European History

En el campo de la política comparada ha surgido un creciente interés en analizar el rol de las ideas y el discurso en la transformación de la política pública, no obstante, aún existe bastante controversia sobre cómo y bajo qué condiciones estos dos factores influyen en el cambio de las políticas públicas. En el documento se examinan los casos de Colombia y Ecuador, en referencia al éxito del caso colombiano para lograr la reforma de la salud a través de la Ley 100 de 1993, y se contrasta con el caso ecuatoriano, en cuyo caso durante el periodo de 1992-1997 se intentó concretar sin éxito la reforma. Ambos casos contribuyen a revelar cómo el rol del discurso y de las ideas, en combinación con factores institucionales, son determinantes en el proceso de reforma, a través de diversos mecanismos como la construcción de un imperativo de reforma, el discurso coordinativo y comunicativo, y el contenido normativo y cognitivo. En Colombia, la conformación de una fuerte coalición pro-reforma,...

This dissertation focuses on the cultural and linguistic politics surrounding the substate<br>nationalist movements that arose in Spain during the late twentieth century. In<br>particular, it analyzes the curious case of Asturias and the frustrated history of the nationalist<br>movement there, which contrasts with the relative success of regionalist and nationalist<br>political parties in neighboring regions. While Catalunya, Euskadi, Galicia, and even<br>Andalucía rapidly turned cultural revival movements into concrete political gains, taking<br>advantage of the new constitutional structure put in place after 1978, Asturias is especially<br>interesting because of its failure to do so.<br>The resurgence of regionalist sentiment during the Transition (~1975-1982) provides<br>an interesting example of the complex struggle between various groups vying for political and<br>cultural hegemony during an extremely fluid period. Alo...

20. yüzyılın son on yılının belirleyici karakteristiklerinden biri enformasyon toplumlarının ortaya çıkması olmuştur. Dünyanın dört bir yanında ülkeler, enformasyon çağının yarattığı olanaklardan yararlanabilmek için konumlarını gözden geçirmektedirler. Bu ülkelerin hedefleri aynı olmakla birlikte, yönelimlerinin ardındaki motivasyonlar her zaman aynı değildir ve enformasyon toplumu gelişmelerini uygulamaya sokmak için seçtikleri mekanizmalar önemli farklılıklar göstermektedir.      Enformasyon toplumuna geçişi harekete geçirmek için resmi politikalar saptanmaktadır. Bunun dışında, teknolojik değişimin, bağlantılı bir toplumsal değişimi sağlamak için resmi politikalar belirlenmesini zorladığı çok ender görülmüştür.      Bu bildiride dünyanın çeşitli ülkelerinde enformasyon politikalarına yaklaşımların neler olduğu gözden geçirilmekte, geleceğe yönelik görüşler sunulmakta ve enformasyon toplumunun herkesin yararına gelişmesi için neler yapılması gerektiği konusu işlenmektedir.

Our project for the cave of La Mouthe incorporates a current dynamic of rereading rock art sites, and developing new problems of analysis. The knowledge acquired since the 1990s on archaeological data, with the discovery of major sites for prehistoric art, as well as methodological, with advances in radiocarbon dating, microanalyses of materials and context, or 3D digitization, have profoundly renewed our perception of prehistoric art. In the face of these new data, the re-reading of previously studied sites brings many new data, and a valuable re-reading of the graphic contexts of Paleolithic art. Marsoulas, La Baume-Latrone, the Bernoux fully materialize this dynamic. Our approach therefore aims to place the cave of La Mouthe in the context of its chrono-cultural context. Updating the inventory of its representations through a prospecting operation on the walls and rock art surveys is necessary but insufficient in this overall archaeological approach. The review of the exhumed mat...

French South-West, especially the Dordogne region, is one of the richest European area of Palaeolithic sites, whether for human dwelling (including epony-mous and very famous sites like La Madeleine) as for Upper Palaeolithic rock art (of which Lascaux cave, Rouffignac cave, Font-de-Gaume cave, etc.). Those two categories are testimony of organization of daily life and livelihood strategies on one side, and the common system of values and meaning (culture) on the other side. Those two aspects are however very difficult to bring together. For adorned caves, it is often difficult to cross data coming from the walls and ground from a same decorated cave, data sometimes acquired separately. One way to deal with this problem is to develop a multi-disciplinary approach, which allows to combine rock art, archaeological and geological studies and which implies interactions and dialogs between many specialists. This goal, which goes be-yond simply providing archaeological and geological cont...

Am 21. und 22. Juni 2007 trafen sich die Staats- und Regierungschefs der 27 Mitgliedstaaten der Europäischen Union. Das Ergebnis des 35-stündigen Verhandlungsprozesses bewertet Werner Weidenfeld, Centrum für angewandte Politikforschung, Universität München, durchaus positiv. Seiner Meinung nach wurde mehr erreicht als viele erwartet hatten. Europa habe es noch einmal geschafft, nicht in den Abgrund des Scheitern zu stürzen, in den es während des Gipfels mehrfach habe blicken müssen. Im Vergleich zum geltenden Vertrag von Nizza sei die demokratische Legitimation und Handlungsfähigkeit erheblich gestärkt sowie weltpolitisches Handeln ermöglicht worden. Dafür habe die deutsche Ratspräsidentschaft eine feste Grundlage geschaffen. Wolfgang Wessels und Verena Schäfer, Universität zu Köln, sehen die Ergebnisse skeptischer. In dem Textentwurf für den Reformvertrag werde ein »doppeltes Dilemma« der Mitgliedstaaten deutlich, das von Beginn an den Ausbau des EU-Systems geprägt habe. Als »Ebene...

Holocene climate fluctuations and human activities since the Neolithic have shaped present-day Mediterranean environments. Separating anthropogenic effects from climatic impacts to reconstruct Mediterranean paleoenvironments over the last millennia remains a challenging issue. High resolution pollen analyses were undertaken on two cores from the Palavasian lagoon system (Hérault, southern France). These records allow reconstruction of vegetation dynamics over the last 4500 years. Results are compared with climatic, historical and archeological archives. A long-term aridification trend is highlighted during the Late Holocene and three superimposed arid events are recorded at 4600–4300, 2800–2400 and 1300–1100 cal BP. These periods of climatic instability coincide in time with the rapid climatic events depicted in the Atlantic Ocean (Bond et al., 2001). From the Bronze Age (4000 cal BP) to the end of the Iron Age (around 2000 cal BP), the spread of evergreen taxa and loss of forest co...

In recent years the notion of ‘governance ’ has taken off in the European Union studies literature. This term is often used to encompass a broader understanding of political steering which includes not only hierarchal imposition but also informal interactions;

В статье рассматриваются две версии происхождения караимского надгробного памятника, известного под названием "йолджы таш". Обе версии проверяются методом критического анализа. Устанавливается, что они справедливы по отношению к двум разным типам памятника.

The article discusses two versions of the origin of the Karaite tombstone, known as "yolji tash". Both versions are checked by critical analysis. It is established that they are valid in relation to two different types of monument.

On Terminology and Preconceptions
During the past two centuries the concept of “a language”
(Einzelsprache) has been a highly politicized category of thinking about politics and societies in Central Europe. Today, the
region is divided among nation-states. The founding and existence of practically all these polities has been justified with
the ethnolinguistic strain of nationalist ideology. Nationalism
proposes that a legitimate state (that is, nation-state) should be
for one nation only. Typically, the population in an already extant non-national (pre-national) polity is announced to be a nation, thus making this non-national polity into a nation-state.
However, in the case of ethnolinguistic nationalism, the nation is believed to be primary, not the state. The nation precedes its state. But without the prop of a state, another element
of the social reality must be employed for defining what the
nation is. Since the early nineteenth century the Einzelsprache
has been employed in Central Europe in this function.
Einzelsprachen (languages) are actualizations of the human
biological capacity for speech, confusingly also known as “language” in English. Hence, to distinguish between this capacity and its actualizations I fall back on the specialist German
terminological distinction made between these two, namely
Sprache and Einzelsprachen (or Einzelsprache in singular).
I keep the article-less English term “language” to refer to the
biological capacity for speech, while the un-italicized German
term “Einzelsprache” for talking about languages that take the
plural form and in singular must be preceded by an article.
The concept of Einzelsprache is not self-explanatory either.
It emerged between the second century BCE and second century CE in the Judeo-Graeco-Roman cultural and political
milieu of the Middle East and the Balkans. Later, the concept
spread across the “tri-continental” Roman Empire and was adopted in the Islamic Caliphate. The emergence of this concept
is connected to the invention, and use of, the then novel technology of writing. The material difference between speech and
written text was conceptualized as starkly dichotomous. From
this point of view, linguistic difference came in two opposed
forms, namely, that of languages (Einzelsprachen) endowed
with a written form, alongside “dialects” that typically were
not recorded in writing.

Literacy has been, and still is, a very relevant political tool in the process of nation-building, as well as for the education of the “democratic citizen”. However, since the 1980s it has been complexified by considering the role that not only (verbal) language, but the whole of “culture” plays for its achievement. In time, a number of more specific notions such as “cultural literacy”, “critical literacy”, and so on, have been developed with the aim of  making “literacy” a viable tool to allow for more and further “inclusion”, by means of “eradicating illiteracy” all over the world. In this context, I try to show that in order to reach that goal, very improbable if not impossible to achieve, it would be worthwhile taking into  proper account the multicultural composition of contemporary complex societies. Therefore, I firstly give a brief overview of literacy’s development, and secondly, I discuss the notions of multicultural and intercultural literacy. My overall aim, however, is ...

Частина студентів Києво-Могилянської академії у документах XVIII ст. названа дітьми посполитих. Аналізуючи побутування цього терміну в Гетьманщині та детальніше вивчаючи спудейські реєстри, автор робить припущення, що більшість посполитих вихованців належали до міщанства

Aquest projecte es va començar a dissenyar a finals dels anys 70 del segle passat. La primera pedra va ser un fitxer de toponímia de la Ribagorça que el doctor Francisco Marsá va encarregar a qui aleshores era el seu ajudant de càtedra, Xavier Terrado. El professor Enric Moreu-Rei va assabentarse d’aquest treball i en va donar notícia en un d’aquells fulls ciclostilats que van acabar per convertir-se en el Butlletí Interior de la Societat d’Onomàstica. En la dècada següent Joan Coromines va associar en Xavier Terrado a l’obra de l’Onomasticon Cataloniae i li va encomanar la revisió de les cèdules que contenien la informació toponímica de la zona del Pirineu. També va deixar en les seves mans les comprovacions sobre el terreny, l’aportació de noves dades documentals i fins i tot la redacció d’un bon nombre d’articles. Un cop finalitzat el compromís amb l’Onomasticon, Xavier Terrado va decidir d’aprofundir en l’estudi del territori ribagorçà i va proposar al professor Jesús Vázquez Ob...

Od Velike narodne skupštine koja je održana u Novom Sadu 25. novembra 1918. godine, pa do usvajanja Vidovdanskog ustava 1921. godine prostor Vojvodine je bio zahvaćen različitim procesima koji će uobličiti njene društveno–političke okvire u novostvorenoj Kraljevini Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca. Monogobrojna pitanja su bila otvorena počevši od granica, stvaranja organa vlasti, političkog organizovanja, izbora sa Ustavotvornu skupštinu, određivanja položaja Vojvodine u ustavnom aktu. U radu nameravamo da damo hronološki pregled događaja u navedenom periodu, kao i da ukažemo na rešenja do kojih se došlo, a koja su bila značajna za dalji razvoj vojvođanskog prostora.

The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a very complex state: it stretched from the Alps almost to the Aegean Sea, covering an area that had not been under a single administration since the fourth century. It had about 70,000 Jews, of whom about 60 percent were Ashkenazim and 40 percent Sephardim. Most of them lived in towns, and made up approximately 0.5 percent of the population. Antisemitism was never very strong: it was of a ‘Central European’ type, and there were no pogroms like in Poland and Russia. Nevertheless, the internal situation and the position of Yugoslavia in the international community strongly affected the position of the Jews. Antisemitism was only one facet of the problem. Even when antisemitism was relatively weak, it was always an issue whether Jews were considered equal in everyday life, whether they were able to achieve the same professional goals with the same education, and so on. The distinguished Croatian scholar Mirjana Gross addressed this issue in a recently pub...

W ostatnich latach w polskiej socjologii pojawia się coraz więcej opracowań odnoszących się do historii. To zainteresowanie przeszłością jest dość nowym zjawiskiem, biorąc pod uwagę prezentystyczny charakter badań socjologicznych. Tekst zawiera prezentację wyników badania przeprowadzonego w 2020 r. w środowisku polskich socjologów, którzy zajmują się przeszłością i mają doświadczenie w analizach historycznych. Przeprowadzono 24 indywidualne wywiady pogłębione (IDI). Omówiono opinie o roli przeszłości, własne doświadczenia badanych, uzasadnienia sięgania do historii, sposoby realizacji takich badań oraz napotykane w nich problemy. Inne ważne kwestie to relacje z historykami, szanse współpracy interdyscyplinarnej oraz strategie budowania kariery naukowej. Analiza pokazuje obraz powstającego w Polsce środowiska socjologów historycznych i główne obszary ich zainteresowań badawczych.