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The Structural Adjustment program have been acting agencies in worsening the situation in Africa,... more The Structural Adjustment program have been acting agencies in worsening the situation in Africa, contributing to the ongoing debt and placing structures that acted as temporary relief mechanism that have had detrimental long term effects. These were programs based on provisions set with conditionality's by the west with the intention of elevating the African economy. Although it has met some of its objectives on a temporary basis, the effects lead to a situation that increases dependency due to various factors such as: the creation of debt through loans towards Africa from the west to fund these SAPS and minimising the industrial sector just to mention a few. Essentially the west had used the World Bank and IMF as institutions that had implemented these structural adjustments with the ultimate objective of uplifting and strengthening Africa's economy. This paper will illustrate the reasons owing to the failure of SAPS in Africa for not meeting their stated objectives. This will be done by giving the historical context as to why these African economies were in the state they were in. In addition, the paper will further explicate what the objective of the SAPS were and the reality of their outcome by illustrating the side-effects.
The nature of the mass violence inflicted upon the San people was unparalleled at the time of its... more The nature of the mass violence inflicted upon the San people was unparalleled at the time of its occurrence and what makes it perceptible (similarly to that of the Aboriginal people in Australia, Queensland) is the abduction and appropriation of children as a means of cheap economic gains in the form of labour force but also as a means of securing victory over the San people at a later stage. The main root for the decimation of the San can ultimately be traced back to the Dutch-speaking pastoralists who had initially been the initiates of slavery in the Cape region where slaves were imported across the Indian Ocean trading network ; as a result this saw the manifestation of slavery within the colony frontiers.1 It became part of frontier life during the confrontation between the European stock farmers and hunter-gatherers (San society) during the 18 th century to own slaves.2 The trekboers's (those who looked to acquire land around the Cape interior) implementation of labour laws had been emanated from the slavery economy of the Western Cape.3 The aim of capturing the slaves was to ultimately use them as a work force but the San men were too violent to capture thus the impetus of getting child labourers instead. The intention of This paper seeks to illustrate the significance of the capturing and confiscation of the children from the San society and the extent of the detrimental effects it had towards to the annihilation of Cape San societies in comparison with other forms of social destruction which were committed against them. Traditionally in most African cultures and tribes like the San people, women were seen to be the main distribution chain of cultural knowledge in the community. The vulnerability of the San child captives accentuates the greater tragedy that transpired to the San society where the turmoil infused with the violent acts of the frontier occupants, meant that children would become subject to abandonment and penury which would result in forced migration and eventually dependency to their new masters.4The next generation was to acquire the knowledge and preserve it by any means. Marcus Garvey once stated that " A people without the knowledge of their past history, origin and culture is like a tree without roots " 5 What makes the apprehension of San children so detrimental compared to other socio injustices such as the slaughtering of men, is the ruin of the cultural knowledge of the San community as a whole. The perpetrators saw this as eliminating future threats used a physiological strategy where the child would assimilate with his/her master from a young age leaving virtually no room to rebel against at a later stage. The nature of the act is usually understood as 'ethnocization 'but because of the nature of the outcome it had on the San society it can be seen as characteristic that forms under the broader meaning of a Genocide. The men of the San tribe would often do whatever it takes even sacrificing their lives because they had a strong spiritual beliefs linked with their land and their culture, so perceiving the land and the culture meant that they were whole as a tribe. When the next generation is taken away at a young it signifies the end of their people and the effects of this are prevalent in the present day.
Californian Indian societies, land is life. The affirmation of the aforementioned statement is ba... more Californian Indian societies, land is life. The affirmation of the aforementioned statement is based on the premise that land is necessary for their livelihood. A commonality that can be identified out of the three societies mentioned above is that they all lived off the land by means of hunting and eventually gathering. Faith to a great degree for natives all over the world, is inextricably bound to the use of the land. The San believed that there was no life without the land due to the spiritual enactment of it; Aboriginal people of Australia had a spiritual, physical and cultural connection to their land and Californian natives had a perception of the land as being sacred and a living being (Brady, 1998). Therefore, a contest for land can also be regarded as a contest for life. The most evident commonalties that is shared by all of the societies mentioned above is that they were virtually whipped out. Dr Mohamed Adhikari suggests that the main agents for the destruction of the Cape San societies was owing to the Dutch-speaking pastoralists whose homicidal form of acquiring land and the ecological damage caused from their farming exploits, virtually certified the
The Structural Adjustment program have been acting agencies in worsening the situation in Africa,... more The Structural Adjustment program have been acting agencies in worsening the situation in Africa, contributing to the ongoing debt and placing structures that acted as temporary relief mechanism that have had detrimental long term effects. These were programs based on provisions set with conditionality's by the west with the intention of elevating the African economy. Although it has met some of its objectives on a temporary basis, the effects lead to a situation that increases dependency due to various factors such as: the creation of debt through loans towards Africa from the west to fund these SAPS and minimising the industrial sector just to mention a few. Essentially the west had used the World Bank and IMF as institutions that had implemented these structural adjustments with the ultimate objective of uplifting and strengthening Africa's economy. This paper will illustrate the reasons owing to the failure of SAPS in Africa for not meeting their stated objectives. This will be done by giving the historical context as to why these African economies were in the state they were in. In addition, the paper will further explicate what the objective of the SAPS were and the reality of their outcome by illustrating the side-effects.
The nature of the mass violence inflicted upon the San people was unparalleled at the time of its... more The nature of the mass violence inflicted upon the San people was unparalleled at the time of its occurrence and what makes it perceptible (similarly to that of the Aboriginal people in Australia, Queensland) is the abduction and appropriation of children as a means of cheap economic gains in the form of labour force but also as a means of securing victory over the San people at a later stage. The main root for the decimation of the San can ultimately be traced back to the Dutch-speaking pastoralists who had initially been the initiates of slavery in the Cape region where slaves were imported across the Indian Ocean trading network ; as a result this saw the manifestation of slavery within the colony frontiers.1 It became part of frontier life during the confrontation between the European stock farmers and hunter-gatherers (San society) during the 18 th century to own slaves.2 The trekboers's (those who looked to acquire land around the Cape interior) implementation of labour laws had been emanated from the slavery economy of the Western Cape.3 The aim of capturing the slaves was to ultimately use them as a work force but the San men were too violent to capture thus the impetus of getting child labourers instead. The intention of This paper seeks to illustrate the significance of the capturing and confiscation of the children from the San society and the extent of the detrimental effects it had towards to the annihilation of Cape San societies in comparison with other forms of social destruction which were committed against them. Traditionally in most African cultures and tribes like the San people, women were seen to be the main distribution chain of cultural knowledge in the community. The vulnerability of the San child captives accentuates the greater tragedy that transpired to the San society where the turmoil infused with the violent acts of the frontier occupants, meant that children would become subject to abandonment and penury which would result in forced migration and eventually dependency to their new masters.4The next generation was to acquire the knowledge and preserve it by any means. Marcus Garvey once stated that " A people without the knowledge of their past history, origin and culture is like a tree without roots " 5 What makes the apprehension of San children so detrimental compared to other socio injustices such as the slaughtering of men, is the ruin of the cultural knowledge of the San community as a whole. The perpetrators saw this as eliminating future threats used a physiological strategy where the child would assimilate with his/her master from a young age leaving virtually no room to rebel against at a later stage. The nature of the act is usually understood as 'ethnocization 'but because of the nature of the outcome it had on the San society it can be seen as characteristic that forms under the broader meaning of a Genocide. The men of the San tribe would often do whatever it takes even sacrificing their lives because they had a strong spiritual beliefs linked with their land and their culture, so perceiving the land and the culture meant that they were whole as a tribe. When the next generation is taken away at a young it signifies the end of their people and the effects of this are prevalent in the present day.
Californian Indian societies, land is life. The affirmation of the aforementioned statement is ba... more Californian Indian societies, land is life. The affirmation of the aforementioned statement is based on the premise that land is necessary for their livelihood. A commonality that can be identified out of the three societies mentioned above is that they all lived off the land by means of hunting and eventually gathering. Faith to a great degree for natives all over the world, is inextricably bound to the use of the land. The San believed that there was no life without the land due to the spiritual enactment of it; Aboriginal people of Australia had a spiritual, physical and cultural connection to their land and Californian natives had a perception of the land as being sacred and a living being (Brady, 1998). Therefore, a contest for land can also be regarded as a contest for life. The most evident commonalties that is shared by all of the societies mentioned above is that they were virtually whipped out. Dr Mohamed Adhikari suggests that the main agents for the destruction of the Cape San societies was owing to the Dutch-speaking pastoralists whose homicidal form of acquiring land and the ecological damage caused from their farming exploits, virtually certified the
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