Legal History

Jean Sénat Fleury ist ein Berufsrichter und Geschichtsliebhaber, der in Haiti geboren wurde und derzeit in Boston lebt. Er ist Autor mehrerer erfolgreicher Bücher wie: Der Briefmarkenprozess, Jean-Jacques Dessalines: Paroles d'Outre-Tombe, Der Schwarzhandelsprozess, Der Prozess gegen Osama Bin Laden, Hitler: In Abwesenheit in Nürnberg verurteilt, Hirohito: Das Urteil des Kaisers, Die Katastrophe des Japanischen Reiches, Der Nürnberger Prozess, Der Angriff auf Pearl Harbor, Der Pazifikkrieg, Eine Geschichte des Holocausts.

Das vorliegende Buch analysiert den Prozess gegen 28 hohe japanische Offiziere vor dem Internationalen Militärgerichtshof für den Fernen Osten, der als "Tokioter Prozess" bekannt wurde und nach Nürnberg der zweite Versuch war, eine internationale Antwort auf die Verbrechen der Kriegsparteien während des Zweiten Weltkriegs zu finden.

This article examines the reputation of crowds in relation to judicial practice in fifteenth-century Flanders. Medieval chronicles tend to frame rebellious crowds as frighteningly irrational rather than strategic in order to discredit the political movements they described. Legal records from Bruges and Ghent suggest this stereotype extended to disturbances unrelated to revolt. Bailiffs' accounts and banishments reveal concern for neighbourhood unrest and sudden violence stemming from interpersonal disputes as well as political action. Although bailiffs pursued individuals for instigating conflicts, the crowd played an important role in judicial practice, from investigations to executions, affirming legal decisions and preserving urban peace. These contrasting stereotypes affected patterns of prosecution in fifteenth-century Bruges and Ghent. Bailiffs tended to place blame on individual instigators when the crowd acted against the interests of law enforcement. As the reputation of the crowd was law-affirming, the riotous crowd had to stem from an outside, corrupting influence.

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812 R I. THE HISTORICAL AND LEGAL CONTEXT LEADING UP TO SHELBY COUNTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815 R A. The Disenfranchisement of African Americans Prior to the Enactment of the Voting Rights Act . . . . . . . . . 815 R B. The Adoption of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . . . . 817 R C. Unsuccessful Challenges to the Section 5 Preclearance Scheme and Reauthorizations of Section 5 in 1970, 1975, and 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819 R D. The 2006 Reauthorization and the Northwest Austin Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822 R II. GAME CHANGE: SHELBY COUNTY V. HOLDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825 R A. The Congruence and Proportionality Test Would Have Required the Court in Shelby County to Consider Factors It Largely Ignored . . . . . . ...

A közbeszerzési jog alapvető elemének, az ajánlat fogalmának mélyebb megértését teszi lehetővé érvénytelenségének, illetve hatálytalanságának megfelelő elhatárolása, amely végső soron az ajánlat eljárásjogi létezésének kérdését veti fel. A tanulmány azt az általános elméleti következtetést vonja le az ajánlat példáján keresztül, hogy a jog(ügylet)i létezés (vagy nemlétezés) megállapítása egyrészt önálló, másrészt elsődleges döntést feltételez az érvényességének vagy érvénytelenségének megállapítását megelőzően.

This research paper is the overall study of homosexuality in India; from our ancient scriptures to its final decriminalization. This will give an insight on the history aspects and existence of the homosexuals in our ancient history and then also how this became a criminal offence by the implementation of the Indian Penal Code. The paper further covers the legal journey of the homosexuality from the Victorian to the constitutional morality which took 74 years and a two decade long legal journey. The role of the judiciary is also been discussed later in the paper and how judiciary of any country can change the perspective of any society is also discussed through various judicial developments in the same matter. So this paper is an insight into the complete journey of the homosexuality in India, from Codification of Crime in 1860 to decriminalization in 2018.

In der juristischen Ausbildung scheint die Tendenz weiter zuzunehmen, bestimmte Meinungsstreitigkeiten zum Standard zu erklären und in Prüfungen abzufragen. 1 Die Ausbildungsliteratur sieht ihre Aufgabe dann häufig darin, diese Meinungsstreitigkeiten in ein Prüfungsschema einzubetten und klausurtauglich aufzubereiten. Problematisch ist diese Entwicklung nicht, weil diese Form der Wissensvermittlung per se ungeeignet wäre, die

MODE d'EMPLOI. J'ai trouvé mon article/interview oublié dans un tiroir: tous mes efforts pour l'écrire en très peu de temps me sont venu à l'esprit. Le magazine qui me l'avait demandé m'avait mise sous pression, mais finalement la rédaction ne l'a pas retenu parce que « trop marqué par un esprit d'avocat ». Après, on eut l'oublie des années Covid 19……Maintenant, en Italie il y a la mise en oeuvre de beaucoup de reformes soit en droit pénale que civile et j'ai pensé qu' un état des lieux au 2019 pour la médiation pénale pourrait intéresser quelque médiateur, spécialiste européen en veine de comparaison des pratiques italiennes, jusqu'au 2019, avec celles d'autres pays. J'ai aussi beaucoup de matériel a support :il est à disposition de ceux à qui pourrait être utile.. Si jamais il y a des imprécisions, l'unique responsable c'est moi. J'ai oublié mon travail, je ne l'ai pas partagée jusqu'à maintenant: aujourd'hui il est à disposition de tout le monde avec ses limites temporelles. Il y aura à suivre l'actualité des reformes en Italie dès 2019, dans l'espoir que quelqu'un voudra bien recueillir mon témoignage et prendre le relais.

Sultan Mahmud Launches his last expedition against India in 1026 A.D to punish Hindu Jats of Sindh Sagar Doab who had harassed and looted his baggage and raided his army while returning from Somnath --Thereafter he spent 4 years fighting against Seljuq Turks dying in Ghazni on 21 April 1030 A.D
March 2020
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.18661.35042
Project: MILITARY HISTORY
Agha H AminAgha H Amin

This paper analyzes the interconnections between international and constitutional law through the study of the Consultative Litigation Committee (CLC) of the French Foreign Ministry. The Committee and its members illustrate the institutionalization and professionalization of international law from the 1830s to 1870s. The committee’s members were not only legal advisers employed by the Ministry but also international lawyers recruited from the apex of the judicial system and the Conseil d’État. Each member shaped the development of the discipline of international law leading up to  its founding years of 1869-1873. Furthermore, the CLC served as a laboratory of international law practices, dealing with a great variety of legal cases and disciplines. Two topical case studies are studied more deeply to illustrate “Legal Entanglements”: the French claims regarding the indemnities of the 1815 peace agreements, and post-Napoleonic press legislation.

V posledních dvou dekádách je možné vypozorovat jakýsi „revival“ marxistických přístupů v oblasti mezinárodního práva, a to primárně v kontextu akademického diskurzu v západních zamích. V těchto analýzách je přítomná například snaha o třídní analýzu mezinárodního práva, materialistickou kon- cepci mezinárodného práva anebo o kreativní využívání konceptů, které jsou typické pro marxistický diskurz: ideologie, vykořisťování anebo propojení práva a politiky. V první části příspěvku si proto přiblížíme současné trendy v marxistické teorii mezinárodního práva veřejného a blíže se zaměříme na metodologické a teoretické otázky. V druhé části zmiňované přístupy podrobíme kritické analýze.

The present chapter aims at presenting the juridical nature of the Martial
Law in Poland (1981-1985) in its broader political, economic and social context. That context is different from states of exception in capitalist polities, and therefore, in the next section I will put a strong emphasis on the ‘normalcy’ of state socialism, including the place of law and fundamental rights in that concrete order. Only against that background can the actual juridical value of the Martial Law be evaluated. The question whether there indeed existed an exceptional situation in December 1981 is a crucial one, as it determines whether the state of
exception was justified in the light of the Constitution of the Polish People’s Republic, or not. The possibility of a ‘fraternal aid’ from Poland’s Warsaw Pact allies, keen on preserving authoritarian state socialism, is only one aspect of the exceptionality, discussed in the subsequent section. The economic, social but above all internal political situation – with the movement of Solidarność (Solidarity) challenging the hegemonic role of the Leninist party (i.e. the Polish United Workers’ Party, henceforth the ‘Party') – amounted to an exceptional situation, as I will argue. The next section, perhaps the most lawcentric one in this chapter, provides a brief overview of the juridical acts introducing martial law – that is, the resolution of the Council of State and the accompanying legislative decrees which, in my view, were all perfectly legal under the state-socialist constitution of the period. Finally, in the last section, I address the question of the nature of General Jaruzelski’s dictatura, specifically asking about its commissary or sovereign character, and about its role in transforming the Polish politity and building the foundations of the
‘rule of law’.

Thomas Olechowski e seu grupo de trabalho concluíram, em 2020, a monumental biografia de Hans Kelsen, iniciada em 2003. Mais de 1000 páginas repercorrem os eventos singulares da vida de Hans Kelsen (1881-1973), e os inserem no contexto dos eventos históricos europeus e mundiais que os acompanharam, isto é, duas guerras mundiais e um tríplice exílio: da Áustria à Alemanha em 1930; da Alemanha à Suíça em 1933; da Suíça aos Estados Unidos em 1940. Quase toda asserção é acompanhada de uma remissão às fontes: as mais de 1000 páginas da obra são acompanhadas de mais de 4500 notas de rodapé. A vida de Hans Kelsen se revela assim uma micro-história de todo o século XX.

The paper claims that the form vs. substance dichomoty is relevant for the study of legal continuity, however, only provided that the notion of ‘form’ refers to the ‘form of law,’ and the notion of ‘substance’ refers to the socio-economic reality which the law strives to regulate. Therefore, the study of legal continuity despite a socio-economic transformation is, ultimately, the study of interaction between the (unchanged) form and (changed) substance.

The article presents several interpretations of former president Thomas Jefferson\u27 address for the committee of the Danbury Baptist Association in Danbury, Connecticut. Historians view his message to depict the importance of protecting religious freedom. On the other hand, political concept sees this to strengthen the relationship between New England\u27s dissenters and his Republican Party. Moreover, intellectuals conclude this to reveal his deep commitment to the separation of church and state

Estudio del (incompleto) proyecto de Código civil elaborado por las Cortes en 1821, en el marco de las ideas y textos de la codificación civil europea del momento y de la Constitución de 1812. Se reconstruye la vida parlamentaria del intento de las Cortes y las biografías de los diputados que estuvieron tras su elaboración, en particular el valenciano Nicolás Mª Garelly. El análisis de tres relevantes cuestiones abordadas por Garelly y sus colegas –la teoría de la ley, las condiciones que afectaban el estatuto jurídico de los individuos, los derechos civiles de éstos− completa la monografía, que incluye una nueva edición del folleto impreso (en diciembre de 1821) que constituye nuestra única fuente de conocimiento.

A study of the (incomplete) draft of the Civil Code drawn up by the Cortes in 1821, within the framework of the ideas and texts of the contemporary European codification. It reconstructs the parliamentary life of the text in the Spanish Cortes and the biographies of the deputies who worked on it, in particular Nicolás Mª Garelly. The analysis of three relevant issues addressed by Garelly and his colleagues – namely the theory of legislation, the conditions affecting the legal status of individuals, their civil rights - completes the monograph, which also includes a new edition of the printed booklet (December 1821) that constitutes our sole source of knowledge.

Estudio del (incompleto) proyecto de Código civil elaborado por las Cortes en 1821, en el marco de las ideas y textos de la codificación civil europea del momento y de la Constitución de 1812. Se reconstruye la vida parlamentaria del intento de las Cortes y las biografías de los diputados que estuvieron tras su elaboración, en particular el valenciano Nicolás Mª Garelly. El análisis de tres relevantes cuestiones abordadas por Garelly y sus colegas –la teoría de la ley, las condiciones que afectaban el estatuto jurídico de los individuos, los derechos civiles de éstos− completa la monografía, que incluye una nueva edición del folleto impreso (en diciembre de 1821) que constituye nuestra única fuente de conocimiento.


A study of the (incomplete) draft of the Civil Code drawn up by the Cortes in 1821, within the framework of the ideas and texts of the contemporary European codification. It reconstructs the parliamentary life of the text in the Spanish Cortes and the biographies of the deputies who worked on it, in particular Nicolás Mª Garelly. The analysis of three relevant issues addressed by Garelly and his colleagues – namely the theory of legislation, the conditions affecting the legal status of individuals, their civil rights - completes the monograph, which also includes a new edition of the printed booklet (December 1821) that constitutes our sole source of knowledge.

Defense Date: 28 May 2010Examining Board: Prof. Giovanni Federico (European University Institute) Prof. James Simpson (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid) Prof. Harold James (Princeton University and European University Institute) Prof. Maristella Botticini (Università Bocconi)First made available online: 27 July 2021From the early 21st century, the discipline of Economic History has paid a growing amount of attention to the phenomenon of preindustrial trade. Estimations of GDP per capita by Maddison (2001) and (2003) and Van Zanden (2005), for example, have attracted significant interest from scholars in different countries and have emphasized the relevance of Atlantic trade and its consequences for economic growth. Especially noteworthy in this regard has been the contribution of Acemoglu et al. (2002) and (2005). Their analysis of the different growth patterns among western States has placed Atlantic trade firmly in the spotlight. Taking the year 1500 as a starting point and conduc...