main factory at 180, Shimura-motohasunuma-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo.[citation needed]
1940s
[edit]In August 1945, TOPCON temporarily closed its factories after the end of World War II, but soon gained the authorization from the Tokyo Governor to convert the factory for production of civil products. By the end of the year, the factory reopened to manufacture binoculars and surveying instruments. They established Yamagata Kikai Kyogo Kabushikikaisha (currently Topcon Yamagata Co., Ltd.) in 1946 in Yamagata-shi, Yamagata Prefecture.[6]
In December 1947, TOPCON started selling lens meters and an Ophthalmic and Medical Instruments business. In May of 1949, it listed its stock on Tokyo and Osaka Stock Exchanges.[citation needed]
1957—released its first single-lens reflex camera, the Topcon R,[7] with semi-auto lens and an interchangeable finder.
March 1960—Became an affiliate of Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co., Ltd. (currently Toshiba Corporation).
May 1963—Released the first single-lens reflex camera with through the lens metering (TTL), the TOPCON RE Super.[7]
October 1969—Established Tokyo Kogaku Seiki Kabushikikaisha (currently OPTONEXUS Co., Ltd.) in Tamura-gun, Fukushima Prefecture.
April 1970—Established Topcon Europe N.V.(currently Topcon Europe B.V.) in Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
September 1970—Established Topcon Instrument Corporation of America (currently Topcon Medical Systems, Inc.)
January 1975—Established Topcon Sokki Co., Ltd. (currently Topcon Sales corporation), a surveying instrument sales company.
December 1976—Established Topcon Medical Japan Co., Ltd., a medical instrument sales company.
April 1978—Started selling an electric distance meter DM-C1 adopting a near-infrared.
October 1978—Started selling a refractometer RM-100 incorporating near-infrared beam and a television system.
March 1979—Established Topcon Singapore Pte. Ltd. in Singapore.
April 1986—Established Topcon Optical (H.K.) Ltd. in Hong Kong. September 1986, listed on First Sections of Tokyo and Osaka Stock Exchanges.
April 1989—Changed its corporate name to TOPCON CORPORATION.
April 1991—Entry into electron beam business.
December 1991—Built an engineering center in corporate premises.
September 1994—Established Topcon Laser Systems, Inc. (currently Topcon Positioning Systems, Inc.) in California, U.S.A., acquired Advanced Grade Technology, advanced into machine control business.
October 1994—Delivered a nationwide GPS continuous observation system to Geographical Survey Institute, Ministry of Construction, Japanese Government.
July 2000—Acquired Javad Positioning Systems Inc.[8][9] in the United States and started selling precision GPS receivers and related system products.
July 2001—Established Topcon America Corporation in New Jersey, U.S.A., as a holding company. Reorganized the subsidiaries in the United States dividing them into the ophthalmic and medical instrument business and the positioning business.
July 2002—Liquidated Topcon Singapore Pte. Ltd. and established Topcon South Asia Pte. Ltd. in Singapore.
February 2004—Established Topcon (Beijing) Opto-Electronics Corporation in Beijing, China.
July 2005—Reorganized sales subsidiaries in Europe and newly established two firms in the European market - one overseeing eye care business and the other overseeing positioning business - with Topcon Europe B.V. as the holding company.
July 2005—Transferred from part of the Hoya Corporation Vision Care Company's ophthalmic instruments segment in Japan.
April 2006—Implemented two-for-one stock split.
August 2006—Acquired ANKA Systems, Inc., in the United States for full-fledged entry into the ophthalmic network business in the United States.[10]
October 2006—Acquired KEE Technologies Pty Ltd., in Australia for entry into field of agriculture.
April 2007—In order to build a global group and quick business expansion, Topcon adopted three business structures, Positioning Business Unit, Eye Care Business Unit and Finetech Business Unit.
May 2007—Business rights for mobile control (navigation systems, ITS and others) transferred to U.S. subsidiary from Javad Navigation Systems, Inc.[11]
February 2008—Conducted a takeover bid for shares of Sokkia Co., Ltd. and made it a subsidiary to enhance competitiveness of the positioning business in the global market.
July 2008—Established in Turin (Italy) TIERRA SPA, a joint venture with Divitech spa entering in the Telematic and Remote Diagnostic market segments.
June 2009—Acquired shares of Italian wireless communications manufacturer DESTURA s.r.l. to strengthen operations in mobile communications, machine controls, and agricultural IT market segments.[12]
October 2009—Established Topcon 3D Inspection Laboratories, Inc., a 3D inspection technology development/design company, in Canada. Entry into the 3D measurement and high-end print board fields.
March 2010—Acquired InlandGEO Holding S.L., the largest dealer in Spain, to enhance sales channels for precision agricultural systems in the European, Middle-Eastern, and African markets.[13][14]
July 2010—Expanded Chinese subsidiary and established Topcon (Beijing) Opto-Electronics Development Corporation as a manufacturing base in the emerging Chinese market.
July 2010—Reorganized sales subsidiary in Singapore, established Topcon Singapore Holdings Pte. Ltd. as a holding company. Established new Positioning and Eye Care sales companies.
August 2010—Established Topcon Medical Laser Systems, Inc. by acquiring retina and glaucoma business of OptiMedica (U.S.A) and entered therapeutic laser market.
January 2011—Established Topcon Positioning Middle East and Africa FZE to expand Positioning Business in Middle Eastern and African market.
November 2014—Acquired Wachendorff Elektronik GmbH and Wachendorff Electronics Inc.[15]
September 2015—Toshiba sells its shares of Topcon. [16]
April 2018—Established Topcon Healthcare Solutions, Inc. a medical software company based in Oakland, New Jersey. Their primary focus is the eye-care industry.
July 2021—Topcon Corporation acquired VISIA Imaging S.r.l, an ophthalmic device manufacturer headquartered in suburban Florence, Italy. [17]
March 2025—Topcon agreed to be taken private through a management buyout led by KKR & Co., which acquired a majority stake for approximately ¥256 billion (US$1.7 billion) alongside investments from Japan Investment Corporation and Topcon's management, valuing the company at ¥348 billion (US$2.3 billion) and resulting in its delisting from the Tokyo Stock Exchange in December.[18][19]
Cameras
[edit]Tokyo Kogaku produced cameras, beginning with a 6×4.5 cm medium format model, Lord in 1937. A 127 film camera followed the next year. The Primoflex I twin-lens reflex camera came out in 1951. The Topcon 35A was unveiled in 1953. In 1960 the company produced a 6x9 press camera on order from the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department. It initially used a Mamiya lens; civilian models became available with Topcon lenses.
35mm SLR cameras
[edit].jpg)
The third 35mm SLR camera released in Japan was Tokyo Kogaku's Topcon R (1957), which features a "semi-automatic" aperture: the photographer composes the image, selects an aperture, presses a lever to charge a spring, and then presses the shutter release, which also releases the spring to stop down the aperture to the selection as the focal-plane shutter is opened. Because of this arrangement, the Auto-Topcor lenses have a triangular protrusion which overlaps the shutter release mounted on the front of the camera body.[20] Topcon cameras put the shutter release under the photographer's right index finger, making the Topcor lenses incompatible with Exakta cameras, despite sharing the same mechanical bayonet mount.[20] In the United States, the Charles Beseler Company sold the Topcon R as the Beseler Topcon B. Compared to its contemporary competitors, the Topcon R used a quick-return mirror, which allowed the photographer to recompose immediately after taking a picture, although this advantage was mostly lost as the lens remained stopped down, only returning to full aperture when the presetting lever was charged.[20]
_Topconette_(3331378223).jpg)
Tokyo Kogaku introduced the Topcon PR in 1959, which was the start of a lower-priced in-lens leaf shutter SLR line with a fixed Tessar-derived 50 mm f/2.8 lens; shutter speeds range from 1 to 1⁄500 sec.[21] Two front-mounted converter lenses were available, with a composite system focal lengths of 37 mm f/4 and 94 mm f/4.[21] It was succeeded by the PR II (1960), which had mostly minor cosmetic changes but added automatic diaphragm operation, and was accompanied by a third conversion lens with a focal length of 85 mm.[21] Beseler imported this camera into the US as the Beseler Topcon A (although not marked as such), and it also was sold by DeJUR as the Dekon-SR.[21] Later that year, the Topcon Wink Mirror was released, which incorporated a faster double Gauss lens, although still fixed, and a quick-return mirror. A new set of converter lenses were made available, for 35 mm f/4 and 80 mm f/4.[21] Also in 1960, Tokyo Kogaku released the Topcon R II or Automatic Topcon R, which added an automatic diaphragm function to the focal plane SLR line; Beseler sold this as the Beseler Topcon C.[20]
1961 followed with the Wink Mirror E, which adds a selenium photocell light meter to the front of the Wink, but was otherwise unchanged; the lens incorporated a material that acts as an UV filter and so was renamed UV Topcor.[21] The Wink Mirror E was similarly imported into the United States as the Beseler Topconette.[21] In addition, the Topcon R III was introduced in 1961, partly in response to the Nikon F and Canon Canonflex (both 1959), although it was little changed compared with the R II: the most prominent difference is the presence of a front-mounted cold shoe just above the shutter release on the R III for a shutter speed-linked selenium meter.[20] The R II was accompanied by a line of F.Auto-Topcor lenses, which dropped the triangular projection and used black-finished aluminum barrels. The focal plane Topcon R SLRs soon were followed by the short-lived Topcon RS (1962), which traded the selenium meter for one with a CdS photoresistor.[22]
Tokyo Kogaku updated its leaf-shutter SLR line with the Wink Mirror S in 1963, which added an interchangeable lens mount and a shutter-priority autoexposure mode.[23] Lenses with the UV Topcor mount do not have an aperture control, which remained on the body. In Europe, the Wink Mirror S was sold as the Porst Reflex S.[23] 1963 also brought the Topcon RE Super, which improved on the RS with full-aperture, through-the-lens metering; this was imported into the United States as the Beseler Topcon Super D and the UK/Australia/New Zealand as the Hanimex Topcon RE Super.[22] Numerous minor changes were implemented while the RE Super was being sold.[22][24] In addition, the Exakta-mount lens line was updated again with the RE.Auto-Topcor designation, carrying distinctive silver barrels. In about 1965, the US Navy tested cameras from several Japanese and German manufacturers (including the Nikon F). The Super D was the winner of this competition, and was used exclusively by the Navy until 1977.[citation needed]
In 1964, another upgrade to the leaf-shutter line, the Topcon Uni, made it the world's first SLR with through-the-lens metering and shutter-priority autoexposure; in the US it was sold as the Beseler Auto 100.[23] Beseler touted the camera's "Meter-inside-the-Mirror".[25] The Topcon RE-2 was introduced in 1965 aimed at the mid-range market, switching the horizontally-running focal plane shutter for a vertical Copal unit; this is immediately distinguishable through the switched positions of the shutter speed selector (now on the front of the body) and the shutter release (on the top deck).[26] As before, the RE-2 was sold under rebadged version as the Beseler Topcon D-1 and Hanimex Topcon RE-2.[26] By 1969, the last of the 35mm leaf-shutter SLRs was released, the Topcon Unirex, sold in the US as the Beseler Topcon Unirex; its primary upgrade was the ability to switch between spot and average metering patterns, though a 1972 export-only model, the Unirex EE, removed that function.[23]
The Topcon Super DM succeeded the RE Super in 1973; the primary improvement was the ability to attach a winder and later motor drive, and it was sold until Tokyo Kogaku withdrew from the photographic market in 1981, again with numerous minor changes throughout its production.[24] Also in 1974, the production of the IC-1 AUTO SLR started; "IC" means "Integrated Circuit", used for aperture control.[27] The IC-1 uses the UV mount and has a body shape similar to the Unirex, but incorporates a focal plane shutter instead while maintaining the capability of shutter-priority autoexposure.[26] The Hi Topcor lenses released alongside the IC-1 may not be fully compatible with earlier cameras.[26] The final cameras with an Exakta-based mount were released in 1977 and 1978, the Topcon RE200 and RE300, respectively.[28]
The last SLR released by Tokyo Optical was the Topcon RM300, which uses the Pentax K-mount.[28] Numerous rebadged versions of the RE200 (Exakta EDX2), RE300 (Exakta EDX3), and RM300 (Exakta CX5, KE 4 and KE 5; Rony RS1; Carena KSM 1; Quantaray D2-RZ) were sold as well.[28] The K-mount Topcon AM-1 was developed but was not released before Tokyo Optical withdrew from the market in 1981; Cima Optical purchased the design and released it as the Cimko LS-1 in 1983.[28]
Lenses for 35mm SLRs
[edit]Tokyo Optical produced both fixed and interchangeable lens SLR cameras; the interchangeable lenses were split into two separate types, one for cameras with focal plane shutters (using an Exakta bayonet mount) and another for cameras with leaf shutters (using the UV mount).
The fixed-lens SLRs had leaf shutters; the earliest lenses fitted to the PR and PR II were 50 mm f/2.8 four element / three group designs derived from the venerable Tessar.[21] These were succeeded by the 48 mm f/2.0 double Gauss lens fitted to the Wink Mirror and Wink Mirror E.
Focal plane shutter SLRs use an Exakta mount; the earliest of these lenses were introduced with the Topcon R in 1957: 35 mm f/2.8, 58 mm f/1.8, 100 mm f/2.8, and 135 mm f/3.5, all labeled as Auto-Topcor with the triangular projection overlapping the front-mounted shutter release. These early Auto-Topcor lenses included the aperture charging lever; later production lenses and those sent to the export market omit the charging lever, as pressure on the lens button would open the aperture and close it down to the preset.[29] With the R II, the triangular flange was omitted from the same four lenses, now labeled as F Auto-Topcor with black-finished bodies, a rubber inset for the focusing ring, and a clear plastic window covering the distance scale.[29] The F series added the automatic diaphragm action lever, at approximately 3 o'clock on the lens flange, which held the aperture open during composition and focusing, then when the shutter was released, stopped the diaphragm to its preset value.
The RE Auto-Topcor series, distinguished by their silver-colored bodies and black rubber inset focusing rings, added an aperture keying pin to allow the body to read the aperture selected on the lens. This pin rides in a arc-shaped groove from approximately 11 o'clock to 1 o'clock on the lens flange.
| Name | FL | Ap. | Constr. | Angle | Min. focus | Filt. (mm) | Φ×L | Wgt. | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ultra wide angle lenses | |||||||||
| RE Auto-Topcor | 20 | f/4.0 | 8e | 94° | 0.30 m (1 ft) | 62 | ? | 215 g (7.6 oz) | [30] |
| Wide-angle lenses | |||||||||
| RE Auto-Topcor | 25 | f/3.5–22 | 7e/7g | 82° | 0.17 m (6+1⁄2 in) | Ser.IX / Rear | ?×54 mm (2+1⁄8 in) | 320 g (11 oz) | [31] |
| RE Auto-Topcor | 28 | f/2.8–22 | 10e | 75° | 0.30 m (1 ft) | 62 | ? | 310 g (11 oz) | [30] |
| Macro-Topcor | 30 | f/3.5 | 6e | 70° | (focusing tube or bellows) | 22.5 | ? | 52 g (1.8 oz) | [30] |
| RE Auto-Topcor | 35 | f/2.8–22 | 7e/5g | 63° | 0.23 m (9 in) | 49 | ?×57 mm (2+1⁄4 in) | 250 g (8.8 oz) | [31] Also produced as Auto-Topcor and F Auto-Topcor types.[29] |
| Normal lenses | |||||||||
| RE GN Topcor M | 50 | f/1.4 | 7e | 45° | 0.40 m (1.3 ft) | 62 | ? | 350 g (12 oz) | [30] |
| RE GN Topcor | 50 | f/1.8–22 | 6e | 45° | 0.40 m (1.3 ft) | 62 | ? | 290 g (10 oz) | [30] |
| RE Auto-Topcor | 58 | f/1.4–16 | 7e/5g | 41° | 0.46 m (18 in) | 62 | ?×43 mm (1+11⁄16 in) | 300 g (11 oz) | [31] |
| RE Auto-Topcor | 58 | f/1.8–22 | 6e/5g | 41° | 0.46 m (18 in) | 49 | ?×38 mm (1+1⁄2 in) | 220 g (7+3⁄4 oz) | [31] Also produced as Auto-Topcor and F Auto-Topcor types.[29] |
| RE Macro Auto-Topcor | 58 | f/3.5 | 5e/4g | 41° | ? | 49 | ? | 260 g (9.2 oz) | [30] |
| Macro-Topcor | 58 | f/3.5 | 5e/4g | 41° | (focusing tube or bellows) | 49 | ? | 120 g (4.2 oz) | [31] |
| Portrait lenses | |||||||||
| RE Auto-Topcor | 85 | f/1.8 | 6e | 28.5° | 0.91 m (3 ft) | 62 | ? | 420 g (15 oz) | [30] |
| RE Zoom Auto-Topcor | 87~205 | f/4.7 | 13e | 28~12° | 2.7 m (9 ft) | 58 | ? | 710 g (25 oz) | [30] |
| R Topcor | 90 | f/3.5–22 | 3e/3g | 27° | 1.1 m (3+1⁄2 ft) | 49 | ?×62 mm (2+7⁄16 in) | 99 g (3+1⁄2 oz) | Pre-set diaphragm[31] |
| RE Auto-Topcor | 100 | f/2.8–22 | 5e/3g | 24.5° | 1.2 m (4 ft) | 49 | ?×54 mm (2+1⁄8 in) | 280 g (9.9 oz) | [31] Also produced as Auto-Topcor and F Auto-Topcor types.[29] |
| R Topcor | 135 | f/2.0–22 | 6e/4g | 18° | 1.8 m (6 ft) | 77 | ?×135 mm (5+5⁄16 in) | 1,100 g (40 oz) | Pre-set diaphragm[31] |
| RE Auto-Topcor | 135 | f/3.5–22 | 4e/3g | 18° | 1.2 m (4 ft) | 49 | ?×86 mm (3+3⁄8 in) | 400 g (14 oz) | [31] Also produced as Auto-Topcor and F Auto-Topcor types.[29] |
| Macro-Topcor | 135 | f/4.0 | 3e/3g | 18° | (focusing tube or bellows) | 49 | ? | 268 g (9.5 oz) | [31] |
| Telephoto lenses | |||||||||
| R Topcor | 200 | f/4.0–32 | 5e/3g | 12° | 2.1 m (7 ft) | 62 | ?×154 mm (6+1⁄16 in) | 840 g (29+1⁄2 oz) | Pre-set diaphragm[31] |
| RE Auto-Topcor | 200 | f/5.6–22 | 5e/4g | 12° | 3.0 m (10 ft) | 49 | ?×144 mm (5+11⁄16 in) | 460 g (16 oz) | [31] |
| R Topcor | 300 | f/2.8–22 | 5e/4g | 8° | 4.6 m (15 ft) | 62 | ?×380 mm (15+1⁄8 in) | 3,300 g (120 oz) | Pre-set diaphragm[31] |
| R Topcor | 300 | f/5.6–32 | 4e/4g | 8° | 4.6 m (15 ft) | 62 | ?×183 mm (7+3⁄16 in) | 740 g (26 oz) | Pre-set diaphragm[31] |
| RE Auto-Topcor | 300 | f/5.6 | 4e/4g | 8° | 4.6 m (15 ft) | 62 | ? | 750 g (26 oz) | [30] |
| RE Auto-Topcor | 500 | f/5.6 | 5e | 5° | 6.1 m (20 ft) | 62 | ? | 2,100 g (74 oz) | [30] |
| Name | FL | Ap. | Constr. | Angle | Min. focus | Filt. (mm) | Φ×L | Wgt. | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wide-angle lenses | |||||||||
| UV Topcor | 28 | f/4.0 | 6e | 75° | 0.38 m (15 in) | 49 | ? | 170 g (6.0 oz) | [30] |
| UV Topcor | 35 | f/3.5–22 | 6e/5g | 63° | 0.38 m (15 in) | 49 | ?×40 mm (1+9⁄16 in) | 160 g (5.6 oz) | [30][31] |
| Normal lenses | |||||||||
| Hi Topcor | 50 | f/2.0–22 | 6e | 47° | 0.61 m (2 ft) | 49 | ? | 142 g (5.0 oz) | [30][32] |
| UV Topcor | 53 | f/2.0–22 | 6e/4g | 43° | 0.69 m (27 in) | 49 | ?×27 mm (1+1⁄16 in) | 160 g (5+3⁄4 oz) | [31] |
| Portrait lenses | |||||||||
| Hi Topcor | 87~205 | f/4.7 | 13e | 28~12° | 2.7 m (9 ft) | 58 | ? | 710 g (25 oz) | [30] |
| UV Topcor | 100 | f/4.0–22 | 5e/5g | 24° | 1.5 m (5 ft) | 49 | ?×30 mm (1+3⁄16 in) | 220 g (7.8 oz) | [30][31] |
| UV Topcor | 135 | f/4.0–22 | 5e/5g | 18° | 1.7 m (5+1⁄2 ft) | 49 | ?×73 mm (2+7⁄8 in) | 305 g (10.8 oz) | [30][31] |
| Telephoto lenses | |||||||||
| UV Topcor | 200 | f/4.0 | 6e | 12° | 6.1 m (20 ft) | 67 | ? | 520 g (18 oz) | [30] |
| Teleconverters | |||||||||
| UV Topcor | 2× | +2 | 3e | approx. 1⁄2 | unchanged | N/a | ? | ? | Used with lenses ≥100 mm[30] |
In Australia
[edit]TOPCON has operated since 2003 started operations from its Brisbane office, with an office in Technology Park Adelaide at Mawson Lakes, South Australia and representatives in Sydney.
Topcon Positioning Systems
[edit]Topcon Positioning Systems Inc., provides positioning technology for surveyors, civil engineers, construction contractors, equipment owners and operators.
Topcon Corporation acquired Advanced Grade Technology in 1995 and became known as Topcon Laser Systems.
In August 2000, Topcon acquired JPS Inc., of San Jose, California, a provider of precision GPS and GPS/GLONASS products.
With the introduction of a series of positioning products, Topcon Laser Systems grew, and consolidated the survey instruments, GPS products and construction positioning products divisions in July 2001. Topcon Positioning Systems was formed.[citation needed]
Topcon Healthcare
[edit]In September 1970, Topcon established Topcon Instrument Corporation of America which is currently Topcon Healthcare, Inc., (formerly Topcon Medical Systems, Inc.), is a developer and supplier of diagnostic equipment for the ophthalmic community. In April 2018, Topcon established a medical software division, Topcon Healthcare Solutions, Inc., a developer of eyecare software and provider of related healthcare services.
Topcon ophthalmic (eye) machines are widely used in many health centers in Americas, Western Europe, Australia, and are often interconnected to their surrounding IT systems through the RS232 protocol using DICOM.
Gallery
[edit]-
A Topcon non-mydriatic retinal camera -
A Topcon ACP 8 projector -
Usage demonstration of a Topcon GR-3 global navigation satellite system -
A laser tachymeter and surveying prism made by Sokkia
References
[edit]- ^ "Corporate Profile". Topcon Corporation. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
- ^ "Company Profile". Nikkei Asian Review. Nikkei Inc. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
- ^ "Company Profile". Hoovers. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
- ^ global.topcon.com, Annual Report 2015 Archived October 28, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, (PDF), retrieved 25 October 2020.
- ^ "History - TOPCON". TOPCON - Topcon continues to solve societal challenges in healthcare, agriculture, and infrastructure with our leading-edge digital transformation solutions to help people around the world live better lives. (in Japanese). October 22, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
- ^ "株式会社トプコン山形". 株式会社トプコン山形 (in Japanese). Retrieved September 6, 2024.
- ^ a b kleinbildkamera.ch, 1963: Topcon RE Super, retrieved 25. Oktober 2020 (German).
- ^ Cameron, Alan (May 31, 2020). "Javad Ashjaee, 1949-2020". Inside GNSS - Global Navigation Satellite Systems Engineering, Policy, and Design. Retrieved February 4, 2022.
- ^ "Javad Ashjaee, founder of Javad GNSS, succumbs to coronavirus". GPS World. June 1, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2022.
- ^ "Topcon Medical Systems buys Anka Systems". Ophthalmology Times. October 4, 2006. Retrieved August 27, 2023.
- ^ Cameron, Alan (May 31, 2020). "Javad Ashjaee, 1949-2020". Inside GNSS - Global Navigation Satellite Systems Engineering, Policy, and Design. Retrieved February 4, 2022.
- ^ "Topcon purchases interest in Destura". Equipment World. June 4, 2009. Retrieved August 27, 2023.
- ^ "Topcon acquires InlandGEO". www.gim-international.com. Retrieved August 27, 2023.
- ^ "Topcon acquires InlandGEO". World Highways. Retrieved August 27, 2023.
- ^ "Topcon acquires Wachendorff Electronik GmbH". OEM Off-Highway. November 21, 2014. Retrieved August 27, 2023.
- ^ toshiba.co.jp 31 August 2015, Regarding the Sale of Certain Shares Held by Toshiba and a Subsidiary (PDF), retrieved 25 October 2020.
- ^ "Topcon acquires VISIA Imaging". August 18, 2021.
- ^ Bridge, Anton; Yamazaki, Makiko (March 29, 2025). "KKR and state-backed JIC join forces to take Japan's Topcon private for $2.31 billion". Reuters.
- ^ "Decision on Delisting, etc.: TOPCON CORPORATION". Japan Exchange Group. November 11, 2025.
- ^ a b c d e "Focal Plane Shutter SLR 1". Topcon Club (in Japanese). Retrieved June 26, 2026.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Leaf Shutter SLR 1". Topcon Club (in Japanese). Retrieved June 26, 2026.
- ^ a b c "Focal Plane Shutter SLR 2". Topcon Club (in Japanese). Retrieved June 26, 2026.
- ^ a b c d "Leaf Shutter SLR 2". Topcon Club (in Japanese). Retrieved June 26, 2026.
- ^ a b "Focal Plane Shutter SLR 3". Topcon Club (in Japanese). Retrieved June 26, 2026.
- ^ "'How you can get perfect photos everytime from your very first roll of film': Beseler Topcon Auto-100" (PDF). Charles Beseler Company. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
- ^ a b c d "Focal Plane Shutter SLR 4". Topcon Club (in Japanese). Retrieved June 26, 2026.
- ^ "Topcon IC-1 Auto" (in German). Retrieved October 25, 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Focal Plane Shutter SLR 5". Topcon Club (in Japanese). Retrieved June 26, 2026.
- ^ a b c d e f "マクロレンズと初期のレンズ等" [Macro Lenses & Early Lenses]. Club Topcon (in Japanese). Retrieved June 27, 2026.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Topcon catalog" (PDF). Paillard Incorporated – via Pacific Rim Camera, Reference Library.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Topcon dealer's catalog" (PDF). Charles Beseler Company. 1966 – via Pacific Rim Camera, Reference Library.
- ^ "Topcon catalog" (PDF). Paillard Incorporated – via Pacific Rim Camera, Reference Library.
External links
[edit]
- "Topcon Club" (in Japanese).
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
- Electronics companies of Japan
- Optics manufacturing companies of Japan
- Photography equipment manufacturers of Japan
- Medical technology companies of Japan
- Lens manufacturers
- Navigation system companies
- Companies formerly listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
- Manufacturing companies based in Tokyo
- Electronics companies established in 1932
- 1932 establishments in Japan
- Japanese brands
- 2025 mergers and acquisitions
- KKR & Co. companies
