Economic Sociology

In the context of the sophisticated division of labor in contemporary economies, a majority of individuals, organizations, and institutions participating in economic production, exchange, and consumption are thrust into open forms of competition imposed by contemporary capitalisms; in other words, neoliberal public authorities and global companies shaping the contexts and lives of smaller, less powerful actors. To dominate and/or survive, all have strong incentives to play complex games of cooperation among competitors. Along with capital, labor, and natural resources, cooperation among competitors is seen here as a “fourth factor of production.” The research program focusing on this phenomenon combines White’s perspective on production markets extended to the “Economie des Conventions” with a theory of collegiality as collective action among rival peers thus bringing together structure, culture, and agency (individual and collective) in a new way. In order to accomplish this, we de...

The main aim of our study was to detect changes in plasma level of endoethelin-1 after experimentally induced diabetes and diabetic nephropathy with streptozocin in rats. The effects of ACE inhibitors are well known and thus, we wanted to analyze the influence of enalapril (ACE inhibitor) on plasma concentrations of endoethelin-1 as well as its effects in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. Single i.p. administration of streptozocin (STZ) caused a significant increase of endoethelin-1 plasma concentrations associated with distinct signs and symptoms of diabetic nephropathy (microalbuminuria, increased urine N-acetyl-D-glucosamidase, increased serum concentrations of urea and creatinine, polyuria). Four-week treatment with endoethelin-1 resulted in significant reduction of endoethelin-1 plasma concentrations and improved sings and symptoms of diabetic nephropathy. The results obtained have confirmed that endoethelin-1 may play an important role in development and progression of di...

Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Investasi, dan Konsumsi merupakan indikator penting untuk menilai kinerja suatu perekonomian, terutama untuk menganalisis hasil pembagunan ekonomi yang telah dilaksanakan suatu negara. Secara teori, pertumbuhan ekonomi yang ditopang oleh konsumsi tidak akan menjadi pertumbuhan yang berkelanjutan. Pertumbuhan ekonomi yang berkelanjutan adalah pertumbuhan ekonomi yang ditopang oleh investasi, karena dianggap akan dapat meningkatkan produktivitas sehingga membantu meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Pada penelitian ini akan diteliti tiga persamaan yang saling berkaitan antara satu dengan yang lain (persamaan simultan). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mngetahui perkembangan dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi serta faktor yang paling dominan mempengaruhi pertumbuhan ekonomi, investasi dan konsumsi di Indonesia. Sehingga diharpkan dapat memberikan sumbangan pemikiran terhadap perkembangan ilmu ekonomi berdasarkan fakta yang ada di lapangan. Metode analisis data yang...

It seems to have been apparent in developing nations that economic growth and urbanization are always interrelated. Malaysia's rapid economic growth has also resulted in a considerable growth of urbanization. As gleaned from the other side of the coin, the process of such urbanization had twisted numerous negative impacts on the socioeconomic aspects of the urban low income and poor communities living in the low-cost flats and squatters. One of the major impacts of Malaysia's rapid urbanization is the transformation in the socio-economic profile of the urban low income and poor communities. This paper aims to determine and analyze the socio-economic indicators affecting the profile of the urban low income and poor communities residing in the squatters and low-cost flats of Kuala Lumpur city, Malaysia. To pursue the objective, the study has conducted a field survey, collected primary data from the level of living conditions of the urban low income and poor households and has ...

This research aims to study the effects of strategic orientations as a broad spectrum of views on business performance. At the micro-level, the impact of market orientation as one of the main strategic orientations on performance was investigated. The statistical population of the study can be considered as 4,000 people. According to Morgan's table, we have tested the hypothesis using a sample of 351 people working in Iranian firms active in the healthcare field of supplying and manufacturing medical equipment and devices. So, we sent 351 questionnaires for data collection, and 247 were completed and then used for data analysis. This study emphasized the significant function of the market and strategic orientations on the organization's performance. By considering innovation as the mediator in this relationship, it has been found that innovation is critical in intensifying and improving business performance. Finally, we propose that managers, especially senior to middle ones...

El libro aborda la formación de una empresa mixta de bienes de capital posterior a la Segunda Guerra Mundial y parte del proceso de Industrialización por Sustitución de Importaciones (ISI) ocurrido en América Latina, particularmente en México. La Fábrica Nacional de Maquinaria Textil Toyoda de México, S. A. de C. V conocida como Toyoda de México fue constituida en mayo de 1954 con un capital social de 35 millones de pesos de la época, el 99.4% lo aportaron inversionistas japoneses y el restante 0.6% la Nacional Financiera e inversores mexicanos. La empresa formó parte del Combinado Industrial Sahagún y los autores muestran por qué duró tan poco tiempo y la analizan como ejemplo de fracaso empresarial en latinoamérica. 

This study aimed to reassess the impact of different political, social and economic determinants of the economic growth in selected Asian developing economies. The variables which are being used in this regard are gross domestic product, government spending, democracy, economic freedom, foreign direct investment, primary education, labour participation and life expectancy at birth. According to the estimated results from fixed effect model, it has been found that political factors are affecting more to the economic performance of these nations as compared to the other dimensions i.e. social and economic determinants. Both sizes of bureaucracy and democracy are positively related with economic growth supporting ‘Webrian theory’ of bureaucracy. Moreover, when discussing each variable, findings shed light on this fact that in these nations except corruption, FDI, Trade openness, economic freedom, life expectancy, primary education and employment rate are positively related with GDP.

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi kuantitas ekspor komoditas perikanan Indonesia, ke delapan negara APEC pada periode 2002-2021. Delapan negara tersebut yaitu China, Hongkong, Jepang, USA, Singapura, Malaysia, Thailand, dan Philipina. Model perdagangan pada penelitian ini dibentuk berdasarkan variabel-variabel bebas yaitu GDP per kapita negara Indonesia, GDP per kapita negara tujuan ekspor komoditas perikanan, jarak ekonomi masing-masing negara, harga ekspor, dan inflasi Indonesia. Sementara variabel terikat yang digunakan yaitu jumlah ekspor komoditas perikanan Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dengan metode analisis gravity model. Pada model tersebut terdapat empat variabel yang signifikan memengaruhi jumlah ekspor komoditas perikanan Indonesia yaitu variabel GDP negara tujuan ekspor (X1), GDP negara pengekspor/Indonesia (X2), jarak ekonomi antar dua negara (X3) dan harga ekspor (X4). Sedangkan variabel inflasi negara pengekspor/I...

Human capital development is a contemporary issue facing Vietnam's academia, private organizations, and public policymakers. This paper illustrates Singapore as one of the highly developed countries in East Asia that successfully invests, designs, and manages human capital, asset, and resources for its economic growth. The discussion suggests certain propositions with a conceptual framework as an empirical implication to Vietnamese counterparts for further examining the relationships among human capital investment, human asset development, and human resources in the context of Vietnamese education and training needs.

The Commission of the European Communities has proposed to replace current border tax adjustments at the interaal borders of EC member countries by a set of three distinct measures that comprise an international tax-on-tax deduction of the value-added tax, the harmonization of current value-added and excise tax rates and a Clearing mechanism that serves to maintain the current distribution of tax receipts among member countries. The revised proposals of May 1989 are presented in the light of both the current Situation and the original approach adopted by the Commission in its 1985 White Paper. The proposals are then discussed individually and compared to competing approaches put forward by the British Secretary of the Treasury, Nigel Lawson, and The Kiel Institute of World Economics. The conclusion is reached that the Commission should be followed in two points, the tax-on-tax deduction and the Clearing mechanism. What concerns tax rate harmonization, it is argued that excise taxes ...

The relationship of a country’s macro-financial strategy against property-based relative wealth (pbrW) disparity and property ownership affordability (poA) has not been analyzed before. These are perennial issues of any country since POA influences the level of pbrW disparity among the people. This paper addresses two issues. First, whether POA influences PBRW disparity or PBRW disparity influences POA or whether both have a bi-directional relationship. Second, whether the macro-financial strategy has any effect on PBRW disparity of the citizens. We used a sample of 36,349 individual market transactions of (mainly) residential and commercial properties over a 30-year period from 1982 to 2012. the study uses a vector autoregression to investigate the above issues. the result revealed that Malaysia’s macro-financial strategy has had different effects on PBRW disparity and property ownership affordability of the Malaysian main ethnics group (Malays). It benefited the non-Malays more th...

Chính sách của nhà nước Việt Nam trong phát triển kinh tế trên phương diện nông nghiệp chịu ảnh hưởng của cuộc Cách mạng xanh, vốn tuyệt đối hóa vai trò của khoa học và công nghệ (với mục đích xây dựng các cơ sở sản xuất nông nghiệp theo hướng công nghiệp hóa). Việc phát triển nông nghiệp theo hướng trên đã đem lại một số chuyển biến có ý nghĩa, nhưng bên cạnh đó cũng gây ra những hệ quả tiêu cực nhất định đối với sinh kế của người dân. Những hệ quả này, trên một số khía cạnh, là rất rõ nét đối với người nông dân ở vùng tái định cư khi họ bị tách khỏi môi trường sống quen thuộc, mà trường hợp những người dân - từng sống ở vùng lòng hồ thủy điện - tại một khu tái định cư ở Lai Châu là ví dụ. Bài viết này nhấn mạnh rằng tiếng nói của người dân về vấn đề đang bàn cần được quan tâm hơn nữa. Các tri thức bản địa và các nguồn lực nội tại của họ cần được chú trọng, vì chúng sẽ góp phần giúp người dân đạt được sự phát triển từ những gì họ có và họ mong muốn chứ không phải chỉ từ những gì họ...

Việt Nam là một xã hội đang biến đổi. Sự biến đổi xã hội thường được nhìn qua hai cấp độ đó là cấp độ vĩ mô và cấp độ vi mô. Ở cấp độ vĩ mô, sự biến đổi xã hội được nhìn nhận như là sự thay đổi trong cấu trúc xã hội nói chung, trong khi đó ở cấp độ vi mô, biến đổi xã hội được phân tích thông qua những thay đổi trong lối sống, lối ứng xử của các cá nhân trong xã hội. Bài viết này đề cập đến sự biến đổi xã hội Việt Nam ở cấp độ vi mô bằng cách mô tả một số nét ứng xử của cá nhân trong xã hội Việt Nam đương đại qua hai hiện tượng là bà mẹ đơn thân và hôn nhân đồng tính. Bài viết như một gợi mở về hướng phân tích xã hội học vi mô về sự biến đổi xã hội dựa trên việc phân tích tài liệu sẵn có chứ không phải là một nghiên cứu thực địa hay khảo sát.

The main purpose of the study was to evaluate the direct and indirect effects that owner/manager demographic attributes and firm characteristics have on the relationship between religiosity and the two dependent variables, cost accounting and management accounting in Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs) of subsistence economies. Self-administered survey was used to draw responses from 100 SMEs in Manicaland Province, Zimbabwe. To facilitate the analysis of the data, given the moderation effect that sought to be tested, both IBM SPSS Statistics v26 and the Hayes Process Macro for SPSS were used. The moderation effect was validated through general linear factorial MANOVA. The study provided evidence on the significance of education in moderating the relationship between religiosity and cost and management practices (CMAPS). However, two demographic variables (age and gender) and three firm characteristics (revenue, number of employees and years in business) were not statistically signif...

Este artículo propone una aproximación a los procesos de aprendizaje automático por computadora desde una perspectiva semiótica peirciana. Para ello, trabaja en un territorio privilegiado para la observación de la articulación de la datificación de los usuarios con su posterior gestión mediante sistemas informáticos de aprendizaje por computadora: la publicidad digital. A partir de un caso real, se da cuenta de los modos en los que el machine learning articula lógicas abductivas e inductivas, poniendo foco en los modos en que los sistemas informáticos generan hipótesis a partir de la identificación de semejanzas y las ponen a prueba en investigaciones experimentales, cuyos resultados funcionan como input que realimenta el aprendizaje.

Amazon is one of the largest e-commerce corporations in the world and has built a reputation for fast, low-cost service. To rapidly and efficiently move goods from production to consumption, however, Amazon relies on a logistics network that entails significant investments in infrastructure (physical and human) and these investments present a challenge for capital accumulation. In this paper, I examine the labour practices that Amazon employs within its distribution work spaces to address this challenge. The analysis is based on a case study of Amazon’s distribution facilities (fulfilment centres and delivery stations) in Montreal, Quebec. It draws on ethnographic research as a community organizer and semi-structured interviews with workers (present and former), trade union representatives and public policy experts to identify Amazon’s key strategies. Building on past studies on the platform economy, I illustrate how Amazon relies on ‘digital Taylorism’ (Staab & Nachtwey, 2016), inv...

PURPOSE. Examining the major challenges posed by Industry 4.0 to workers and employers (e.g. the crisis of subordination, the new roles of skills, the risk of technological unemployment, new decentralized and participatory forms of collective bargaining), this paper sets out to identify actions and perspectives to manage current changes, focusing on workers rather than on those technologies that will be used to work in the years to come. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH. Industry 4.0 will be examined adopting a labour law perspective. In the authors\u2019 opinion, labour law is not only tasked with providing protection and favouring production, but it has other important functions in historical and political terms. FINDINGS. Labour law is not doomed to be set aside following the demise of Fordism, but it will innovate over time to enable and balance the new productive model underlying Industry 4.0. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS. The research contributes to the debate on the new funct...

Purpose. Examining the major challenges posed by Industry 4.0 to workers and employers (e.g. the crisis of subordination, the new roles of skills, the risk of technological unemployment, new decentralized and participatory forms of collective bargaining), this paper sets out to identify actions and perspectives to manage current changes, focusing on workers rather than on those technologies that will be used to work in the years to come. Design/methodology/approach. Industry 4.0 will be examined adopting a labour law perspective. In the authors’ opinion, this approach might help raise awareness that labour law is not only tasked with providing protection and favouring production, but it has other important functions in historical and political terms. Findings. Labour law is not doomed to be set aside following the demise of Fordism, but it will innovate over time to enable and balance the new productive model underlying Industry 4.0. Research limitations/implications. The research c...

Perempuan dalam kelompok perempuan kepala keluarga diberdayakan agar dapat meningkatkan perekonomian keluarga. Perempuan harus mempunyai kemampuan untuk melihat potensi yang ada, peluang-peluang yang mungkin dapat dikebangkan , sehingga dengan mudah peluang tersebut untuk diperluas menjadi jaringan yang lebih kuat. Faktor yang menyebabkan seorang perempuan menjadi kepala keluarga di dalam rumah tangga, antara lain: karena perceraian, perempuan yang hamil dan mempunyai anak setelah di tinggal oleh laki-laki, serta karena suami meninggal dunia. Perempuan memiliki peran ganda dalam rumah tangga yang secara fisik lemah justru dibebani dengan tugas berat. Selain sebagai ibu rumah tangga, ia juga sebagai kepala keluarga. Perempuan sebagai kepala keluarga harus menjalankan peran ganda untuk keberlangsungan hidup keluarganya. Sebagai kepala keluarga, perempuan harus mampu mengkombinasikan dengan baik antara pekerjaan domestik dan publik.Perempuan yang berstatus kepala keluarga dimana ia har...

The Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Vietnam is a comprehensive resource exploring social, political, economic, and cultural aspects of Vietnam, one of contemporary Asia’s most dynamic but least understood countries. Following an introduction that highlights major changes that have unfolded in Vietnam over the past three decades, the volume is organized into four thematic parts:

Politics and Society
Economy and Society
Social Life and Institutions
Cultures in Motion
Part I addresses key aspects of Vietnam’s politics, from the role of the Communist Party of Vietnam in shaping the country’s institutional evolution, to continuity and change in patterns of socio-political organization, political expression, state repression, diplomatic relations, and human rights. Part II assesses the transformation of Vietnam’s economy, addressing patterns of economic growth, investment and trade, the role of the state in the economy, and other economic aspects of social life. Parts III and IV examine developments across a variety of social and cultural fields through chapters on themes including welfare, inequality, social policy, urbanization, the environment and society, gender, ethnicity, the family, cuisine, art, mass media, and the politics of remembrance.

Featuring 38 essays by leading Vietnam scholars from around the world, this book provides a cutting-edge analysis of Vietnam’s transformation and changing engagement with the world. It is an invaluable interdisciplinary reference work that will be of interest to students and academics of Southeast Asian studies, as well as policymakers, analysts, and anyone wishing to learn more about contemporary Vietnam.

Usually, studies on the informal economy focus mainly upon those working in the informal economy (supply side). However, many exchanges in the informal economy are initiated by purchasers asking how much a good or service costs if paid cash in hand. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to advance understanding of who make purchases in the informal economy and the reasons of the consumers making these purchases (demand side). Two potential explanations are evaluated. Firstly, consumers are explained as rational economic actors seeking a more convenient deal or profit maximisation (i.e., lower price or better value for money), making purchases from the informal economy due to the lack of availability of the product or service they need on the formal market, or they make such purchases involuntarily, due to the lack of perfect information necessary to make a fully rational economic decision when purchasing. Secondly, the consumers are portrayed as social actors pursuing community help. ...

O trabalho propõe-se a examinar o processo de transformações desencadeado pela movimento de expansão do complexo agroindustrial vinculado às lavouras tecnificadas de soja e trigo no Mato Grosso do Sul meridional. Na investigação desse processo de mudanças a pesquisa procurou desvendar, simultaneamente, o exame da nova forma de organização da sociedade e o processo de remodelagem do espaço regional douradense.

The inheritance practices of the ultra-wealthy play a key role in reproducing socioeconomic inequalities across generations. Given this role, we need a better understanding of the individuals and families who own, accumulate and pass on substantial amounts of wealth. This article asks two questions: first, how do parents with profound ownership or control over capital reconcile cultivating dynastic wealth with beliefs in meritocratic achievement? And, second, how do wealth managers justify their commercial value to first generation wealthy clients? The answer to both of these questions involves what I call a pedagogy of inherited wealth. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with first-generation ultra-wealthy parents and their wealth managers, it documents how wealthy parents and wealth managers construct risky futures around inheritance, and their strategies to manage those risks through the control of access to the family's wealth. In doing so, it explores how they produce two roles, termed here the 'good inheritor' and the 'good client'. Through examining various strategies to manage family wealth and inheritance, the article reveals the legitimating and enabling pedagogy surrounding this process and the paradox at the heart of this pedagogy-which promotes both the value of work among the next generation of inheritors and the preservation of dynastic wealth that will preclude their dependence on income-generating work.

Resumen La dificultad de leer lo actual entrana saber tomar la distancia suficiente para reconocer los cambios que se estan viviendo. Estos tres libros  afrontan este reto con agilidad. Una destreza narrativa y una gran  capacidad para construir teorias, inquieta y hace preguntarse sobre lo que esta sucediendo. Cada libro arranca con una hipotesis que describe el cambio que sufre la sociedad. En la primera hipotesis el autor se plantea como la sociedad  actual ya no teme lo extrano, sino que sufre patologias neuronales. Las  depresiones son algunos efectos de una sociedad consumida por la  busqueda del alto rendimiento y su fe en poder hacer todo lo que se plantee. La segunda hipotesis presenta a una sociedad inmersa en un  mundo digital que erroneamente le hace creer que tiene mas valor que el  real. Y la tercera hipotesis afronta las dificultades que supondria llevar al  limite las consecuencias de la transparencia. Un valor que puede acabar por convertirse en un tipo de vigilanci...