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Formed in 2009, the Archive Team (not to be confused with the archive.org Archive-It Team) is a rogue archivist collective dedicated to saving copies of rapidly dying or deleted websites for the sake of history and digital heritage. The group is 100% composed of volunteers and interested parties, and has expanded into a large amount of related projects for saving online and digital history.

History is littered with hundreds of conflicts over the future of a community, group, location or business that were "resolved" when one of the parties stepped ahead and destroyed what was there. With the original point of contention destroyed, the debates would fall to the wayside. Archive Team believes that by duplicated condemned data, the conversation and debate can continue, as well as the richness and insight gained by keeping the materials. Our projects have ranged in size from a single volunteer downloading the data to a small-but-critical site, to over 100 volunteers stepping forward to acquire terabytes of user-created data to save for future generations.

The main site for Archive Team is at archiveteam.org and contains up to the date information on various projects, manifestos, plans and walkthroughs.

This collection contains the output of many Archive Team projects, both ongoing and completed. Thanks to the generous providing of disk space by the Internet Archive, multi-terabyte datasets can be made available, as well as in use by the Wayback Machine, providing a path back to lost websites and work.

Our collection has grown to the point of having sub-collections for the type of data we acquire. If you are seeking to browse the contents of these collections, the Wayback Machine is the best first stop. Otherwise, you are free to dig into the stacks to see what you may find.

The Archive Team Panic Downloads are full pulldowns of currently extant websites, meant to serve as emergency backups for needed sites that are in danger of closing, or which will be missed dearly if suddenly lost due to hard drive crashes or server failures.

Collection: Archive Team: URLs

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The Wayback Machine - https://web.archive.org/web/20240220175607/https://pennstate.academia.edu/WilliamBahnfleth

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William Bahnfleth

Pennsylvania State University, Architectural Engineering, Faculty Member

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Papers

BIM-based Processes and Standardized Information Exchanges for Multizone Airflow Analysis

Multizone airflow analysis is an important tool for analyzing the performance of a building from ... more Multizone airflow analysis is an important tool for analyzing the performance of a building from the perspective of ventilation, contaminant transport, and indoor air quality. However, many airflow modeling and simulation applications such as CONTAM do not allow for easy input of previously developed model contents, which hinders their effectiveness. Consequently, in the current practice engineers commonly need to rebuild a multizone model of the target building, although the majority of the required information has been already produced and available. This is time consuming and may result in differences between the original model and the analysis model. In order to successfully implement the integrated building design process using a Building Information Model (BIM) to address the deficiencies, this paper presents processes to illustrate detailed workflows along with key decision making points, and exchange requirements identified within the processes. This efforts facilitates the implementation of BIM into an integrated building design process by contributing to the automation of information extraction from the BIM model and generation of its airflow analysis model.

COVID-19 and Airborne Transmission: Science Rejected, Lives Lost. Can Society Do Better?

Clinical Infectious Diseases

This is an account that should be heard of an important struggle: the struggle of a large group o... more This is an account that should be heard of an important struggle: the struggle of a large group of experts who came together at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic to warn the world about the risk of airborne transmission and the consequences of ignoring it. We alerted the World Health Organization about the potential significance of the airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and the urgent need to control it, but our concerns were dismissed. Here we describe how this happened and the consequences. We hope that by reporting this story we can raise awareness of the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and the need to be open to new evidence, and to prevent it from happening again. Acknowledgement of an issue, and the emergence of new evidence related to it, is the first necessary step towards finding effective mitigation solutions.

Why Indoor Chemistry Matters: A National Academies Consensus Study

ISEE Conference Abstracts

Energy, Exergy, and Economic Analyses of Natural Gas Pressure Reduction Station Equipped with Turbo-Expanders and Heat Pump Cycle

SSRN Electronic Journal

Reducing Airborne Infectious Aerosol Exposure

Ashrae Journal, 2021

Inactivation of Pathogens in Air Using Ultraviolet Direct Irradiation Below Exposure Limits

Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Mar 1, 2022

Indoor air quality and health in schools: A critical review for developing the roadmap for the future school environment

Journal of Building Engineering

Effects of an ultraviolet coil irradiation system on the airside heat transfer coefficient and low ΔT syndrome in a hot and humid climate

Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 2016

Correction to Practical Indicators for Risk of Airborne Transmission in Shared Indoor Environments and Their Application to COVID-19 Outbreaks

Environmental Science & Technology, 2022

Building Technologies Task 06-10: Impact of Air Return Strategy on Building Energy Consumption and Indoor Air Quality- Literature Review

Prepared For:

Literatur Review and Parametric Study : Indoor Particle Resuspension by Human Activity

Once an aerosol contaminant is introduced into an indoor environment, it can remain in the air, d... more Once an aerosol contaminant is introduced into an indoor environment, it can remain in the air, deposit on interior surfaces or attach to dust particles already present. Human activity, such as walking and cleaning, resuspends contaminated particles, regenerating airborne contaminants. This report is a literature review on the effects of human activity on particle re-suspension in indoor environment. A parametric investigation is also made on particle resuspension effects of potential mechanical, aerodynamic and electrostatic force components, due to human activity over the particle-containing reservoir. It is shown that combinations of mechanical-aero-electro forces from human activity, can lead to significant particle resuspension in indoor environment. Additional experimental and modeling work is recommended to quantify the influence of human activity on indoor particle resuspension. INDEX TERMS Resuspension, human activity, mechanical vibration, boundary drag force, electrostati...

An Air Cleaner Effectiveness Approach to the Analysis of InDuct UVGI Systems

Air cleaner effectiveness (ε) is the fractional change in concentration of an air contaminant res... more Air cleaner effectiveness (ε) is the fractional change in concentration of an air contaminant resulting from the addition of an air cleaner to a system. Unlike component single-pass efficiency, it takes into account the aggregate effect of all contaminant removal mechanisms as well as the effects of air cleaner placement in the system. The usefulness of ε in the analysis and application of air cleaners, as well as its shortcomings, is illustrated by the modeling of in-duct ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) in a hypothetical two-zone building served by a constant volume system. The impact of design parameters such as the location of UVGI units, particulate filter efficiency, and the nature of contaminant release are investigated, with calculated ε values ranging from 5% to 90% depending on the nature of these parameters.

Simulation and monetization of collateral airborne infection risk improvements from ultraviolet germicidal irradiation for coil maintenance

Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 2017

Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation of cooling coils controls biofouling that increases airflow re... more Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation of cooling coils controls biofouling that increases airflow resistance and decreases heat transfer coefficient. Though lower in power than air disinfection systems, coil ultraviolet germicidal irradiation systems should provide some collateral air treatment benefit. This benefit is estimated through monetization of simulated nonfatal illness spread in a group of commercial buildings. Benefits were quantified using appropriate metrics for each building type: work-loss days for office buildings, hospital acquired infections for healthcare facilities, and disability adjusted life years for schools. The pre-ultraviolet germicidal irradiation annual cost of occupant illness was the same order of magnitude as annual energy cost. Area-normalized cost was similar in magnitude for all buildings. The collateral air disinfection of coil surface ultraviolet germicidal irradiation reduced baseline illness costs by 3.5% or less, but the resulting cost savings exceeded the energy cost to operate the coil ultraviolet germicidal irradiation systems by as much as a factor of 20. The effectiveness of air cleaning methods already in place, such as ventilation and filtration, directly influences the incremental benefit of additional air cleaning measures.

Practical Indicators for Risk of Airborne Transmission in Shared Indoor Environments and their Application to COVID-19 Outbreaks

Some infectious diseases, including COVID-19, can be transmitted via aerosols that are emitted by... more Some infectious diseases, including COVID-19, can be transmitted via aerosols that are emitted by an infectious person and inhaled by susceptible individuals. Most airborne transmission occurs at close proximity and is effectively reduced by physical distancing, but as time indoors increases, infections occur in those sharing room air despite maintaining distancing. There have been calls for quantified models to estimate the absolute and relative contribution of these different factors to infection risk. We propose two indicators of infection risk for this situation, i.e., relative risk parameter (Hr) and risk parameter (H). They combine the key factors that control airborne disease transmission indoors: virus-containing aerosol generation rate, breathing flow rate, masking and its quality, ventilation and particulate air cleaning rates, number of occupants, and duration of exposure. COVID-19 outbreaks show a clear trend in relation to these factors that is consistent with airborne ...

Critical Capability Needs for Reduction of Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Indoors

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2021

Coordination of efforts to assess the challenges and pain points felt by industries from around t... more Coordination of efforts to assess the challenges and pain points felt by industries from around the globe working to reduce COVID-19 transmission in the indoor environment as well as innovative solutions applied to meet these challenges is mandatory. Indoor infectious viral disease transmission (such as coronavirus, norovirus, influenza) is a complex problem that needs better integration of our current knowledge and intervention strategies. Critical to providing a reduction in transmission is to map the four core technical areas of environmental microbiology, transmission science, building science, and social science. To that end a three-stage science and innovation Summit was held to gather information on current standards, policies and procedures applied to reduce transmission in built spaces, as well as the technical challenges, science needs, and research priorities. The Summit elucidated steps than can be taken to reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2 indoors and calls for signific...

Echoes Through Time: The Historical Origins of the Droplet Dogma and its Role in the Misidentification of Airborne Respiratory Infection Transmission

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2021

The question of whether SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted by droplets or aerosols has been very controver... more The question of whether SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted by droplets or aerosols has been very controversial. We sought to explain this controversy through a historical analysis of transmission research in other diseases. For most of human history, many diseases were thought to transmit through the air, often over long distances and in a phantasmagorical way, and often in error (e.g. malaria, cholera). Building on the germ theory of disease developed in the mid 19th century and on the demise of miasma theory, prominent public health official Charles Chapin in 1910 urged the public health community to focus on contact and droplet infection. However, he introduced a major error in the process: that ease of infection in close proximity is associated exclusively with large “sprayborne” droplets that fall to the ground quickly, and he deemed airborne transmission as very unlikely. This new paradigm became dominant, leading to systematic errors in the interpretation of research evidence on transmission. For the next five decades, no disease was accepted by the general medical and infection control communities as airborne, until tuberculosis (which had been misclassified as droplet) in 1962. Chapin’s paradigm remained dominant and only a few diseases were widely accepted as transmitted by aerosols before COVID-19: those that were clearly transmitted over long distances or time scales. Resistance to the idea of airborne spread of a respiratory infection is not new. In fact, it has occurred repeatedly over much of the last century and greatly hampered understanding of how diseases transmit.

How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?

Environment International, 2020

A paradigm shift to combat indoor respiratory infection

Science, 2021

Profiling occupant behaviour in Danish dwellings using time use survey data

Energy and Buildings, 2018

Field measurement and modeling of UVC cooling coil irradiation for heating, ventilating, and air conditioning energy use reduction (RP-1738)—Part 2: Energy, indoor air quality, and economic modeling

Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 2017

BIM-based Processes and Standardized Information Exchanges for Multizone Airflow Analysis

Multizone airflow analysis is an important tool for analyzing the performance of a building from ... more Multizone airflow analysis is an important tool for analyzing the performance of a building from the perspective of ventilation, contaminant transport, and indoor air quality. However, many airflow modeling and simulation applications such as CONTAM do not allow for easy input of previously developed model contents, which hinders their effectiveness. Consequently, in the current practice engineers commonly need to rebuild a multizone model of the target building, although the majority of the required information has been already produced and available. This is time consuming and may result in differences between the original model and the analysis model. In order to successfully implement the integrated building design process using a Building Information Model (BIM) to address the deficiencies, this paper presents processes to illustrate detailed workflows along with key decision making points, and exchange requirements identified within the processes. This efforts facilitates the implementation of BIM into an integrated building design process by contributing to the automation of information extraction from the BIM model and generation of its airflow analysis model.

COVID-19 and Airborne Transmission: Science Rejected, Lives Lost. Can Society Do Better?

Clinical Infectious Diseases

This is an account that should be heard of an important struggle: the struggle of a large group o... more This is an account that should be heard of an important struggle: the struggle of a large group of experts who came together at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic to warn the world about the risk of airborne transmission and the consequences of ignoring it. We alerted the World Health Organization about the potential significance of the airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and the urgent need to control it, but our concerns were dismissed. Here we describe how this happened and the consequences. We hope that by reporting this story we can raise awareness of the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and the need to be open to new evidence, and to prevent it from happening again. Acknowledgement of an issue, and the emergence of new evidence related to it, is the first necessary step towards finding effective mitigation solutions.

Why Indoor Chemistry Matters: A National Academies Consensus Study

ISEE Conference Abstracts

Energy, Exergy, and Economic Analyses of Natural Gas Pressure Reduction Station Equipped with Turbo-Expanders and Heat Pump Cycle

SSRN Electronic Journal

Reducing Airborne Infectious Aerosol Exposure

Ashrae Journal, 2021

Inactivation of Pathogens in Air Using Ultraviolet Direct Irradiation Below Exposure Limits

Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Mar 1, 2022

Indoor air quality and health in schools: A critical review for developing the roadmap for the future school environment

Journal of Building Engineering

Effects of an ultraviolet coil irradiation system on the airside heat transfer coefficient and low ΔT syndrome in a hot and humid climate

Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 2016

Correction to Practical Indicators for Risk of Airborne Transmission in Shared Indoor Environments and Their Application to COVID-19 Outbreaks

Environmental Science & Technology, 2022

Building Technologies Task 06-10: Impact of Air Return Strategy on Building Energy Consumption and Indoor Air Quality- Literature Review

Prepared For:

Literatur Review and Parametric Study : Indoor Particle Resuspension by Human Activity

Once an aerosol contaminant is introduced into an indoor environment, it can remain in the air, d... more Once an aerosol contaminant is introduced into an indoor environment, it can remain in the air, deposit on interior surfaces or attach to dust particles already present. Human activity, such as walking and cleaning, resuspends contaminated particles, regenerating airborne contaminants. This report is a literature review on the effects of human activity on particle re-suspension in indoor environment. A parametric investigation is also made on particle resuspension effects of potential mechanical, aerodynamic and electrostatic force components, due to human activity over the particle-containing reservoir. It is shown that combinations of mechanical-aero-electro forces from human activity, can lead to significant particle resuspension in indoor environment. Additional experimental and modeling work is recommended to quantify the influence of human activity on indoor particle resuspension. INDEX TERMS Resuspension, human activity, mechanical vibration, boundary drag force, electrostati...

An Air Cleaner Effectiveness Approach to the Analysis of InDuct UVGI Systems

Air cleaner effectiveness (ε) is the fractional change in concentration of an air contaminant res... more Air cleaner effectiveness (ε) is the fractional change in concentration of an air contaminant resulting from the addition of an air cleaner to a system. Unlike component single-pass efficiency, it takes into account the aggregate effect of all contaminant removal mechanisms as well as the effects of air cleaner placement in the system. The usefulness of ε in the analysis and application of air cleaners, as well as its shortcomings, is illustrated by the modeling of in-duct ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) in a hypothetical two-zone building served by a constant volume system. The impact of design parameters such as the location of UVGI units, particulate filter efficiency, and the nature of contaminant release are investigated, with calculated ε values ranging from 5% to 90% depending on the nature of these parameters.

Simulation and monetization of collateral airborne infection risk improvements from ultraviolet germicidal irradiation for coil maintenance

Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 2017

Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation of cooling coils controls biofouling that increases airflow re... more Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation of cooling coils controls biofouling that increases airflow resistance and decreases heat transfer coefficient. Though lower in power than air disinfection systems, coil ultraviolet germicidal irradiation systems should provide some collateral air treatment benefit. This benefit is estimated through monetization of simulated nonfatal illness spread in a group of commercial buildings. Benefits were quantified using appropriate metrics for each building type: work-loss days for office buildings, hospital acquired infections for healthcare facilities, and disability adjusted life years for schools. The pre-ultraviolet germicidal irradiation annual cost of occupant illness was the same order of magnitude as annual energy cost. Area-normalized cost was similar in magnitude for all buildings. The collateral air disinfection of coil surface ultraviolet germicidal irradiation reduced baseline illness costs by 3.5% or less, but the resulting cost savings exceeded the energy cost to operate the coil ultraviolet germicidal irradiation systems by as much as a factor of 20. The effectiveness of air cleaning methods already in place, such as ventilation and filtration, directly influences the incremental benefit of additional air cleaning measures.

Practical Indicators for Risk of Airborne Transmission in Shared Indoor Environments and their Application to COVID-19 Outbreaks

Some infectious diseases, including COVID-19, can be transmitted via aerosols that are emitted by... more Some infectious diseases, including COVID-19, can be transmitted via aerosols that are emitted by an infectious person and inhaled by susceptible individuals. Most airborne transmission occurs at close proximity and is effectively reduced by physical distancing, but as time indoors increases, infections occur in those sharing room air despite maintaining distancing. There have been calls for quantified models to estimate the absolute and relative contribution of these different factors to infection risk. We propose two indicators of infection risk for this situation, i.e., relative risk parameter (Hr) and risk parameter (H). They combine the key factors that control airborne disease transmission indoors: virus-containing aerosol generation rate, breathing flow rate, masking and its quality, ventilation and particulate air cleaning rates, number of occupants, and duration of exposure. COVID-19 outbreaks show a clear trend in relation to these factors that is consistent with airborne ...

Critical Capability Needs for Reduction of Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Indoors

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2021

Coordination of efforts to assess the challenges and pain points felt by industries from around t... more Coordination of efforts to assess the challenges and pain points felt by industries from around the globe working to reduce COVID-19 transmission in the indoor environment as well as innovative solutions applied to meet these challenges is mandatory. Indoor infectious viral disease transmission (such as coronavirus, norovirus, influenza) is a complex problem that needs better integration of our current knowledge and intervention strategies. Critical to providing a reduction in transmission is to map the four core technical areas of environmental microbiology, transmission science, building science, and social science. To that end a three-stage science and innovation Summit was held to gather information on current standards, policies and procedures applied to reduce transmission in built spaces, as well as the technical challenges, science needs, and research priorities. The Summit elucidated steps than can be taken to reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2 indoors and calls for signific...

Echoes Through Time: The Historical Origins of the Droplet Dogma and its Role in the Misidentification of Airborne Respiratory Infection Transmission

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2021

The question of whether SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted by droplets or aerosols has been very controver... more The question of whether SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted by droplets or aerosols has been very controversial. We sought to explain this controversy through a historical analysis of transmission research in other diseases. For most of human history, many diseases were thought to transmit through the air, often over long distances and in a phantasmagorical way, and often in error (e.g. malaria, cholera). Building on the germ theory of disease developed in the mid 19th century and on the demise of miasma theory, prominent public health official Charles Chapin in 1910 urged the public health community to focus on contact and droplet infection. However, he introduced a major error in the process: that ease of infection in close proximity is associated exclusively with large “sprayborne” droplets that fall to the ground quickly, and he deemed airborne transmission as very unlikely. This new paradigm became dominant, leading to systematic errors in the interpretation of research evidence on transmission. For the next five decades, no disease was accepted by the general medical and infection control communities as airborne, until tuberculosis (which had been misclassified as droplet) in 1962. Chapin’s paradigm remained dominant and only a few diseases were widely accepted as transmitted by aerosols before COVID-19: those that were clearly transmitted over long distances or time scales. Resistance to the idea of airborne spread of a respiratory infection is not new. In fact, it has occurred repeatedly over much of the last century and greatly hampered understanding of how diseases transmit.

How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?

Environment International, 2020

A paradigm shift to combat indoor respiratory infection

Science, 2021

Profiling occupant behaviour in Danish dwellings using time use survey data

Energy and Buildings, 2018

Field measurement and modeling of UVC cooling coil irradiation for heating, ventilating, and air conditioning energy use reduction (RP-1738)—Part 2: Energy, indoor air quality, and economic modeling

Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 2017