Health Sciences

Introduction: A hotspot is a geographical location having evidence of high STIs/HIV prevalence, and/or behaviors that put people at high risk of becoming infected. Therefore, Nigeria, with almost two million people living with HIV, could be considered a giant “hotspot.” The main aim was to describe how the geospatial clustering of newly diagnosed HIV-infected adults in Cross River State helps define new “hotspots.”Methods: Secondary data collected between January 2020 and March 2020, identified and mapped around a presumed hotspot’s radius of influence (ROI), were analyzed using a “Hotspot Analysis” plugin in QGIS software. With a sample size of 3019, both seropositive and seronegative results were geo-referenced and the resultant map was analyzed to determine HIV-positive clusters.Results: From the 3019 spatial locations mapped, 720 (23.9%) were positive cases. Of these, 328 (45.6%) were thus estimated as being associated with the presumed hotspots. The remaining 392 (54.4%) were p...

Current trend in health-care industry is to shift its data on the cloud, to increase availability of Electronic Health Records (EHR) e.g. Patient’s medical history in real time, which will allow sharing of EHR with ease. However, this conventional cloud-based data sharing environment has data security and privacy issues. This paper proposes a distributed solution based on blockchain technology for trusted Health Information Exchange (HIE). In addition to exchange of EHR between patient and doctor, the proposed system is also used in other aspects of healthcare such as improving the insurance claim and making data available for research organizations. Medical data is very sensitive, in both social as well as legal aspects, so permissioned block-chain such as Hyperledger Fabric is used to retain the necessary privacy required in the proposed system. As, this is highly permissioned network where the owner of the network i.e. patient holds all the access rights, so in case of emergency ...

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The Increasing pace of Industrialization throughout the world has brought with It a serious, and ever Increasing threat from air pollution. It Is true that this threat Is being taken seriously, and that many responsible research workers, government advisers and others are working towards Its reduction. But air pollution seems to have something of the nature of a hydra-headed monster: tackle one problem and another immediately grows to take its place. Actions taken sometimes have results that are far from what was envisioned, sometimes even seeming to make the problem worse.

In "The Forgotten Pollution", Roos shows clearly and In an often entertaining way, how many of the "unexpected" side effects of pollution by waste gases and particles can be explained by paying attention to the electrical activity of the atmosphere and the earth.
Using an Instrument, which he has developed the Electrostatic Charged Aerosol Monitor (ECAM), together with other instruments and reference to the literature, much of it dating back to the early days of science, when electrostatics was appreciated as a science more than It Is today, Roos has succeeded In explaining many hitherto "puzzling" phenomena in a clear, simple and intellectually satisfying way.

The research evaluated the association between plastics and endocrine disruptors, as well as the viable and active ways to mitigate the challenges posed by plastic pollution. Consumption of seafood represents one major pathway for the exposure of human to microplastic. Microplastics may pass up to higher levels in food chain. Three likely toxic effects of plastic particles have been put forward: the release of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) adsorbed to the plastics, leaching of plastic additives, and plastic particles themselves. Chemical additives such as bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), bisphenol S (BPS), etc., used in plastic production pose several health risks to both humans and animals. Due to the use of some chemical additives during production of plastics, plastics have potentially risk and harmful effects that could be carcinogenic or encourage endocrine disruption. Some of the chemical additives are used as phthalate plasticizers (phthalates) and brominated flame retardants. By biomonitoring, chemicals in plastics, such as phthalates and BPA, have been identified in human population. Humans are exposed to the chemicals through the skin, nose, or mouth. Bisphenol A (BPA) can disrupt normal, regular physiological levels of sex hormones. Recent studies suggest that BPS also has endocrine disrupting properties, just like BPA. The presence of a hydroxy group on the benzene ring makes bisphenol S and bisphenol A endocrine disruptors. A widespread concern about phthalate exposure is the possibility that it is the cause of a drop in male fertility. Some recent studies suggest that tetrabromobisphenol A may be an endocrine disruptor and immunotoxicant. As an endocrine disruptor, tetrabromobisphenol A may interfere with both estrogens and androgens. There is also growing concern that PBDEs share the environmental long life and bioaccumulation properties of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins. It is not known if PBDEs can cause cancer in people, although liver tumors developed in rats and mice that ate extremely large amounts of decaBDE throughout their lifetime. The use of biodegradable plastics, policymaking, institutional arrangements, plastic waste collection, promotion of non-usage and lessening usage, incineration, use of the enzyme PETase, and creating awareness, in addition to banning have been the active ways for the management of plastic pollution.

 Tipos de huesos  Largos: son el fémur, tibia, humero y el cubito.  Cortos: los carpianos de la muñeca.  Irregulares: las vertebras, columna vertebral.  Funciones del sistema esquelético o Sostener el cuerpo y mantenerlo en posición erecta. o Proteger determinados órganos vitales: el fémur y la tibia, estos actúan como palancas que se mueven entre si gracias a las contracciones musculares. o Reproducir células sanguíneas: estas células son glóbulos rojos, glóbulos blancos y plaquetas. estos se forman en la medula ósea roja que hay en el inferior de las cabezas de los huesos.  El cráneo:  Función: o Protege el cerebro.  La caja torácica:  Función: o Protege corazón, pulmones.  Apéndice:  Función o Protege el aparato reproductor femenino.  Tipos de huesos  Largos: son el fémur, tibia, humero y el cubito.  Cortos: los carpianos de la muñeca.  Irregulares: las vertebras, columna vertebral.

External ventricular drains (EVDs) are commonly used to facilitate removal of cerebrospinal fluid in patients with neurologic dysfunction. Despite a high risk for infection (upward of 45%), many hospitals lack strict protocols for EVD placement and maintenance. In addition, EVD infections are typically not tracked with the same diligence as central-line catheter infections, because there are no widely accepted standards for routine management of EVDs. The purpose of this review is to provide a guide for the development of a standardized, best practice EVD protocol for catheter insertion, care, and maintenance to reduce ventriculostomy-related infections. A secondary goal of this review is to provide support for the future development of guidelines for the consistent tracking of EVD insertion and maintenance practices. At an academic medical center, an interdisciplinary team of nurses, advanced practice nurses, and neurointensivists reviewed recent medical and nursing literature as well as research-based institutional protocols on EVD insertion and maintenance from the United States and abroad to determine global best practices. The goal of this literature review was to identify key areas of focus in EVD insertion and maintenance as well as to identify recent studies that have shown success in managing EVDs with low rates of infection. The following terms were used in this search: EVD, externalized ventricular drains, EVD infections, EVD insertion, EVD Care and Maintenance, Nursing and EVDS. The following databases were utilized by each member of the interdisciplinary team to establish a state of the science on EVD management: American Association of Neurosurgical Surgeons, CINAHL, Cochrane, National Guidelines Clearinghouse, and PubMed. The following common EVD themes were identified: preinsertion hair removal and skin preparation, aseptic technique, catheter selection, monitoring of EVD insertion technique using a ''bundle'' approach, postinsertion dressing type and frequency of dressing changes, techniques for maintenance and cerebrospinal fluid sampling, duration of catheter placement, staff education/competence, and surveillance.

This milestone text provides a comprehensive and state-of-the art overview of perfectionism theory, research, and treatment from the past 25 years, with contributions from the leading researchers in the field. The book examines new theories and perspectives including the social disconnection model of perfectionism and the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism. It also reviews empirical findings, with a special focus on stress, vulnerability, and resilience, and examines perfectionism in specific populations. Finally, it considers how perfectionism relates to physical health and psychophysiological processes and introduces new approaches to effective prevention and treatment. By increasing our understanding of perfectionism as a complex personality disposition and providing a framework for future explorations, this landmark publication aims to promote further research in this field. It will be invaluable reading for academics, students, and professionals in personality psychology, clinical and counselling psychology, applied psychology and related disciplines.

Coronavirus disease is an emerging public health concern globally. Due to rapid spread and alarming incidences of COVID-19 cases, we intended to explore the knowledge and perception of health professionals. Objective of study to assess the knowledge and perception of health professionals through a web based study using voluntary sampling technique. Respondents were almost equal gender wise classified. Around 50% of participants had good knowledge about COVID-19 disease. The mean knowledge score was 18.49±4.257. In this study perception of health professional towards COVID-19; nearly half of them 49.2% had positive, followed by 35.3% had negative and 15.5% had neutral perception. The present study found significant association of knowledge with gender (p=0.002), occupation (p=.001), years of service (p=.001), Job (p=.001), heard about COVID-19 (p=.001) and source of information about COVID-19 (p=.001) at 5% p value. This study found insignificant association of perception with all demographic variables at 5% p value.

Background: Dynamic Neuromuscular stabilization is an evolving concept in the field of rehabilitation. It works on the entire stabilizing system of the spine along with optimal activation of the diaphragm enabling the appropriate movement of the extremities. This review article is designed to give an insight on Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization technique and its clinical application. Methods: A range of databases including Google Scholar, Pubmed and Medline were searched to identify articles on core stabilization, integrated spinal stabilization system, Vojta's reflex locomotion, dynamic neuromuscular stabilization. Results: According to the searched literature Dynamic neuromuscular stabilization is an evolving concept given by PavelKolar. It is based on the principles of developmental kinesiology focus on correct breathing pattern and stabilizing role of the diaphragm and correct activation of the integrated spinal stabilization system before any movement at the extremities. Now, it has been used successfully in clinical practice for the rehabilitation of a wide variety of neurological and musculoskeletal conditions. Conclusion: Dynamic neuromuscular stabilization is a technique which focuses on activation of the intrinsic stabilizers of the spine along with correct breathing pattern before any purposeful functional movement. It is used for the rehabilitation of various musculoskeletal, neurological, pediatric as well as sports injury cases.

With a simple to-follow approach and unrivaled learning support, Jarvis' Physical Examination and Health Assessment, eighth Edition is the most legitimate, total, and handily actualized answer for wellbeing evaluation in nursing. This firmly incorporated learning bundle keeps on fixating on Carolyn Jarvis' trademark clear, coherent, and comprehensive way to deal with physical assessment and wellbeing evaluation over the patient life expectancy. It's stuffed with distinctive outlines, bit by bit direction and proof based substance to give a total way to deal with wellbeing evaluation abilities and physical assessment. With a new spotlight on the present need-to-know data, the eighth version coordinates QSEN and interprofessional cooperation, highlights upgraded incorporation of LGBTQ contemplations, incorporates another independent Vital Signs part, and gives improved EHR and documentation content.

Street-level bureaucrats implementing public policies have a certain degree of autonomy – or discretion – in their work. Following Lipsky, discretion has received wide attention in the policy implementation literature. However, scholars have not developed theoretical frameworks regarding the effects of discretion, which were then tested these using large samples. This study therefore develops a theoretical framework regarding two main effects of discretion: client meaningfulness and willingness to implement. The relationships are tested using a survey among 1,300 healthcare professionals implementing a new policy. The results underscore the importance of discretion. Implications of the findings and a future research agenda is shown.

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PLANNING, ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF HOSPITALS & NURSING HOMES

The healthcare industry in the 21st century will continue to be transformed by new innovations and technology. For patients and healthcare staff, these developments will be most evident in new tools, such as robotic surgical tables and intra-hospital delivery drones, that improve healthcare services and outcomes. Healthcare will be omnipresent and exist without walls.Healthcare is going to be evermore ubiquitous and exist in an omnipresent space.
Hospital is a complex organization. There is a wide diversity of objectives and goals among individuals, professional groups and various subsystems. Hospitals deal with problems of life and death. This puts significant psychological and physical stress on personnel. The major product is difficult to determine. Advances in technology, economic, epidemiological and demographic pressure and consumer expectations add complexity to hospital management.
Today the consumer accesses healthcare. In the future, healthcare will access the consumer, technology will change the fundamental ways in which people and health systems interact. Planners must consider health beyond its traditional building type because healthcare is moving to more of a coherent, connected and coordinated framework.
On a one-on-one level, patients will expect doctors to use their data to offer more personalized solutions.Tomorrow’s healthcare design needs to have resilience for changing economics, demographics and regulatory conditions, so these investments can adapt to evolutionary changes over time. Outcome-based care will translate to outcome-based design. Patients and caregivers will demand more of their physical—and virtual—experiences. Healthcare environments will become more engaging over the next decade in response to changing attitudes and technology.
In the near future, advances in artificial intelligence (AI), information technologies, high-speed internet, remote-monitoring technology, and developments in 3D-printing and robotics will change the way healthcare is delivered. A revolution in diagnosis and care provision will take place. The concept of the “Future Hospital” will become a reality. We must prepare for a robotic future; we need to plan for the role of robotics in our hospitals. The future might hold factory-like hospitals, where nearly all healthcare procedures from reception to surgery will be performed by robots or be at least robot- assisted.
Telemedicine, Telecare, E-healthcare and M-healthcare are emerging perspectives. With the aid of different smart devices, nanotechnology is developed in healthcare systems to monitor, diagnose, and treat patients. The development of drugs and precision medicine based on genomics and big data is one of the advancements in healthcare which is continuously under development.
Each human will have a computer chip attached to his/her body containing all his/her medical data, which will be monitored by AI. Computer chips placed in every human body will allow for all diseases to be diagnosed at an early stage; all the health information of each individual will be readily available. Bioprinting has the potential to become the standard in complex tissue fabrication, increasing the need for 3D printing in healthcare in the coming years.
Improvements in hospital performance are important for advancing towards UHC. When health facilities perform well, the overall performance of the health system improves. Improved performance requires clear goals for the hospital sector within the broader health system and clear functions for institutions supporting hospitals to reach these goals. Achieving high-performing hospitals and health systems requires the capacity to formulate policies and implement action to improve planning and management. The health sector needs to expand its skills and strengthen its capabilities to drive change. Hospital management teams must be capable of improving the quality and efficiency of day-to-day operations. Effective leadership is needed to manage finances, to lead and support staff, and to develop partnerships to improve the quality and efficiency of hospital services.
This book addresses the complex concerns and issues to provide a comprehensive and holistic view in planning, designing and management of hospitals and Nursing Homes. It has a unique style, quality content and universal outlook. This will also serve as a reference book. A book that many have been aspiring for: a must read for Hospital & Health Service Administrators, Clinicians, Nursing Officers, Academic, Policy-makers, Planners, Architects, Academic Administrators of medical universities/colleges and Students of Management.

Kualitas lingkungan merupakan determinan penting terhadap kesehatan masyarakat. Status kesehatan lingkungan didiagnosis menggunakan indikator-indikator kesehatan lingkungan. Indikator-indikator kesehatan lingkungan diterapkan pada media-media lingkungan seperti air, udara, pangan, dan vektor. Air mempunyai hubungan yang erat dengan kesehatan. Apabila tidak diperhatikan, maka air yang dipergunakan masyarakat dapat mengganggu kesehatan manusia. Udara yang kotor seperti debu, asap rokok, asap pembakaran, asap pabrik dapat menimbulkan berbagai permasalahan kesehatan khususnya dalam perkembangbiakan dan penyebaran berbagai bibit penyakit. Selain itu, kebersihan dan keamanan pangan dan tidak terkendalinya vektor penyakit juga memiliki potensi besar dalam menyebabkan kondisi yang tidak kondusif untuk kesehatan manusia.

— Diagnosis, and monitoring of health is a very important task in healthcare industry. Due to time constraint, people are not visiting hospitals, which might and possibly lead to a lot of health issues in one instant of time. Predominantly most of the healthcare systems have been developed to predict and diagnose the health of the patients by which people who are busy in their schedule can also monitor their health at regular intervals. Many studies show that early prediction is the best way to cure health because early diagnosis will help and alert the patients to know the health status. Healthcare being a global issue more particularly India being a most populated nation where majority of which live in villages deprived of healthcare facilities on real time basis continuously and regularly. With the increasing use of technology, there is an urgent need to have such a smart health monitoring system that can communicate between network devices and application which will help the patients and doctors to monitor, track and record the patient's sensitive data containing medical information. This paper depicts the idea of solving health issues using the latest technology, Internet of Things (IoT). It presents the architectural review of smart healthcare system using Internet of Things(IoT) which is aimed to provide a Better HealthCare to everyone. Using this system architecture, patient's body parameters can be measured in real time.

It is sometimes argued that the non-therapeutic, non-consensual alteration of children’s genitals should be discussed in two separate ethical discourses: one for girls (in which such alterations should be termed ‘female genital mutilation’ or FGM), and one for boys (in which such alterations should be termed ‘male circumcision’). In this article, I call into question the moral and empirical basis for such a distinction, and argue that all children—whether female, male, or intersex—should be free from having parts of their genitals removed unless there is a pressing medical indication.

People abused by angry discipline as children, may tend to abuse or overly punish other people or themselves for perceived wrongs in their adult life. In some individuals, aggressive personality traits may be genetically inherited. The aggressive personality may feel weakened by having guidelines or boundaries for anger. Anger is a normal human emotion, and these guidelines can help express anger in a healthy way.

The present study aims at assessing nursing and sanitation staff knowledge and practice regarding Healthcare Waste (HCW) management before and after the implementation of an educational intervention program at the main hospitals of the White Nile State in Sudan. Quasi-experimental study design was applied to assess the impact of an intervention program on knowledge and practice regarding HCW management. The same questionnaire used in the pre-test was used immediately after the end of the intervention program and then again three months later for a second post-test. The results showed that the majority of nursing and sanitation staff had fair knowledge regarding HCW management before the educational intervention program (17% good, 58% fair, and 25% poor). After implementation of the educational program, the majority had good knowledge (56% good, 34% fair, and 10% poor) in the immediate post-test, and also in the post-test three months later (59% good, 35% fair, and 6% poor). More tha...

The objective of this research is to contextualize the violence faced by women, children and older adults, a product of the confinement subjected to humanity by the Covid-19 pandemic, where Latin American women, like many globally, suffer from deaths. from your family and friends; also because of the violence to which they are subjected in their homes, where they must stay longer, making coexistence more difficult by worsening relationships and increasing conflicts, fights, and altercations between couples, becoming a social problem. A bibliographic review was carried out related to gender violence during the confinement stage, in some Ibero-American countries; the development of the text has a deductive and inductive approach to its understanding. A reflection is made on the results related to female violence and other evils that today affect humanity that slow down the objectives of reaching a sustainable society, where women take their place in the development of new generations ...

Introduction-Vertebral artery is Sonographically evaluated in terms of its Diameter, blood flow volume and other characteristics in cases of vertebrobasilar insufficiency. Anatomical variants in its origin and course are therefore important for a proper evaluation. Aim And Methodology-This study aimed to study Sonoanatomy of Vertebral artery and its variations on Color Doppler Ultrasonography in Normal Healthy Individuals aged over 35 Years enrolled as Controls and subjects of the same age group with a Clinical Diagnosis of Cervical Spondylitis who were called Cases. This Observational Comparative study included 120 individuals ( 60 cases and 60 controls) , selected by Convenience sampling at a the Radiology Department of a Medical College in Central India. Observations- Majority of individuals in both groups were in the age group 41-50 years, with the mean age 43 years. Anatomic origin of the vertebral artery from subclavian artery could sonographically be visualised more commonly ...

Patient-centered care is the approach that could reduce health inequalities by preparing health care providers to deliver care that is respectful and responsive to the preferences of every patient. Patient-centered care is oneadvanced approach to the planning, distribution, and assessment of healthcare which is mutuallyvaluable among patients, families, and providers. Patient-centered care is practiced in any healthcare setting which applies to all the patients of different age groups and that is why different models for patient-centered care are designed and used. There is a need for identifying an effective tool to develop a systematic measurement process. The main purpose of the study is to give out a model for patient-centered care management process. Through literature review, the aspects of patient-centered care has been identified which has also led to decreasing average length of stay of patients, efficient and effective treatments which in turn has improved patient satisfaction. Therefore, the patient-centered care model has been recognized as an important aspect for quality health care delivery system. After identifying the aspects, data collection was done from patients by the use of judgement sampling method. For analysis, Structural equation modelling was used.The results of the study shows which aspect of patient centered care has the greater impact on each other and finally leads to doctor's relationship with patients.

Background: Frozen shoulder is defined as an idiopathic condition of the shoulder characterized by the spontaneous onset of pain in the shoulder with restriction of movement in every direction. Several studies have proved the effect of various electrotherapeutic modalities on adhesive capsulitis. Studies have also been done on effects of different manual techniques, but there are very few studies done on effect of muscle energy technique in adhesive capsulitis. Aims and Objectives: To study the effect of Muscle Energy Technique on pain in adhesive capsulitis and to study the effect of Muscle Energy Technique on function in adhesive capsulitis. Methodology: Ethical committee approval was taken prior to the study. Patients who were diagnosed with adhesive capsulitis and fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected for the study after obtaining informed written consent. The patients were divided randomly in control group and interventional group. In control group patients received only conventional physiotherapy in the form of hot packs for 10 minutes, Codman"s exercise, finger ladder exercises, wand exercises, active exercises and capsular stretching. In interventional group patients were treated with MET for shoulder flexion, abduction and external rotation along with conventional treatment. The protocol for MET includes 5 repetitions/set, 3 sets/session, 1 session/day for 15 days. Treatment was given once a day for 15 days except Sunday to both groups. VAS score, shoulder ROM and shoulder pain and disability index was taken before and after the treatment in both groups. Results: Non-parametric tests were used to analyze the data. Within the Group data was analyzed with Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test. Between the Group data was analyzed with Mann Whitney U Test. Result was found to be significant, p value <0.001 for within group and between group VAS and ROM. Between group analysis revealed that percentage of improvement in pain and ROM in group B was greater than group A. Within group and between group analysis of SPADI revealed that it is not statistically significant, although it is significant clinically. Conclusion: Conventional physiotherapy and MET along with conventional physiotherapy, both are individually effective in relieving pain, improving range of motion and functional ability in patients with adhesive capsulitis, but among these two, the group which received MET along with conventional physiotherapy is found to be more effective in relieving pain, improving range of motion and functional ability in patients with adhesive capsulitis.

A rare occurrence of tuberculosis in various parts of the human body is referred to as tuberculomas. The occurrence of brain tuberculosis, particularly for infants is considered rare. As a result of the likelihood of concomitant infections and related microorganisms, it is significant to investigate all the potential related basis of the infectious diseases. The current study reviews in detail the symptoms, diagnosis and surgical procedures of tuberculoma of brain especially among infants.

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Objective: To determine the precipitating factors of hepaticencephalopathy (HE) in patients with liver cirrhosis Background and Objectives: Hepatic encephalopathy is an extra hepatic complication of impairedliver function and is manifested as neuropsychiatric signs and symptoms associated with acute or chronic liver disease in the absence of other neurological disorders. This study aims to ascertain the spectrum of precipitating factors of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis of liver.