Twentieth Century

En 1973 Salvador Dali présente le chronohologramme du Cerveau d’Alice Cooper à l’Hôtel Meurice de Paris. En 1996, le Musée de l’holographie de Paris, fondé en 1980, ferme ses portes. Entre les deux dates, des artistes utilisent un procédé technologique mise au point dans des laboratoires de recherche qui permet l’enregistrement de la lumière. En solitaire ou en collaboration, ils travaillent dans un cadre polyvalent qui intègre des intérêts esthétiques, commerciaux et scientifiques. Cœur de la réflexion ou élément presque anecdotique, l’holographie s’installe dans des expositions de toutes tailles, des musées de Beaux-Arts, des Sciences, de la capitale et en province. Dans la quête de légitimation, sa technique et ses qualités intrinsèques font d’elle l’objet de critiques sinon d’indifférence. Or, ces mêmes propriétés l’ancrent dans la réflexion sur la contemporanéité dans un moment où les médias envahissent le quotidien. L’étude de la France à la lumière du contexte international –ses acteurs, ses œuvres, ses institutions, ses problématiques – met en exergue un va et vient entre le réseau des Beaux-Arts et une sphère spécialisée. Tantôt objet de curiosité, tantôt réussite technologique et œuvre d’art-lumière, l’hologramme, dans ces rapports conflictuels, est une réalité mixte et plurielle.

When referring to economic activities in Egypt most historians highlight the role played by other non-Muslim minorities, namely, Greeks and Jews, while passingly mentioning the fact that Armenians were at most neighborhood shopkeepers – a term used by the British Agent and Consul-General, Lord Cromer.
This thesis reconstructs the multi-layered economic ventures of Ottoman Armenian migrants in British-occupied Egypt. By stark contrast to the early nineteenth century, when they figured principally as high government employees, the new immigrants, comparatively larger in number, but still constituting a small proportion of the total Egyptian population, eventually featured prominently in the many segments of the Egyptian economy not, to be sure, massively in agriculture, but certainly evident in the services sectors, as restaurateurs, medics, lawyers, architects, photographers, journalists, jewelers and, more modestly, craftsmen, mechanics, tailors, and shoemakers. They even ventured into an economic realm which, at the time was regarded as a European/Western preserve, namely industry, represented by their great successes in cigarette production for local and international consumption.

Gershom Scholem in Deutschland
Zwischen Seelenverwandtschaft und Sprachlosigkeit
Hrsg. v. Gerold Necker, Elke Morlok u. Matthias Morgenstern

Die Biographie des in Berlin geborenen und ab 1923 in Jerusalem lebenden Kabbala-Forschers Gershom Gerhard Scholem ist von den Katastrophen und Umbrüchen des 20. Jahrhunderts geprägt. Im Horizont des für Scholem ambivalenten deutsch-jüdischen Verhältnisses nehmen die Autoren des Bandes seinen Werdegang im Kaiserreich und in der Weimarer Republik in den Blick sowie die Bedeutung, die er als israelischer Gesprächspartner für die Zeitgeschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland hatte. Die Beziehungen zu Walter Benjamin und Hannah Arendt, zu dem Theologen Otto Michel und dem Verleger Siegfried Unseld dokumentieren auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen Scholems Verbindung zu Deutschland, die ihn auch bei persönlicher Lyrik und sogar bei seiner wissenschaftlichen Prosa zur jüdischen Mystik begleitete.

Article based on paper presented as part of Panel 24: ‘Looting, Refusing, Negating, Embodying’ ‘Critical Refusals’ Fourth Biennal Conference of the International Herbert Marcuse Society, University of Pennsylvania, 27-29th October 2011

http://www.pdcnet.org/radphilrev/content/radphilrev_2013_0016_0001_0375_0385

http://web.asc.upenn.edu/news/Critical_Refusals_Conference.pdf

In 1923, an African Canadian newspaper entitled The Dawn of Tomorrow began publication in London, Ontario, billing itself as “Devoted to the Interests of the Darker Races.” The Dawn wrote about collective racial uplift, Canada’s black church, and about African Canadian “firsts,” whether in the fields of entertainment or nursing, in the Boy Scouts, or in the integration of segregated workplaces — triumphs that Canada’s white newspapers generally ignored. Challenging the notion that African Canadians did not have a black press comparable to the African American press in the United States, this article examines the editorial content, photographic journalism, and advertisements in The Dawn from its foundation to 1971, when it ceased publication. I argue that through its editorials, The Dawn played an instrumental role in cultivating a sense of community among blacks in Ontario, Quebec, and the Maritimes. This article also provides critiques of de facto Jim Crow laws in Canada, while highlighting the specific ways the black press combated pervasive racism with editorials about racial uplift, community advancement, civic engagement, and black entrepreneurship.

Résumé analytique:

The Dawn of Tomorrow, un journal afro-canadien, qui commença sa publication en 1923 à London, Ontario se targuait d’être « au service des intérêts des races de couleurs plus foncés ». The Dawn publiait des rubriques sur l’édification raciale collective, sur l’Église des Noirs du Canada et sur des réussites d’Afro-canadiens, que ce soit dans les domaines du spectacle ou de la santé, du mouvement Scout ou dans l’intégration de lieux de travail ségrégués — des succès que les journaux blancs du Canada ignoraient de manière générale. Dans cet article, nous remettons en question l’opinion que les afro-canadiens n’avaient pas au Canada une presse comparable aux journaux des afro-américains des États-Unis. Pour ce faire, nous examinons le contenu des pages de 1’editorial, la photothèque du journal et les réclames publicitaires qui parurent dans The Dawn depuis sa fondation jusqu’en 1971 lorsqu’il ferma ses portes. Nous soutenons que The Dawn, avec ses éditoriaux, joua un rôle-clé dans la culture d’un sens d’appartenance dans la communauté noire en Ontario, au Québec et dans les Maritimes. Nous critiquons également des lois Jim Crow de facto au Canada. En même temps, nous soulignons les façons précises par lesquelles la presse noire luttait contre le racisme envahissant avec des éditoriaux sur l’édification de la race, sur le progrès de la communauté, sur les obligations civiques et sur l’esprit d’entreprise des Noirs.

Manuals on how to be a good wife had been widely available in Ireland at the start of the twentieth century, but with the emergence of new technologies, the advice extended to newly married women and housewives began to change in the 1960s. The concept of being an ‘ideal wife’ became closely bound up with being a ‘modern wife’. This is best identified in the pages of women’s glossy magazines, which came to replace the traditional manual as a source for guidance. The message, driven by the advertisers, was clear: a ‘good wife’ was not just beautifully presented, but also used all the latest ‘modern’ devices. Her home – especially the kitchen – was an extension of her appearance and reputation. ‘Modern life’ and ‘modern wife’ became blended into the one ideal.

Critics have missed the music of Seraph on the Suwanee. In response, this paper listens to the music of Zora Neale Hurston’s final novel through the ears of Alejo Carpentier. Although Carpentier published Concierto barroco (1974) twenty-six years after Hurston’s Seraph on the Suwanee (1948), the later novel offers a new reading of American music that changes how readers view the earlier work, in part because Concierto barroco creates an understanding of music in a Caribbean context that suffuses both novels. Although unknown to each other, musical and anthropological interests connect these coeval literary figures. Most compellingly, the trope of music in Hurston’s fictive work puts her musical rhetoric in conversation with Carpentier. In Music, the Brain, and Ecstasy: How Music Captures Our Imagi- nation, Robert Jourdain (1997) discusses the rare ability to create music in one’s mind, a characteristic evident in the protagonists of both of the novels under discussion. Together, this paper ultimately argues, Hurston and Carpentier make beautiful music.

In this paper I argue that the increase in the size of the Federal Government in the early twentieth century came about by a combination of a desire by the American public for reform and a perception that the Federal Government was the best agent for this reform.

Das Arbeitspapier gibt einen Einblick in die Erinnerungspolitik in Namibia. Das Gros der politischen und medialen Beschäftigung mit dem Genozid, den Deutsche Schutztruppen im Zuge der Niederschlagung von Aufständen der Herero, Nama, Damara und San gegen die Kolonialmacht in der Kolonie Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1904 bis 1908 begangen haben, richtet sich auf die möglichen rechtlichen Implikationen. Die Folgen 'unseres' Umgangs mit dieser Vergangenheit für 'ihre' innerstaatlichen Beziehungen und die erinnerungskulturellen Auseinandersetzungen in Namibia bleiben meist ausgeblendet. Unser Papier zielt darauf ab, das Verständnis für die Auswirkungen außenpolitischer Weichenstellungen auf Anerkennungskonflikte im Zielland zu schärfen. Zu diesem Zweck geben wir zunächst einen Überblick über die wesentlichen erinnerungspolitischen Akteure in Namibia und stellen die konkurrierenden historischen Narrative vor, die in den jeweiligen Gruppierungen zu finden sind. Im zweiten Schritt ...

This article provides the first comprehensive overview of the severity and impact of the Spanish flu in Belgium (1918–1919) and thereby makes a long overdue connection with the extensive international literature on pandemics in general and Spanish flu in particular. Leveraging ego documents (diaries), municipal-level excess mortality, and individual-level cause-of-death registers, we present new evidence on the chronology and spatial distribution of Spanish flu mortality in Belgium in 1918 and 1919 as well as social and demographic characteristics of the Spanish flu deaths in the city of Antwerp and discuss the government measures taken in the difficult context of the German occupation. In Belgium, our analysis shows that the chronology and geography of the Spanish flu cannot be seen in isolation from the vagaries of the First World War, in terms of soldiers and evacuees both acting as likely vectors of influenza transmission as well as inflating crude death rates at the municipal l...

Mélanges de langues chez les écrivains israéliens originaires de Russie. De plus en plus d’écrivains israéliens nés en Russie écrivent désormais en hébreu. Parmi eux, Alona Kimhi, Boris Zaidman, Miri Litvak, Marina Grosslerner, Alex Epstein, ainsi que les femmes poètes Gali-Danah Singer et Sivan Beskin.
Nous limiterons notre étude à deux auteurs qui sont traduits en français : Alona Kimhi et Boris Zaidman. On pourrait se demander : quelle est la version originale d'un livre qui n'a pas été écrit dans la langue maternelle de l'auteur ? Le russe ? L'hébreu ? Ou un entrelacement des deux, quand l’humour et la nostalgie se font l'écho d'une langue à l'autre?
La combinaison entre ces différentes langues - le yiddish semble être également très présent - crée une fusion étonnante où émerge une nouvelle langue : une mélodie polyphonique qui sonne simultanément vernaculaire et poétique.

This project seeks to understand how the literary representations of Black motherhood in novels written by American Black women in the latter part of the twentieth century are influenced by the historical, social, and cultural contexts of the country. Through close readings of two novels penned by Black women in the United States, Corregidora by Gayl Jones and Sassafrass, Cypress & Indigo by Ntozake Shange, my work interrogates how conceptualizations of Black American motherhood are shaped by a history of enslavement that debased and disenfranchised Black mothers. Additionally, this project evaluates how the novels cast relationships between mothers and daughters, as notions about motherhood and womanhood are passed from one generation to another. Lastly, my project explores how the aforementioned factors determine if, and how, the novels’ characters chose to become mothers themselves. Both Corregidora and Sassafrass, Cypress & Indigo center Black women characters who deal with the complexities of the legacy of slavery and navigate how that legacy shapes their ideas about motherhood. I argue that though both novels are set nearly a century after emancipation in the United Sates, both Jones and Shange show Black motherhood as being continually influenced by the unique reproductive oppression Black women endured throughout slavery. The novels show the process of navigating Black womanhood and understanding the complicated plight of Black mothers in the United States. These novels provide the basis for my arguments and allow me to examine how Black women think about motherhood through the lens of how they choose to write about motherhood

El presente artículo profundiza en la educación musical en Sevilla durante las primeras décadas del siglo XX a través de la figura de Eduardo Torres (1872-1934). El objetivo principal es, mediante el análisis de la actividad docente llevada a cabo por este polifacético músico, conocer el papel de las figuras musicales eclesiásticas en el establecimiento de espacios de enseñanza musical profanos como fueron las academias de música y los conservatorios oficiales. Por un lado, se examina su participación activa en las distintas instituciones locales interesadas en potenciar el arte sonoro: desde el magisterio musical ejercido en la Catedral —donde formó a seises destacados como Francisco Redondo o Manuel Villalba— a las iniciativas pedagógicas desarrolladas en sociedades como el Ateneo, la Sociedad Sevillana de Conciertos o la Real Sociedad Económica Sevillana de Amigos del País, que formaron a pianistas destacados, que fueron becados para estudiar en París, como Ana Gimeno o Tomás And...

The nineteenth century is a very significant period in the history of Assam. At that time a new era started in Assam in the light of colonial modernity. Radha Gobinda Boruah is one of the well known figures born in the last year of this 19th century who set up a new momentum to the economic, cultural, educational and social renaissance that emerged in the 19th century Assam in the hand of intelligentsia formed by literate middle class of contemporary Assam. He played a pioneering role in almost every sphere of public life of mid 20th century Assam. He was the founder of the Assam Tribune Group, he brought ‘bihu’(festival of Assam) onto stage from the fields, and initiated a number of other cultural and sports activities. That’s why he is called ‘the architect of modern Assam’. The objective of this research paper is to discuss his contribution in modernization of 20th century Assam. The nature of modernity in Assam during that period will also be highlighted.

This essay discusses the ideas of a societal generation through five Finnish generational movements of the intellectuals. The essay shows that although the ideas of societal generation can be a fruitful way to approach cultural-historical phenomena, it has its problems. The main difficulty in applying the theory stems from the fact that since the concept of a societal generation is modern, it can be problematic to apply it to the generations before the 1920s as well as to late-modern generations. Another challenge in using the theory lies in the fact that becoming a generational movement presupposes the self-consciousness of coevals as belonging to a generation in order to become one.

The turn of the twentieth century saw a growing number of works of pseudotranslation in China. Pseudotranslation engages with authentic translation on three levels, textual, generic, and discursive. It engages with the authentic translations on the textual level because sometimes authors of pseudotranslation borrow various semantic units, such as words, phrases, or passages, from authentic translations to construct their own disguised works. More importantly, pseudotranslation can be considered to be intertextually referring to the genre of translation, where genre is conceived as the specific norms and stylistic characteristics of literary translation. Pseudotranslation may also refer to specific discourses, that is, it makes use of certain discourses embodied in and represented by translations, as well as the source texts they represent. These three levels of intertextual engagements foreground the metafictional nature of pseudotranslation, that is, the way it reflects on and refracts authentic translations and domestic cultural and literary traditions. Three case studies of pseudotranslation in China at the beginning of the twentieth century are provided to illustrate and explore the three levels of intertextual engagements.

By the late nineteenth century childbirth was firmly established in the domestic sphere. However, in the early years of the twentieth century different forms of maternity clinics were established where normal, as well as complicated, deliveries could take place. The aim of this dissertation is to analyse the institutionalisation of maternity care in a local urban context, the role of women in confinement in this process, and its impact on infant mortality. The geographical setting of the thesis is Sundsvall, a town in northern Sweden. The study concentrates on the period spanning from 1900 to 1930, when local communities, rather than federal agencies, were charged with creating and implementing community standards for maternity care. In order to lower the mortality rate of illegitimate infants, and to improve delivery conditions for unmarried women, a maternity home was opened in Sundsvall in 1913. Moreover, a maternity ward was established at the local hospital in 1920. In this stu...

Paper presented at 'Practicing Theory - ASCA International Workshop and Conference 2011', Amsterdam School for Cultural Analysis, University of Amsterdam, 2nd-4th March 2011 https://asca.uva.nl/programme/archive-conferences/asca-international-workshop-2011-practicing-theory/asca-international-workshop-2011-practicing-theory.html?1583659550967

The global spread of the coronavirus pandemic has prompted inevitable comparisons with the flu pandemic of 1918–1920. However, in order for such comparisons to be fruitful, it is necessary to acknowledge the similarities between the two outbreaks and their differences. This paper compares different aspects of the "Spanish" flu and coronavirus pandemics in Ireland and the UK during the two periods. The first part of the paper provides a general overview, taking account of the nature of the two diseases and the contexts in which they occurred. The following two sections explore the extent to which both outbreaks exposed underlying social and economic inequalities and the measures taken by central and local government, as well as civil society, to combat the spread of disease. The final section examines the extent to which both pandemics highlighted existing failures and sparked demands to "build back better."

Three essential elements of modernism consolidated through war: a centralised welfare state, a serial industrial apparatus and, often, a territorial tabula rasa. Hence, for many modernist architects and urban planners, post-war Europe became the ideal ground to put their ideas to the test. However, there is a genuine discrepancy between the proposals of the first four Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne (CIAM) and what was massively implemented throughout Europe after 1945. To explore this divergence, Brussels proves to be an interesting case study for two main reasons. First, it hosted the third CIAM in November 1930, where Victor Bourgeois presented his views on housing and cities, in line with the ideals of the time. Second, after the war, Belgium, like many Western countries, experienced a period of euphoria, during which the modernist ideology attained a sudden and broad consensus. In the capital over the following three decades new infrastructure was built, as well a...

The nineteenth century is a very significant period in the history of Assam. At that time a new era started in Assam in the light of colonial modernity. Radha Gobinda Boruah is one of the well known figures born in the last year of this 19th century who set up a new momentum to the economic, cultural, educational and social renaissance that emerged in the 19th century Assam in the hand of intelligentsia formed by literate middle class of contemporary Assam. He played a pioneering role in almost every sphere of public life of mid 20th century Assam. He was the founder of the Assam Tribune Group, he brought ‘bihu’(festival of Assam) onto stage from the fields, and initiated a number of other cultural and sports activities. That’s why he is called ‘the architect of modern Assam’. The objective of this research paper is to discuss his contribution in modernization of 20th century Assam. The nature of modernity in Assam during that period will also be highlighted.