The Wayback Machine - https://web.archive.org/web/20230329212825/https://independent.academia.edu/LaurieEarl

Skip to main content

Laurie Earl

Airworthiness and Aircraft Accident Investigation +4

21 Followers 4 Following 1 Co-authorTotal Views

Papers

Enhancing Aircraft Safety through Observations and Pilot Verbalisations

Safety in complex work environments is often an area of focus in the research community. Aviation... more Safety in complex work environments is often an area of focus in the research community. Aviation is a multi-faceted field, but it remains one of the safest work environments in the world. For instance, despite passenger numbers increasing worldwide over many decades, the year 2013, when 3.1 billion passengers flew worldwide, is the safest year on record for aviation (Aviation Safety Network, 2017). That year resulted in only 29 fatal crashes and 265 deaths – one per 11,501,886 miles flown. Despite these impressive statistics, every disaster affects the lives of many people and attracts the attention of the general public, who demand answers. As a result, aviation has continually sought to discover new methods for increasing safety. Early in the twentieth century, when aviation was developing as an industry, accidents were decreasing steadily due to technical improvements, such as advances in aircraft structures and materials, aerodynamics, and systems. In the 1970s, as safety impro...

Adaptation of Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA) to single pilot operations (LOSA:SP)

This paper examines Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA), and explores the feasibility as well as ... more This paper examines Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA), and explores the feasibility as well as implications of adapting it from a multi-crew setting to single-pilot operations. LOSA is designed to provide a proactive snapshot of system safety and flight crew performance as a way of preventing incidents and accidents (Klinect, 2006). The data indicators underlying this effort are based on a conceptual framework known as Threat and Error Management (TEM) (Helmreich et al, 2001). Incidents and accidents involving single pilot operations have increased in New Zealand over the past decade. Statistics show that this category has a higher incidence of accidents and incidents than in other sectors of the industry (CAA, 2006). By adapting LOSA to single pilot operations (LOSA:SP) the framework/methodology could provide a proactive method of diagnosing operational safety performance strengths and weaknesses leading to the identification of additional training requirements without relying on...

1 2 3 4 Developing a Single-Pilot Line 5 Operations Safety Audit 6 An Aviation Pilot Study 7

12 Abstract. A single-pilot form of the line operations safety audit was trialed with a mid-sized... more 12 Abstract. A single-pilot form of the line operations safety audit was trialed with a mid-sized emergency medical service air operator using two 13 observers with a sample of pilots flying 14 sectors. The conceptual basis for observing pilot performance and analyzing data was the threat and 14 error management model, focusing on threats, errors, undesired aircraft states, and their management. Forty-six threats and 42 crew errors were 15 observed. Pilots generally used sound strategies to prevent errors and to manage successfully those that occurred. Threats resulting from 16 operational pressures were well managed. The study achieved its objective of determining whether a single-pilot line operations safety audit could

The Adaptation of LOSA for Single Pilot Operations

This paper examines Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA), and explores the feasibility as well as ... more This paper examines Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA), and explores the feasibility as well as implications of adapting it from a multi-crew setting to single-pilot operations. LOSA is designed to provide a proactive snapshot of system safety and flight crew performance as a way of preventing incidents and accidents (Klinect, 2006). The data indicators underlying this effort are based on a conceptual framework known as Threat and Error Management (TEM) (Helmreich et al, 2001). Incidents and accidents involving single pilot operations have increased in New Zealand over the past decade. Statistics show that this category has a higher incidence of accidents and incidents than in other sectors of the industry (CAA , 2006). By adapting LOSA to single pilot operations (LOSA:SP) the framework/methodology could provide a proactive method of diagnosing operational safety performance strengths and weaknesses leading to the identification of additional training requirements without relying o...

Prevalence of fatigue among commercial pilots

Occupational Medicine, 2006

Reduction in transfer of micro-organisms between patients and staff using short-sleeved gowns and hand/arm hygiene in Intensive Care during the Covid pandemic: a simulation-based randomised trial

medRxiv, 2021

Background Current PPE practices in UK intensive care units involve sessional gown use. This prot... more Background Current PPE practices in UK intensive care units involve sessional gown use. This protects staff, but puts patients at risk of nosocomial infection via PPE gowns. Anecdotal reports of such infections in ITUs during Covid are frequent. We therefore explored the use of short-sleeved gowns with hand and arm hygiene as an alternative to sessional gowns. Methods ITU Staff were invited for simulation suite training in Covid intubation and proning. They were trained in a specific hand and arm washing technique before performing simulated tasks using both standard and modified (short sleeved) PPE. Fluorescent powder was used to simulate micro-organisms, and detected using standardised photos under U/V light. Teams of staff were randomised to use standard or modified PPE first. Individuals were questioned about their feeling of personal safety, comfort and the patients safety at 4 intervals. Results 68 staff and 17 proning volunteers were studied in 17 sessions. Modified PPE compl...

1 Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA) for the management of safety in single pilot operations (LOSA:SP) in Australia and New Zealand

This paper investigates the feasibility, effectiveness and benefits of implementing a single pilo... more This paper investigates the feasibility, effectiveness and benefits of implementing a single pilot operations variant of the multi-crew Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA) methodology, in the management of safety in single pilot operations. LOSA is designed to provide a proactive snapshot of system safety and flight crew performance as a way of preventing incidents and accidents (Klinect, 2006). The data indicators underlying this effort are based on a conceptual framework known as Threat and Error Management (TEM) (Helmreich, R.L., Wilhelm, J.A., Klinect, J.R., & Merritt, A.C. 2001). A number of incidents and accidents involving single pilot operations both in Australia and New Zealand have given emphasis to the vulnerability of this group to safety issues and confirms statistics that show this category of aviation has a higher incidence of accidents and incidents than in other sectors of the industry (CASA, 2009, NZCAA, 2009). By adapting LOSA to single pilot operations (LOSA:SP) ...

Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA) for the management of safety in single pilot operations

This paper investigates the feasibility, effectiveness and benefits of implementing a single pilo... more This paper investigates the feasibility, effectiveness and benefits of implementing a single pilot operations variant of the multi-crew Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA) methodology, in the management of safety in single pilot operations. LOSA is designed to provide a proactive snapshot of system safety and flight crew performance as a way of preventing incidents and accidents . The data indicators underlying this effort are based on a conceptual framework known as Threat and Error Management. A number of incidents and accidents involving single pilot operations both in Australia and New Zealand have given emphasis to the vulnerability of this group to safety issues and confirms statistics that show this category of aviation has a higher incidence of accidents and incidents than in other sectors of the industry By adapting LOSA to single pilot operations (LOSA:SP) the framework/methodology could provide a proactive method of diagnosing operational safety performance strengths and ...

Demands on cognitive processing: implications for verbalisation in complex work environments

Cognition, Technology & Work, 2016

Prevalence of fatigue among commercial pilots

by Craig Jackson and Laurie Earl

Occupational Medicine, 2006

Background Short-haul pilots have largely been neglected in studies of fatigue, sleep loss and ci... more Background Short-haul pilots have largely been neglected in studies of fatigue, sleep loss and circadian disruption created by flight operations, but anecdotal evidence from pilots suggests that with the increasing amount of low-cost air travel, commercial pilots working short-haul operations may be becoming seriously fatigued. Aims This study attempted to ascertain how much subjective fatigue short-haul pilots reported, and makes comparisons between low-cost and scheduled airline pilots. Methods Pilots completed anonymous questionnaires (encompassing aviation factors, flight experience and a fatigue scale) posted on the Professional Pilots' Rumours Network website. Results Data were collected from 162 short-haul pilots and statistical adjustment for operational factors was made. Seventy-five percent reported severe fatigue and 81% reported the fatigue to be worse than 2 years ago. Eighty percent considered their thought processes were reduced while flying. Severe fatigue was reported more frequently by low-cost airline pilots than scheduled airline pilots (P 5 0.05) and fatigue ratings were higher in this group (P 5 0.03). Pilots who reported regularly flying into their 'discretion' hours had lower physical and psychological health, and overall fatigue scores, and poorer self-rated general health. Flying into discretion time occurred no more frequently in low-cost airline pilots than scheduled airline pilots. Conclusions Identifiable fatigue problems are reported by short-haul pilots, but this cannot be attributed solely to the work schedules of low-cost airlines as regular use of discretion time appears to be associated with fatigue regardless of airline.

Developing a Single-Pilot Line Operations Safety Audit

Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors, 2012

Prevalence of fatigue among commercial pilots

by Craig Jackson and Laurie Earl

Occupational Medicine, 2006

Prevalence of fatigue among commercial pilots

Adaptation of Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA) to single pilot operations (LOSA:SP

Enhancing Aircraft Safety through Observations and Pilot Verbalisations

Safety in complex work environments is often an area of focus in the research community. Aviation... more Safety in complex work environments is often an area of focus in the research community. Aviation is a multi-faceted field, but it remains one of the safest work environments in the world. For instance, despite passenger numbers increasing worldwide over many decades, the year 2013, when 3.1 billion passengers flew worldwide, is the safest year on record for aviation (Aviation Safety Network, 2017). That year resulted in only 29 fatal crashes and 265 deaths – one per 11,501,886 miles flown. Despite these impressive statistics, every disaster affects the lives of many people and attracts the attention of the general public, who demand answers. As a result, aviation has continually sought to discover new methods for increasing safety. Early in the twentieth century, when aviation was developing as an industry, accidents were decreasing steadily due to technical improvements, such as advances in aircraft structures and materials, aerodynamics, and systems. In the 1970s, as safety impro...

Adaptation of Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA) to single pilot operations (LOSA:SP)

This paper examines Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA), and explores the feasibility as well as ... more This paper examines Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA), and explores the feasibility as well as implications of adapting it from a multi-crew setting to single-pilot operations. LOSA is designed to provide a proactive snapshot of system safety and flight crew performance as a way of preventing incidents and accidents (Klinect, 2006). The data indicators underlying this effort are based on a conceptual framework known as Threat and Error Management (TEM) (Helmreich et al, 2001). Incidents and accidents involving single pilot operations have increased in New Zealand over the past decade. Statistics show that this category has a higher incidence of accidents and incidents than in other sectors of the industry (CAA, 2006). By adapting LOSA to single pilot operations (LOSA:SP) the framework/methodology could provide a proactive method of diagnosing operational safety performance strengths and weaknesses leading to the identification of additional training requirements without relying on...

1 2 3 4 Developing a Single-Pilot Line 5 Operations Safety Audit 6 An Aviation Pilot Study 7

12 Abstract. A single-pilot form of the line operations safety audit was trialed with a mid-sized... more 12 Abstract. A single-pilot form of the line operations safety audit was trialed with a mid-sized emergency medical service air operator using two 13 observers with a sample of pilots flying 14 sectors. The conceptual basis for observing pilot performance and analyzing data was the threat and 14 error management model, focusing on threats, errors, undesired aircraft states, and their management. Forty-six threats and 42 crew errors were 15 observed. Pilots generally used sound strategies to prevent errors and to manage successfully those that occurred. Threats resulting from 16 operational pressures were well managed. The study achieved its objective of determining whether a single-pilot line operations safety audit could

The Adaptation of LOSA for Single Pilot Operations

This paper examines Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA), and explores the feasibility as well as ... more This paper examines Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA), and explores the feasibility as well as implications of adapting it from a multi-crew setting to single-pilot operations. LOSA is designed to provide a proactive snapshot of system safety and flight crew performance as a way of preventing incidents and accidents (Klinect, 2006). The data indicators underlying this effort are based on a conceptual framework known as Threat and Error Management (TEM) (Helmreich et al, 2001). Incidents and accidents involving single pilot operations have increased in New Zealand over the past decade. Statistics show that this category has a higher incidence of accidents and incidents than in other sectors of the industry (CAA , 2006). By adapting LOSA to single pilot operations (LOSA:SP) the framework/methodology could provide a proactive method of diagnosing operational safety performance strengths and weaknesses leading to the identification of additional training requirements without relying o...

Prevalence of fatigue among commercial pilots

Occupational Medicine, 2006

Reduction in transfer of micro-organisms between patients and staff using short-sleeved gowns and hand/arm hygiene in Intensive Care during the Covid pandemic: a simulation-based randomised trial

medRxiv, 2021

Background Current PPE practices in UK intensive care units involve sessional gown use. This prot... more Background Current PPE practices in UK intensive care units involve sessional gown use. This protects staff, but puts patients at risk of nosocomial infection via PPE gowns. Anecdotal reports of such infections in ITUs during Covid are frequent. We therefore explored the use of short-sleeved gowns with hand and arm hygiene as an alternative to sessional gowns. Methods ITU Staff were invited for simulation suite training in Covid intubation and proning. They were trained in a specific hand and arm washing technique before performing simulated tasks using both standard and modified (short sleeved) PPE. Fluorescent powder was used to simulate micro-organisms, and detected using standardised photos under U/V light. Teams of staff were randomised to use standard or modified PPE first. Individuals were questioned about their feeling of personal safety, comfort and the patients safety at 4 intervals. Results 68 staff and 17 proning volunteers were studied in 17 sessions. Modified PPE compl...

1 Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA) for the management of safety in single pilot operations (LOSA:SP) in Australia and New Zealand

This paper investigates the feasibility, effectiveness and benefits of implementing a single pilo... more This paper investigates the feasibility, effectiveness and benefits of implementing a single pilot operations variant of the multi-crew Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA) methodology, in the management of safety in single pilot operations. LOSA is designed to provide a proactive snapshot of system safety and flight crew performance as a way of preventing incidents and accidents (Klinect, 2006). The data indicators underlying this effort are based on a conceptual framework known as Threat and Error Management (TEM) (Helmreich, R.L., Wilhelm, J.A., Klinect, J.R., & Merritt, A.C. 2001). A number of incidents and accidents involving single pilot operations both in Australia and New Zealand have given emphasis to the vulnerability of this group to safety issues and confirms statistics that show this category of aviation has a higher incidence of accidents and incidents than in other sectors of the industry (CASA, 2009, NZCAA, 2009). By adapting LOSA to single pilot operations (LOSA:SP) ...

Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA) for the management of safety in single pilot operations

This paper investigates the feasibility, effectiveness and benefits of implementing a single pilo... more This paper investigates the feasibility, effectiveness and benefits of implementing a single pilot operations variant of the multi-crew Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA) methodology, in the management of safety in single pilot operations. LOSA is designed to provide a proactive snapshot of system safety and flight crew performance as a way of preventing incidents and accidents . The data indicators underlying this effort are based on a conceptual framework known as Threat and Error Management. A number of incidents and accidents involving single pilot operations both in Australia and New Zealand have given emphasis to the vulnerability of this group to safety issues and confirms statistics that show this category of aviation has a higher incidence of accidents and incidents than in other sectors of the industry By adapting LOSA to single pilot operations (LOSA:SP) the framework/methodology could provide a proactive method of diagnosing operational safety performance strengths and ...

Demands on cognitive processing: implications for verbalisation in complex work environments

Cognition, Technology & Work, 2016

Prevalence of fatigue among commercial pilots

by Craig Jackson and Laurie Earl

Occupational Medicine, 2006

Background Short-haul pilots have largely been neglected in studies of fatigue, sleep loss and ci... more Background Short-haul pilots have largely been neglected in studies of fatigue, sleep loss and circadian disruption created by flight operations, but anecdotal evidence from pilots suggests that with the increasing amount of low-cost air travel, commercial pilots working short-haul operations may be becoming seriously fatigued. Aims This study attempted to ascertain how much subjective fatigue short-haul pilots reported, and makes comparisons between low-cost and scheduled airline pilots. Methods Pilots completed anonymous questionnaires (encompassing aviation factors, flight experience and a fatigue scale) posted on the Professional Pilots' Rumours Network website. Results Data were collected from 162 short-haul pilots and statistical adjustment for operational factors was made. Seventy-five percent reported severe fatigue and 81% reported the fatigue to be worse than 2 years ago. Eighty percent considered their thought processes were reduced while flying. Severe fatigue was reported more frequently by low-cost airline pilots than scheduled airline pilots (P 5 0.05) and fatigue ratings were higher in this group (P 5 0.03). Pilots who reported regularly flying into their 'discretion' hours had lower physical and psychological health, and overall fatigue scores, and poorer self-rated general health. Flying into discretion time occurred no more frequently in low-cost airline pilots than scheduled airline pilots. Conclusions Identifiable fatigue problems are reported by short-haul pilots, but this cannot be attributed solely to the work schedules of low-cost airlines as regular use of discretion time appears to be associated with fatigue regardless of airline.

Developing a Single-Pilot Line Operations Safety Audit

Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors, 2012

Prevalence of fatigue among commercial pilots

by Craig Jackson and Laurie Earl

Occupational Medicine, 2006

Prevalence of fatigue among commercial pilots

Adaptation of Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA) to single pilot operations (LOSA:SP