Public Opinion

Gli italiani sono un popolo scientificamente analfabeta? In che modo si informano su questioni scientifiche e tecnologiche? Quali atteggiamenti hanno nei confronti di temi scientifici come le biotecnologie, i cambiamenti climatici, le vaccinazioni o le medicine alternative e complementari? Quanto investe il nostro Paese nel settore ricerca e sviluppo? Quante risorse destina l’Italia per la sanità rispetto agli altri Paesi? L’Annuario Scienza Tecnologia e Società 2022 propone, in forma sintetica e accessibile, una raccolta aggiornata di dati e informazioni provenienti dalle più accreditate fonti nazionali e internazionali, per comprendere lo stato e le trasformazioni della ricerca e dell’innovazione nella società. Questa edizione si caratterizza per l’attenzione al tema della salute e alla rappresentazione grafica dei contenuti. Alcune infografiche permetteranno una lettura più agevole dei dati grazie a un formato comunicativo di facile consultazione e immediata comprensione.

En este trabajo indagamos las claves de la escritura que Servando Teresa de Mier propuso y desplegó en su obra Historia de la revolución de la Nueva España (1813) tendentes a construir una trama narrativa americana que editó documentos y perspectivas peninsulares sobre la capacidad de representación política americana. Más que defender una revolución institucional ante otra insurgente y popular, el mérito de Mier residió en proponer, inventar, un archivo americano o memoria colectiva americana que vinculó los tiempos de la conquista española con los tiempos políticos y vertiginosos inaugurados a partir de 1808 y ampliar ese discurso a fin de abarcar a todos los sectores “desprotegidos” de América.

L'opera, comprese tutte le sue parti, è tutelata dalla legge sui diritti d'autore. Sono vietate e sanzionate (se non espressamente autorizzate) la riproduzione in ogni modo e forma (comprese le fotocopie, la scansione, la memorizzazione elettronica) e la comunicazione (ivi inclusi a titolo esemplificativo ma non esaustivo: la distribuzione, l'adattamento, la traduzione e la rielaborazione, anche a mezzo di canali digitali interattivi e con qualsiasi modalità attualmente nota od in futuro sviluppata).

This book provides an introduction to political psychology through a focus on European politics and topics. It describes a style of doing political psychology in Europe that has developed out of dialogue with as well as critique of North American approaches. By emphasising the theoretical and methodological diversity of political psychology, the book is intended to contribute to a greater understanding of the strength and utility of the field. • Opens up and extends the study of political psychology to a variety of socio-political contexts and manifestations of political behaviour • Clearly outlines the usefulness and promises of distinctive critical approaches in social and political psychology • Explicitly considers the role of language, communication, identity and social representations in the construction of political meanings. Political Psychology will appeal to upper-level students and scholars who seek to extend their knowledge of the complex relationship between psychology, politics and society.

This study analyzes controversies and public attitudes concerning the Bandera faction of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN-B), the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA)
and Stepan Bandera in Ukraine. The research question is: Which factors affect attitudes toward the OUN-B, the UPA and Bandera in contemporary Ukraine? This article employs comparative and regression analyses of surveys commissioned by the author and conducted by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology (KIIS) in 2009 and 2013 to determine the effects of regional and other factors on attitudes toward these organizations and the OUN-B leader. The study shows that regional factors and perceptions of these organizations' involvement in mass murder were the strongest predictors of the views concerning the OUN-B, the UPA and Bandera. Their public support is strongest in Galicia and weakest in the East and the South, in particular, in Donbas and Crimea, two major conflict areas since the “Euromaidan.”

Most analyses of public opinion polling focus on questions of bias or accuracy. In contrast, this study assumes the validity of polling and instead investigates polling data as a form of rhetorical argument. While ancient and modern traditions conceive of doxa as unstated collective opinion, modern opinion polling represents a transformation of the concept of doxa in deliberative democracies. By analyzing specific polls, polling data is shown to advance implicit claims about public policy and good governance. Thus, polling data do not embody an objective empirical artifact, but rather a form of deliberative argumentation that is at odds with democratic life. The study concludes by advocating a revitalization of the public culture of contestation and by discussing more indirect, intuitive means of assessing larger opinion trends.

This study examines the role of political factors in attitudes toward World War II in contemporary Ukraine. The question under examination is which factors determine public views of the principal warring sides and their leaders in Ukraine. This paper uses a representative national survey specifically designed for this research project and conducted by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology in 2012. It analyzes the roles of regionalism, political party preferences, ethnicity, language, age, and sex in attitudes toward the Red Army, Soviet partisans, the German Army (Wehrmacht), and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) during the war, as well as toward the wartime leaders of the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany, and the UPA. The analysis of the survey data shows that regional values, political party preferences, ethnicity, language, and age have significant effects on views of the Soviet Army and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army during the war and attitudes toward the wartime activities of Joseph Stalin and Roman Shukhevych. Public perceptions of the German Army and Adolf Hitler in Ukraine do not vary much across regions, political parties, and ethnic, language, age, and sex groups.

У овом раду полазим од две методолошке претпоставке: 1) Култура се може очитати из језика; 2) Култура је целина, те се може објективно испитати само огледањем с другом целином. Полазећи од лексике, примењујем широку филолошку методологију да бих упоредио православну и модерну језичку слику света, предвиђајући да ће се православна догма показати релевантним и ревелаторним поредбеним еквивалентом савременог дискурса. Нагласак стављам на учење о апокалипси и на појам прелести. Утврђујем да је тај негативни појам у више језика претрпео нормализацију кроз губљење наслеђених речи осуде (прелест) те њихову дискредитацију (лаж), семантичку рестрикцију (превара) и неутрализацију (мнење); кроз афирмативно превредновање (машта) и еуфемистичко преименовање (пи-ар); најзад противосуду (теорија завере) која инкорпорира критичке неологизме (дезинформација). Појам истовремено бележи ширење које обухвата савремене праксе манипулације и кључне речи цивилизације (информисање, ИТ, јавно мнење). Прелест је тиме увећана а њена критика онемогућена променом лексичке и семантичке структуре. Ова промена демонстрира на који начин језик обликује и изражава постистински поглед на свет. Очигледна, битна и епохална, она представља знак времена, који по православној догми јесте апокалиптичан.

In this paper, I proceed from two methodological assumptions: 1) Culture can be read from language; 2) Culture is a whole, and it can be objectively examined only in comparison with another whole. Starting from the lexicon, I apply a broad philological methodology to compare the Orthodox and the modern linguistic picture of the world, predicting that Orthodox dogma will prove to be a relevant and revelatory comparative equivalent of contemporary discourse. The emphasis is on the teaching of the apocalypse and the notion of deception. I find that in several languages this negative notion has undergone normalization through: the disappearance of the inherited words of condemnation (srp. prelest), their disrepute (lie), semantic restriction (fraud) and neutralization (seduction); affirmative revaluation (dream) and euphemistic renaming (PR); finally counter-condemnation (conspiracy theory), which incorporates critical neologisms (disinformation). At the same time, the notion is experiencing an extension which includes modern practices of manipulation and key words of civilization (information, IT, public opinion). The deception is thus increased and its critique prevented by the change of lexical and semantic structure. This change demonstrates how language shapes and expresses a post-truth world view. Obvious, essential and epochal, the change represents a sign of the times, one which according to Orthodox dogma is apocalyptic.

The paper examines variation in union density in advanced Western countries. It employs newly updated data on unionization which show that differences among industrialized Western nations persist overtime. The analysis includes examination of the role of corporatism, Left party power, Catholic party power, ethnic and linguistic diversity, the religious composition of the population, size of countries and labor force markets, proportion of the government and industry employment, government‟s share of GDP revenue. In addition to cross-national statistical analysis, union density rates are examined by major geographical and cultural clusters of countries, i.e., Northern countries, the Low Countries, English-speaking countries, German-speaking countries and Southern countries. We focus on divergence of union density between the United States and Canada, which belong to the same cluster of Western nations and have similar economic structures. We examine the role of social values and structural, economic, and political factors in divergence of unionism in Canada and the United States. Our analysis employs 1996 Lipset-Meltz survey data on attitudes towards unions in the United States and Canada as well as data from other surveys, such as the World Values Surveys.

The impressive domains of the high technologies exports represent the energetic high tides for the Gross Domestic Products from the United State and Germany. In the high-tech field, the United States of America and Germany achieve the most sophisticated innovations. With a palatial culture in the high-tech sphere, the cities San Francisco, New York, Los Angeles, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Washington, Miami, Berlin, Munich hold the supremacy in this "kingdom of the high innovations". So, we can say that these cities represent the real stars in the high-tech galaxy, as effect of the great discoveries displayed in time.

Pharmacogenomics is the study of the myriad interactions between genes and pharmacotherapy. Developments in pharmacogenomics have changed and will affect pharmaceutical research, drug development and the practice of medicine in a significant way. In this article, we make an inventory of the ethical implications that might arise as a result of possible developments in pharmacogenomics and investigate whether the present ethical framework will be able to adequately answer arising questions. We think that many of the questions related to the consequences of pharmacogenomics are answerable along the lines of present ethical thinking. We also believe, however, that many 'changes of degree' may result in a 'change of kind.' We therefore think that pharmacogenomics may potentially have such a profound influence on scientific research and the pharmaceutical industry, the practice of medicine and society at large, that this will generate its own unique dynamic, which will require new ethical research. We suggest that the notion of 'responsibility' will be a major focus of such research.

When it comes to public opinion about controversial issues related to science and technology, many policy makers and scientists assume that increased public understanding of science will lead to increased public support. Yet, instead of a fully informed and deliberative public, past research indicates that it is more likely that the public by nature is 'miserly', with individuals relying on their value predispositions and only the information most readily available to them from the mass media and other sources in order to formulate an opinion about science controversy. Building on this latter 'accessibility' or 'memorybased' model of opinion formation, this study tests the relationship between an increase in available information-or increasing 'awareness'-and public support for embryonic stem cell research. An analysis of national survey data collected in the USA during the fall of  and the fall of  indicates that although an increase in awareness leads to an increase in support for research, both religious and ideological value predispositions strongly moderate the impact of awareness.

Environmental laws such as the Clean Air Act are administered largely at the state level, with more or less enthusiasm, depending on the state. Here we examine the spatial distributions of four indicators of environmentalism: organizational membership, public opinion, Congressional representation and state-level environmental policy. Public support for environmental protection is strongest in the nation's northeast quadrant and the West Coast. The Dakotas, the intermountain West and the Deep South have the least concern. Level of environmentalism is largely explained by state levels of electricity consumption and education and inversely by political conservatism. Cultural traditions also apparently explain some of the variation across regions. #

Mensurar a QAU frente aos aspectos ambientais sugere correlações do ser humano frente às inter-relações com o espaço urbano da cidade, a fim de determinar ou exprimir qualidade(s). A coleta de opiniões da população vislumbra a trilogia AFETO-COGNIÇÃO-COMPORTAMENTO, pautada no potencial informativo do espaço do bairro e da cidade do Salvador, onde a percepção é passada pelo espírito de entendimento ou comportamento das pessoas, suas crenças e conhecimento relativo do lugar, no domínio das suas atividades psíquicas, sentimentais, emocionais e volitivas.

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Survey research is a form of social interaction with its own set of guiding principles. As in all social interactions, there are implicit cultural and political values and beliefs that can influence the way respondents choose to answer survey questions. Previous research within the United States has found that the presence of an interviewer can influence the validity of survey responses (e.g., Tourangeau, Rips, & Rasinki, 2000). Similar findings have been found cross-culturally (e.g., Kim & Kim, 2016). While there has been an abundant amount of research on interviewer effects in and outside the United States, little research has examined social desirability bias (SDB) in the context of an ethnonational conflict, and specifically among populations struggling for self-determination. In this research note, we examine the effect of SDB by showing the specific ways survey mode (interviewer-administered vs. self-administered) affects responses among Palestinians immersed in a prolonged co...

The discomfort reported by the general public at the prospect of personal contact with marginalised groups is an expression of the stigma they experience. This has been widely studied in relation to ethnic minorities and immigrants but less so for persons with disabilities. A national survey with a representative sample of over 1100 Irish adults provided an opportunity to examine reported discomfort with persons who had different impairments, including mental health conditions, with four other minority groups. Moreover, the personal and situational variables associated with expressions of discomfort were identified. Respondents were most comfortable having persons with physical and sensorial disabilities living in their neighbourhood or in their workplace but less so for persons with intellectual disabilities and even less for people with mental health conditions. They were much less comfortable with the four other social groups: gay, lesbian or bisexual people; Eastern European mig...

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to

Assessments of public perceptions of the characteristics of a nuclear power plant accident and affective responses to its likelihood were conducted 5 months before and 1 month after the Chernobyl accident. Analyses of data from 69 residents of southwestern Washington showed significant test-retest correlations for only 10 of 18 variables-accident likelihood, three measures of impact characteristics, three measures of affective reactions, and hazard knowledge by governmental sources. Of these variables, only two had significant changes in mean ratings; frequency of thought and frequency of discussion about a nearby nuclear power plant both increased. While there were significant changes only for two personal consequences (expectations of cancer and genetic effects), both of these decreased. The results of this study indicate that more attention should be given to assessing the stability of risk perceptions over time. Moreover, the data demonstrate that experience with a major accident can actually decrease rather than increase perceptions of threat.

This study examined to what extent nuclear risk perceptions, organizational commitment (OC), and appraisals of management are associated with each other among nuclear power plant personnel. The sample consisted of 428 nuclear power plant workers who completed a questionnaire at their workplace. Perceived nuclear risk and OC were most closely related to the appraisals of the top management of the organization. As the trust in and satisfaction with the top management increased, perceived nuclear safety and acceptance of the organizational goals and values heightened. This result is discussed in the context of industrial safety management.

Sandro LANDI, Stampa, censura e opinione pubblica in età moderna, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2011, 150 S., ISBN 978-88-15-23391-2 Buchdruck, Zensur und öffentliche Meinung sind grundlegende Phänomene des frühneuzeitlichen Europas. Aufgrund ihrer fundamentalen Bedeutung in der Geschichte der westlichen Welt sind diese Begriffe seit langem Thema der Geschichtswissenschaft. Sandro Landi legt nicht nur einen aktuellen Forschungsüberblick zu den drei Themen vor, sondern lädt dazu ein, sie auf eine weite Zeitspanne (vom 15. bis zum 18. Jahrhundert) und für einen geographischen Raum, der sich von östlichen Europa bis zur arabischen Welt hin ausdehnt, gemeinsam zu analysieren.

Global public opinion has emerged as a prominent issue in international relations. But have U.S. public diplomacy efforts during the post-9/11 period successfully improved foreign publics' appraisals of U.S. foreign policy? We examine this question by estimating the effects of U.S. high-level visits to foreign countries on public opinion in those countries. We base our theoretical arguments on the political communication literature, but extend them to consider transnational dynamics in international relations. Specifically, we argue that U.S. leaders' credibility in the eyes of foreign publics is critical in shaping attitudes toward U.S. foreign policy. Empirically, we show that the effects of such visits were initially significantly large and positive, but weakened once the war in Iraq began and international media started reporting negative aspects of the ''war on terror.'' Most interestingly, we find some evidence that high-level visits eventually exhibited a backlash effect.

On définit trois manières d’être usager du système de soins, trois rôles typiques. On insiste notamment sur le rôle d’usager bien portant, c'est-à-dire de « malade potentiel permanent » et sur le rôle d’usager « payeur permanent » qui est massivement occulté. Chaque type de rôle pose des questions spécifiques concernant la « représentativité » des représentants dans les instances de participation. On classe ces représentants en deux catégories « porte parole » et « stratège » qui fonctionnent de manières radicalement différentes. Enfin, on se demande comment se forme une opinion publique sur le système de soin.

Are Americans aware and concerned about White nationalism in the U.S. Military? Our large and demographically representative survey suggests that while most Americans suspect at least some presence of White nationalism in the military, many do not view it as a serious problem; particularly self-identified conservatives and respondents who hold highly favorable views toward military service members. However, in a between-/ within-subjects experiment embedded in our survey, we show that providing information about the issue of White nationalism in the U.S. Military increases the public's overall concern about White nationalism in the U.S. Military.

Bovine somatotropin (bST) results in increased milk yield and an unprecedented improvement in efficiency. Beginning in the 1930s to present day, investigations have examined animal-related factors such as nutrition, bioenergetics, metabolism, health and well being and consumer-related factors such as milk quality, manufacturing characteristics, and product safety. Overall, bST is a homeorhetic control involved in orchestrating many physiological processes. Direct effects involve adaptations in many tissues and the metabolism of all nutrient classes-carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and minerals. Mechanisms include alterations in key enzymes, intracellular signal transduction systems, and tissue response to homeostatic signals. Indirect effects involve the mammary gland and are thought to be mediated by the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system. Specific changes include increased cellular rates of milk synthesis and enhanced maintenance of secretory cells. Indirect effects are modulated by environment and management factors, especially nutritional status. This modulation is a central component in allowing ST to play a key role in regulating nutrient utilization across a range of physiological situations. U.S. commercial use began in 1994, and adoption has been extensive. From a consumer perspective, bST was unique, and special interest groups loudly predicted dire consequences. However, introduction of bST had no impact on milk consumption, and milk labeled as recombinant bST-free occupies a minor niche market. From a producer perspective, commercial use verified scientific studies and enhanced net farm income. Overall, ST is a key homeorhetic control regulating nutrient partitioning, and the ST/IGF system plays a key role in animal performance and well being across a range of physiological situations.

Drawing on a national survey among American adults, this study focuses on the trade dispute between the U.S. and China and explores the relationship between social media use and opinion polarization about China's trade practices. The results reveal that the time spent on social media is indirectly associated with opinion polarization on China's trade practices through news consumption on social media. Furthermore, the mediating effect of social media news consumption is found to be particularly stronger among those who frequently encounter like-minded information related to the U.S. government's action during the trade dispute. Implications are discussed for the interaction between foreign policy and public opinion in the contemporary media environment.

Everybody has philosophies governing even distinct areas of life, including communication. In establishing these philosophies, individuals often turn to a variety of sources, including media such as film. Using Ronald C. Arnett’s (2010) characterization of philosophy of communication as “scholarly story,” I argue for serious consideration of film texts in the communication discipline. This perspective differs from traditional rhetorical treatment of films, and allows the cinematic text to be a source of philosophical knowledge. Regarding film texts in this way can benefit the discipline by providing insight into the philosophies governing communication practices and beliefs amongst the general public.