Tioredoksin
Tioredoksin (TRX ili TXN) je klasa malih redoks proteina za koje se zna da su prisutni u svim organizmima. Ima ulogu u mnogim važnim biološkim procesimaima, uključujući redoks signalizaciju. Kod ljudi, tioredoksine kodiraju genii TXN i TXN2.[5][6] Mutacija gubitka funkcije bilo kojeg od dva ljudska tioredoksinska gena je smrtonosna u fazi četiri ćelije embriona u razvoju. Iako nije u potpunosti shvaćen, tioredoksin je povezan s lijekovima kroz njihov odgovor na reaktivne vrste kisika (ROS). U biljkama, tioredoksini regulišu spektar kritičnih funkcija, od fotosinteze do rasta, cvjetanja i razvoja i klijanja sjemena. Tioredoksini imaju ulogu u komunikaciji između ćelija.[7]
Pojava
[uredi | uredi izvor]Nalaze se u gotovo svim poznatim organizmima i neophodni su za život kod sisara.[8][9]
Aninokiselinska sekvenca
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| 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | ||||
| MVKQIESKTA | FQEALDAAGD | KLVVVDFSAT | WCGPCKMIKP | FFHSLSEKYS | ||||
| NVIFLEVDVD | DCQDVASECE | VKCMPTFQFF | KKGQKVGEFS | GANKEKLEAT | ||||
| INELV |
Funkcija
[uredi | uredi izvor]Primarna funkcija tioredoksina (Trx) je redukcija oksidiranih ostataka cisteina i cijepanje disulfidnih veza.[10] In vitro identificirano je više supstrata za tioredoksin, uključujući ribonukleazu, horiogonadotropine, faktore koagulacije, glukokortikoidni receptor i insulin. Redukcija insulina se klasično koristi kao test aktivnosti.[11] Tioredoksini se održavaju u redukovanom stanju pomoću flavoenzima tioredoksin-reduktaze, u NADPH-zavisnoj reakciji.[12] Tioredoksini djeluju kao donori elektrona za peroksidaze i ribonukleotid-reduktaze.[13] Srodni glutaredoksini dijele mnoge funkcije tioredoksina, ali ih reducira glutation, a ne specifična reduktaza.
Struktura i mehanizam
[uredi | uredi izvor]Tioredoksin je protein oksidoreduktaze od 12 kD. Proteini tioredoksina također imaju karakterističnu tercijarnu strukturu nazvanu tioredoksinski nabor. Aktivno mjesto sadrži ditiole u CXXC motiv. Ova dva cisteina su ključ sposobnosti tioredoksina da redukuje druge proteine.
Za Trx1, ovaj proces počinje napadom Cys32, jednog od ostataka konzerviranih u CXXC motivu tioredoksina, na oksidiranu grupu supstrata.[14] Gotovo odmah nakon ovog događaja, Cys35, drugi konzervirani Cys ostatak u Trx1, formira disulfidnu vezu sa Cys32, čime prenosi dva elektrona na supstrat koji je sada u reduciranom obliku. Oksidirani Trx1 se zatim reducira pomoću tioredoksin-reduktaze, koja se zatim reducira pomoću NADPH kao što je gore opisano.[14]

Korist tioredoksina u smanjenju oksidativnog stresa prikazana je kod transgenih miševa koji prekomjerno eksprimiraju tioredoksin, otporniji su na upalu i žive 35% duže[15] — podržavajući teoriju starenja slobodnih radikala. Međutim, kontrolne grupe ove studije bile su kratkog vijeka, što je možda doprinijelo očiglednom povećanju dugovječnosti.[16][17] Kod miševa sa srčano-specifičnom prekomjernom ekspresijom Trx1, proteomska studija je otkrila da je protein 1 koji sadrži SET i MYND domen (SMYD1), lizin metiltransferaza koja se visoko eksprimira u srčanom i drugim mišićnim tkivima, također pojačano reguliran. Ovo sugerira da Trx1 može igrati ulogu i u metilaciji proteina putem regulacije ekspresije SMYD1, koja je neovisna o njegovoj oksidoreduktaznoj aktivnosti.
Biljke imaju neobično složen komplement Trx-ova sastavljen od šest dobro definiranih tipova (Trx-ovi f, m, x, y, h i o) koji se nalaze u različitim ćelijskim odjeljcima i funkcioniraju u nizu procesa. Proteini tioredoksina se kreću od ćelije do ćelije, što predstavlja novi oblik ćelijske komunikacije u biljkama.[7] Studije savijanja proteina na tioredoksinu otkrile su da je potrebna minimalna dužina peptida od 83 ostatka za sticanje sekundarne i tercijarne strukture, kao što su pokazali Ghosal i saradnici 1999. godine.
Učinak na srčanu hipertrofiju
[uredi | uredi izvor]Pokazano je da Trx1 smanjuje srčanu hipertrofiju, zadebljanje zidova donjih srčanih komora, interakcijama s nekoliko različitih ciljeva. Trx1 povećava transkripcijsku aktivnost jedarnih respiratornih faktora 1 i 2 (NRF1 i NRF2) i stimulira ekspresiju peroksisomskog proliferator-aktiviranog receptora γ koaktivatora 1-α (PGC-1α).[18][19] Nadalje, Trx1 redukuje dva ostatka cisteina u histon deacetilazi 4 (HDAC4), što omogućava uvoz HDAC4 iz citosola, gdje se nalazi oksidirani oblik,[20] u ćelijsko jedro.[21] Jednom kada se nađe u jedru, smanjeni HDAC4 smanjuje aktivnost transkripcijskih faktora kao što je NFAT koji posreduje u srčanoj hipertrofiji.[14] Trx 1 također kontrolira nivoe mikroRNK u srcu i utvrđeno je da inhibira srčanu hipertrofiju pojačavanjem miR-98/let-7.[22] Trx1 može regulirati nivo ekspresije SMYD1, te stoga indirektno modulirati metilaciju proteina u svrhu zaštite srca.
Tioredoksin u njezi kože
[uredi | uredi izvor]Tioredoksin se koristi u proizvodima za njegu kože kao antioksidans u kombinaciji s glutaredoksinom i glutationom.
Proteini slični tioredoksinu
[uredi | uredi izvor]NrdH iz Mycobacterium tuberculosis je prepoznatljiv protein sličan tioredoksinu, funkcionalno sličan tioredoksinima, ali sa sekvencom sličnijom glutaredoksinima. Za razliku od tipičnih glutaredoksina, NrdH može prihvatiti elektrone iz tioredoksin-reduktaze (TrxR) kako bi pokrenuo redukciju ribonukleotida, ključni korak u sintezi DNK. Strukturna analiza otkriva nabor tioredoksina s konzerviranim redoks motivima – CVQC i WSGFRP – koji formiraju mrežu vodikovih veza i hidrofobni dio, stabilizirajući vezivanje TrxR.[23] Ova jedinstvena mješavina karakteristika glutaredoksinske sekvence s aktivnošću tioredoksina naglašava adaptivnu ulogu NrdH-a u redoks regulaciji M. tuberculosis.
Interakcije
[uredi | uredi izvor]Pokazano je da tioredoksin interraguje sa:
- ASK1,[24][25][26]
- Kolagen, tip I, alfa 1,[27]
- Glukokortikoidni receptor,[28]
- SENP1,[29]
- TXNIP.[30]
- NF-κB – by reducing a disulfide bond in NF-κB, Trx1 promotes binding of this transcription factor to DNA.[31]
- AP1 preko Ref1 – Trx1 indirektno povećava aktivnost vezivanja DNK aktivatorskog proteina 1 (AP1) smanjenjem redoks faktora 1 (Ref-1) enzima za popravku DNK, što zauzvrat smanjuje AP1 u primjeru kaskade redoks regulacije.[32]
- AMPK – Funkcija AMPK u kardiomiocitima je očuvana tokom oksidativnog stresa zbog interakcije između AMPK i Trx1. Formiranjem disulfidnog mosta između dva proteina, Trx1 sprečava stvaranje i agregaciju oksidiranog AMPK, čime omogućava AMPK da normalno funkcioniše i učestvuje u signalnim kaskadama.[33]
Također pogledajte
[uredi | uredi izvor]- RuBisCO - enzimska aktivnost regulirana tioredoksinom
- Peroksiredoksin - enzimska aktivnost regulirana tioredoksinom
- Tioredoksinski nabor
- Tioredoksin-reduktaza
Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]- 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000136810 - Ensembl, maj 2017
- 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000028367 - Ensembl, maj 2017
- ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ↑ Wollman EE, d'Auriol L, Rimsky L, Shaw A, Jacquot JP, Wingfield P, Graber P, Dessarps F, Robin P, Galibert F (oktobar 1988). "Cloning and expression of a cDNA for human thioredoxin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 263 (30): 15506–15512. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)37617-3. PMID 3170595.
- ↑ "Entrez Gene: TXN2 thioredoxin 2".
- 1 2 Meng L, Wong JH, Feldman LJ, Lemaux PG, Buchanan BB (februar 2010). "A membrane-associated thioredoxin required for plant growth moves from cell to cell, suggestive of a role in intercellular communication". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (8): 3900–3905. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.3900M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0913759107. PMC 2840455. PMID 20133584.
- ↑ Holmgren A (august 1989). "Thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 264 (24): 13963–13966. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)71625-6. PMID 2668278.
- ↑ Nordberg J, Arnér ES (decembar 2001). "Reactive oxygen species, antioxidants, and the mammalian thioredoxin system". Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 31 (11): 1287–1312. doi:10.1016/S0891-5849(01)00724-9. PMID 11728801.
- ↑ Nakamura H, Nakamura K, Yodoi J (1. 1. 1997). "Redox regulation of cellular activation". Annual Review of Immunology. 15 (1): 351–369. doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.15.1.351. PMID 9143692.
- ↑ "Entrez Gene: TXN thioredoxin".
- ↑ Mustacich D, Powis G (februar 2000). "Thioredoxin reductase". The Biochemical Journal. 346 (Pt 1): 1–8. doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3460001. PMC 1220815. PMID 10657232.
- ↑ Arnér ES, Holmgren A (oktobar 2000). "Physiological functions of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase". European Journal of Biochemistry. 267 (20): 6102–6109. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01701.x. PMID 11012661.
- 1 2 3 Nagarajan N, Oka S, Sadoshima J (august 2017). "Modulation of signaling mechanisms in the heart by thioredoxin 1". Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 109: 125–131. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.020. PMC 5462876. PMID 27993729.
- ↑ Yoshida T, Nakamura H, Masutani H, Yodoi J (decembar 2005). "The involvement of thioredoxin and thioredoxin binding protein-2 on cellular proliferation and aging process". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1055 (1): 1–12. Bibcode:2005NYASA1055....1Y. doi:10.1196/annals.1323.002. PMID 16387713. S2CID 37043674.
- ↑ Muller FL, Lustgarten MS, Jang Y, Richardson A, Van Remmen H (august 2007). "Trends in oxidative aging theories". Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 43 (4): 477–503. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.03.034. PMID 17640558.
- ↑ Liu T, Wu C, Jain MR, Nagarajan N, Yan L, Dai H, Cui C, Baykal A, Pan S, Ago T, Sadoshima J, Li H (decembar 2015). "Master redox regulator Trx1 upregulates SMYD1 & modulates lysine methylation". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics. 1854 (12): 1816–1822. doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.09.006. PMC 4721509. PMID 26410624.
- ↑ Ago T, Yeh I, Yamamoto M, Schinke-Braun M, Brown JA, Tian B, Sadoshima J (2006). "Thioredoxin1 upregulates mitochondrial proteins related to oxidative phosphorylation and TCA cycle in the heart". Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 8 (9–10): 1635–1650. doi:10.1089/ars.2006.8.1635. PMID 16987018.
- ↑ Yamamoto M, Yang G, Hong C, Liu J, Holle E, Yu X, Wagner T, Vatner SF, Sadoshima J (novembar 2003). "Inhibition of endogenous thioredoxin in the heart increases oxidative stress and cardiac hypertrophy". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 112 (9): 1395–1406. doi:10.1172/JCI17700. PMC 228400. PMID 14597765.
- ↑ Matsushima S, Kuroda J, Ago T, Zhai P, Park JY, Xie LH, Tian B, Sadoshima J (februar 2013). "Increased oxidative stress in the nucleus caused by Nox4 mediates oxidation of HDAC4 and cardiac hypertrophy". Circulation Research. 112 (4): 651–663. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.112.279760. PMC 3574183. PMID 23271793.
- ↑ Ago T, Liu T, Zhai P, Chen W, Li H, Molkentin JD, Vatner SF, Sadoshima J (juni 2008). "A redox-dependent pathway for regulating class II HDACs and cardiac hypertrophy". Cell. 133 (6): 978–993. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.04.041. PMID 18555775. S2CID 2678474.
- ↑ Yang Y, Ago T, Zhai P, Abdellatif M, Sadoshima J (februar 2011). "Thioredoxin 1 negatively regulates angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy through upregulation of miR-98/let-7". Circulation Research. 108 (3): 305–313. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.228437. PMC 3249645. PMID 21183740.
- ↑ Phulera S, Mande SC (juni 2013). "The crystal structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis NrdH at 0.87 Å suggests a possible mode of its activity". Biochemistry. 52 (23): 4056–4065. doi:10.1021/bi400191z. PMID 23675692.
- ↑ Liu Y, Min W (juni 2002). "Thioredoxin promotes ASK1 ubiquitination and degradation to inhibit ASK1-mediated apoptosis in a redox activity-independent manner". Circulation Research. 90 (12): 1259–1266. doi:10.1161/01.res.0000022160.64355.62. PMID 12089063.
- ↑ Morita K, Saitoh M, Tobiume K, Matsuura H, Enomoto S, Nishitoh H, Ichijo H (novembar 2001). "Negative feedback regulation of ASK1 by protein phosphatase 5 (PP5) in response to oxidative stress". The EMBO Journal. 20 (21): 6028–6036. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.21.6028. PMC 125685. PMID 11689443.
- ↑ Saitoh M, Nishitoh H, Fujii M, Takeda K, Tobiume K, Sawada Y, Kawabata M, Miyazono K, Ichijo H (maj 1998). "Mammalian thioredoxin is a direct inhibitor of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK) 1". The EMBO Journal. 17 (9): 2596–2606. doi:10.1093/emboj/17.9.2596. PMC 1170601. PMID 9564042.
- ↑ Matsumoto K, Masutani H, Nishiyama A, Hashimoto S, Gon Y, Horie T, Yodoi J (juli 2002). "C-propeptide region of human pro alpha 1 type 1 collagen interacts with thioredoxin". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 295 (3): 663–667. doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00727-1. PMID 12099690.
- ↑ Makino Y, Yoshikawa N, Okamoto K, Hirota K, Yodoi J, Makino I, Tanaka H (januar 1999). "Direct association with thioredoxin allows redox regulation of glucocorticoid receptor function". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (5): 3182–3188. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.5.3182. PMID 9915858.
- ↑ Li X, Luo Y, Yu L, Lin Y, Luo D, Zhang H, He Y, Kim YO, Kim Y, Tang S, Min W (april 2008). "SENP1 mediates TNF-induced desumoylation and cytoplasmic translocation of HIPK1 to enhance ASK1-dependent apoptosis". Cell Death and Differentiation. 15 (4): 739–750. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4402303. PMID 18219322.
- ↑ Nishiyama A, Matsui M, Iwata S, Hirota K, Masutani H, Nakamura H, Takagi Y, Sono H, Gon Y, Yodoi J (juli 1999). "Identification of thioredoxin-binding protein-2/vitamin D(3) up-regulated protein 1 as a negative regulator of thioredoxin function and expression". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (31): 21645–21650. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.31.21645. PMID 10419473.
- ↑ Matthews JR, Wakasugi N, Virelizier JL, Yodoi J, Hay RT (august 1992). "Thioredoxin regulates the DNA binding activity of NF-kappa B by reduction of a disulphide bond involving cysteine 62". Nucleic Acids Research. 20 (15): 3821–3830. doi:10.1093/nar/20.15.3821. PMC 334054. PMID 1508666.
- ↑ Hirota K, Matsui M, Iwata S, Nishiyama A, Mori K, Yodoi J (april 1997). "AP-1 transcriptional activity is regulated by a direct association between thioredoxin and Ref-1". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 94 (8): 3633–3638. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.3633H. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.8.3633. PMC 20492. PMID 9108029.
- ↑ Shao D, Oka S, Liu T, Zhai P, Ago T, Sciarretta S, Li H, Sadoshima J (februar 2014). "A redox-dependent mechanism for regulation of AMPK activation by Thioredoxin1 during energy starvation". Cell Metabolism. 19 (2): 232–245. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.12.013. PMC 3937768. PMID 24506865.
Dodatni izvori
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Arnér ES, Holmgren A (oktobar 2000). "Physiological functions of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase". European Journal of Biochemistry. 267 (20): 6102–6109. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01701.x. PMID 11012661.
- Nishinaka Y, Masutani H, Nakamura H, Yodoi J (2002). "Regulatory roles of thioredoxin in oxidative stress-induced cellular responses". Redox Report. 6 (5): 289–295. doi:10.1179/135100001101536427. PMID 11778846. S2CID 34079507.
- Ago T, Sadoshima J (novembar 2006). "Thioredoxin and ventricular remodeling". Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 41 (5): 762–773. doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2006.08.006. PMC 1852508. PMID 17007870.
- Tonissen KF, Wells JR (juni 1991). "Isolation and characterization of human thioredoxin-encoding genes". Gene. 102 (2): 221–228. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(91)90081-L. PMID 1874447.
- Martin H, Dean M (februar 1991). "Identification of a thioredoxin-related protein associated with plasma membranes". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 175 (1): 123–128. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(05)81209-4. PMID 1998498.
- Forman-Kay JD, Clore GM, Wingfield PT, Gronenborn AM (mart 1991). "High-resolution three-dimensional structure of reduced recombinant human thioredoxin in solution". Biochemistry. 30 (10): 2685–2698. doi:10.1021/bi00224a017. PMID 2001356.
- Jacquot JP, de Lamotte F, Fontecave M, Schürmann P, Decottignies P, Miginiac-Maslow M, Wollman E (decembar 1990). "Human thioredoxin reactivity-structure/function relationship". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 173 (3): 1375–1381. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(05)80940-4. PMID 2176490.
- Forman-Kay JD, Clore GM, Driscoll PC, Wingfield P, Richards FM, Gronenborn AM (august 1989). "A proton nuclear magnetic resonance assignment and secondary structure determination of recombinant human thioredoxin". Biochemistry. 28 (17): 7088–7097. doi:10.1021/bi00443a045. PMID 2684271.
- Tagaya Y, Maeda Y, Mitsui A, Kondo N, Matsui H, Hamuro J, Brown N, Arai K, Yokota T, Wakasugi H (mart 1989). "ATL-derived factor (ADF), an IL-2 receptor/Tac inducer homologous to thioredoxin; possible involvement of dithiol-reduction in the IL-2 receptor induction". The EMBO Journal. 8 (3): 757–764. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03436.x. PMC 400872. PMID 2785919.
- Wollman EE, d'Auriol L, Rimsky L, Shaw A, Jacquot JP, Wingfield P, Graber P, Dessarps F, Robin P, Galibert F (oktobar 1988). "Cloning and expression of a cDNA for human thioredoxin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 263 (30): 15506–15512. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)37617-3. PMID 3170595.
- Heppell-Parton A, Cahn A, Bench A, Lowe N, Lehrach H, Zehetner G, Rabbitts P (mart 1995). "Thioredoxin, a mediator of growth inhibition, maps to 9q31". Genomics. 26 (2): 379–381. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(95)80223-9. PMID 7601465.
- Qin J, Clore GM, Kennedy WM, Huth JR, Gronenborn AM (mart 1995). "Solution structure of human thioredoxin in a mixed disulfide intermediate complex with its target peptide from the transcription factor NF kappa B". Structure. 3 (3): 289–297. doi:10.1016/S0969-2126(01)00159-9. PMID 7788295.
- Kato S, Sekine S, Oh SW, Kim NS, Umezawa Y, Abe N, Yokoyama-Kobayashi M, Aoki T (decembar 1994). "Construction of a human full-length cDNA bank". Gene. 150 (2): 243–250. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90433-2. PMID 7821789.
- Qin J, Clore GM, Gronenborn AM (juni 1994). "The high-resolution three-dimensional solution structures of the oxidized and reduced states of human thioredoxin". Structure. 2 (6): 503–522. doi:10.1016/S0969-2126(00)00051-4. PMID 7922028.
- Gasdaska PY, Oblong JE, Cotgreave IA, Powis G (august 1994). "The predicted amino acid sequence of human thioredoxin is identical to that of the autocrine growth factor human adult T-cell derived factor (ADF): thioredoxin mRNA is elevated in some human tumors". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 1218 (3): 292–296. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(94)90180-5. PMID 8049254.
- Qin J, Clore GM, Kennedy WP, Kuszewski J, Gronenborn AM (maj 1996). "The solution structure of human thioredoxin complexed with its target from Ref-1 reveals peptide chain reversal". Structure. 4 (5): 613–620. doi:10.1016/S0969-2126(96)00065-2. PMID 8736558.
- Weichsel A, Gasdaska JR, Powis G, Montfort WR (juni 1996). "Crystal structures of reduced, oxidized, and mutated human thioredoxins: evidence for a regulatory homodimer". Structure. 4 (6): 735–751. doi:10.1016/S0969-2126(96)00079-2. PMID 8805557.
- Andersen JF, Sanders DA, Gasdaska JR, Weichsel A, Powis G, Montfort WR (novembar 1997). "Human thioredoxin homodimers: regulation by pH, role of aspartate 60, and crystal structure of the aspartate 60 --> asparagine mutant". Biochemistry. 36 (46): 13979–13988. doi:10.1021/bi971004s. PMID 9369469.
- Maruyama T, Kitaoka Y, Sachi Y, Nakanoin K, Hirota K, Shiozawa T, Yoshimura Y, Fujii S, Yodoi J (novembar 1997). "Thioredoxin expression in the human endometrium during the menstrual cycle". Molecular Human Reproduction. 3 (11): 989–993. doi:10.1093/molehr/3.11.989. PMID 9433926.
- Sahlin L, Stjernholm Y, Holmgren A, Ekman G, Eriksson H (decembar 1997). "The expression of thioredoxin mRNA is increased in the human cervix during pregnancy". Molecular Human Reproduction. 3 (12): 1113–1117. doi:10.1093/molehr/3.12.1113. PMID 9464857.
- Maeda K, Hägglund P, Finnie C, Svensson B, Henriksen A (novembar 2006). "Structural basis for target protein recognition by the protein disulfide reductase thioredoxin". Structure. 14 (11): 1701–1710. doi:10.1016/j.str.2006.09.012. PMID 17098195.
Vanjski linkovi
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Thioredoxin na US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- P10599
