Adaptation

Initiatives and measures to reduce the vulnerability of natural and human systems against actual or expected climate change effects. Various types of adaptation ex­ist, e.g. anticipatory and reactive, private and public, and autonomous and planned. Examples are raising river or coastal dikes, the substitution of more temper­ature-shock resistant plants for sensitive ones, etc.

Adaptace

Iniciativy a opat�en� ke sn�en� zranitelnosti p��rodn�ch a lidsk�ch syst�m� v��i sou�asn�m nebo o�ek�van�m projev�m zm�ny klimatu. Existuj� r�zn� typy adaptace, nap�. p�edb�n� a n�sledn�, soukrom� a ve�ejn�, nebo samospr�vn� a pl�novan�. P��klady jsou zvy�ov�n� ���n�ch a pob�e�n�ch hr�z�, nahrazen� rostlin citliv�ch na teplotn� zm�ny odoln�j��mi atd.

Aerosols

A collection of airborne solid or liquid particles, with a typical size between 0.01 and 10 micrometer (a mil­lionth of a meter) that reside in the atmosphere for at least several hours. Aerosols may be of either natural or anthropogenic origin. Aerosols may influence climate in several ways: directly through scattering and ab­sorbing radiation, and indirectly through acting as cloud condensation nuclei or modifying the optical properties and lifetime of clouds.

Aerosoly

Soubor pevn�ch nebo kapaln�ch ��stic v ovzdu��, ob­vykle velikosti mezi 0,01 μ a 10 μm (mikrometry, mi­liontiny metru), kter� setrv�vaj� v atmosf��e nejm�n� n�kolik hodin. Aerosoly m��ou b�t jak p�irozen�ho, tak antropogenn�ho p�vodu. Aerosoly mohou ovliv­�ovat klima n�kolika zp�soby: p��mo rozptylem nebo pohlcov�n�m z��en� a nep��mo jako kondenza�n� j�dra obla�nosti nebo zm�nou optick�ch vlastnost� a doby trv�n� obla�nosti.

Stakeholder

A person or an organization that has a legitimate in­terest in a project or entity, or would be affected by a particular action or policy.

Akt�r (stakeholder)

Osoba nebo organizace, kter� m� legitimn� z�jem na projektu �i p�edm�tu, nebo by byl ovlivn�n konkr�tn� akc� nebo politikou.

Activities Implemented Jointly (AIJ)

The pilot phase for Joint Implementation, as defined in Article 4.2(a) of the United Nations Framework Con­vention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that allows for project activity among developed countries (and their companies) and between developed and developing countries (and their companies). AIJ is intended to al­low parties to the UNFCCC to gain experience in jointly implemented projects. There is no credit for AIJ during the pilot phase. A decision remains on the future of AIJ projects and how they may relate to the Kyoto Mechanisms. As a simple form of tradable permits, AIJ and other market-based schemes represent potential mechanisms for stimulating additional resource flows for reducing emissions. See also Clean Development Mechanism, and Emissions Trading.

Aktivity zav�d�n� spole�n� (AIJ)

Pilotn� f�ze na poli Spole�n� implementace, defi­novan� v �l�nku 4.2 (a) R�mcov� �mluvy OSN o zm�­n� klima­tu (UNFCCC), kter� po��t� s navr�en�­mi aktivitami mezi rozvinut�mi zem�mi (a jejich spole�nostmi) a mezi rozvinut�mi a rozvojov�mi zem�mi (a jejich spole�nostmi). ��elem AIJ je umo�­nit smluvn�m stran�m UNFCCC z�skat zku�enosti se spole�n� zav�­d�n�mi projekty. Za projekty pilotn� f�ze AIJ se neu­d�luj� kredity. Dosud nebylo rozhodnu­to o bu­doucnosti projekt� AIJ a o tom, v jak�m vztahu ke Kj�tsk�m mechanism�m by m�ly b�t. Jako jedno­duch� forma obchodu s povolen­kami, p�edstavuj� AIJ a dal�� n�vrhy zalo�en� na trhu potenci�ln� mechanis­mus k povzbuze­n� dodate�n�ho toku prost�edk� ke sn�en� emis�. Viz t� Mechanismus �ist�ho rozvoje a Obchod s emisemi.

Albedo

The fraction of solar radiation reflected by a surface or object, often expressed as a percentage. Snow-covered surfaces have a high albedo, the surface albedo of soils ranges from high to low, and vegetation-covered sur­faces and oceans have a low albedo. The Earth’s plan­etary albedo varies mainly through varying cloudiness, snow, ice, leaf area and land cover changes.

Albedo

Pod�l slune�n�ho z��en� odra�en�ho povrchem nebo p�edm�tem, �asto vyjad�ovan� v procentech. Povrchy pokryt� sn�hem maj� vysok� albedo, albedo povrchu p�d sah� od vysok�ho k n�zk�mu a povrchy pokryt� vegetac� a oce�ny maj� n�zk� albedo. Planet�rn� albedo Zem� se m�n� hlavn� vlivem zm�n obla�nosti, sn�hu, ledu, plochy list� a pokr�vky zem�.

Alpine

The biogeographic zone made up of slopes above the tree line, characterized by the presence of rosette-form­ing herbaceous plants and low shrubby slow-growing woody plants.

Alp�nsk� z�na

Biogeografick� z�na tvo�en� svahy nad hranic� lesa, charakterizovan� v�skytem bylin s p��zemn� r��ic� list� a n�zk�mi k�ovinat�mi pomalu rostouc�mi d�evinami.

Anthropogenic

Resulting from or produced by human beings.

Antropogenn�

Plynouc� z existence lidstva nebo j�m produkovan�.

Anthropogenic emissions

Emissions of greenhouse gases, greenhouse gas precurs­ors, and aerosols associated with human activities, in­cluding the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, land-use changes, livestock, fertilization, etc.

Antropogenn� emise

Emise sklen�kov�ch plyn�, jejich prekurzor� a aero­sol� spojen� s lidskou �innost�, zahrnuj�c� spalov�n� fosiln�ch paliv, odles�ov�n�, zm�ny vyu�it� p�dy, chov hos­pod��sk�ho zv��ectva, hnojen� atd.

Atmosphere

The gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth. The dry atmosphere consists almost entirely of nitrogen (78.1 % volume mixing ratio) and oxygen (20.9 % volume mixing ratio), together with a number of trace gases, such as argon (0.93 % volume mixing ratio), helium and radiatively active greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (0.03 % volume mixing ratio a cen­tury ago, 0.04 % now) and ozone. In addition, the at­mosphere contains the greenhouse gas water vapour, whose amounts are highly variable but typically around 1 % volume mixing ratio. The atmosphere also contains clouds and aerosols.

Atmosf�ra

Plynn� obal obklopuj�c� Zemi. Such� atmosf�ra je slo�ena t�m�� �pln� z dus�ku (objemov� sm�ovac� po­m�r 78,1 %) a kysl�ku (objemov� sm�ovac� pom�r 20,9 %), spole�n� s mno�stv�m stopov�ch plyn�, jako je argon (objemov� sm�ovac� pom�r 0,93 %) a h�li­um, a radia�n� aktivn�ch sklen�kov�ch plyn�, jako oxid uhli�it� (objemov� sm�ovac� pom�r b�val 0,03 %, nyn� je 0,04 %) a oz�n. Krom� toho atmosf�ra obsahuje sklen�kov� plyn vodn� p�ru, jej� mno�stv� je zna�n� prom�nn�, b�n� okolo 1 % objemov�ho sm�ovac�ho pom�ru. Atmosf�ra obsahuje tak� obla�nost a aerosoly.

Barrier

Any obstacle to reaching a goal, adaptation or mitiga­tion potential that can be overcome or attenuated by a policy, programme, or measure. Barrier removal in­cludes correcting market failures directly or reducing the transactions costs in the public and private sectors by e.g. improving institutional capacity, reducing risk and uncertainty, facilitating market transactions, and enforcing regulatory policies.

Bari�ra

Jak�koli p�ek�ka dosa�en� c�le, schopnosti adaptace nebo zm�r�ov�n�, kterou lze p�ekonat nebo zm�rnit po­litikou, pl�nem nebo opat�en�m. Odstran�n� bari�ry za­hrnuje n�pravu tr�n�ch selh�n� p��mo nebo sn�en�m n�klad� transakc� ve ve�ejn�m a soukrom�m sektoru, nap�. zlep�en�m funkce instituc�, sn�en�m rizika a ne­jistoty, usnadn�n�m tr�n�ch transakc� a pro­sazen�m regula�n� politiky.

Mass balance (of glaciers, ice caps or ice sheets)

The balance between the mass input to an ice body (ac­cumulation) and the mass loss (ablation, iceberg calving). Mass balance terms include the following:

Specific mass balance: net mass loss or gain over a hy­drological cycle at a point on the surface of a glacier.

Total mass balance (of the glacier): The specific mass balance spatially integrated over the entire glacier area; the total mass a glacier gains or loses over a hydrological cycle.

Mean specific mass balance: The total mass balance per unit area of the glacier. If surface is specified (specific surface mass balance, etc.) then ice-flow contributions are not considered; otherwise, mass balance includes contributions from ice flow and iceberg calving. The specific surface mass balance is positive in the accumu­lation area and negative in the ablation area.

Bilance hmoty (ledovc�, ledov�ch �epic nebo le­dov�ch �t�t�)

Rozd�l mezi p��r�stkem hmoty ledu (akumulac�) a jej� ztr�tou (ablac� a tzv. telen�m �ili od­lamov�­n�m ledov�ch hor z nich do mo�e). Pojmy t�kaj�c� se bilance hmoty jsou n�­sleduj�c�:

M�rn� bilance hmoty: �ist� ztr�ta nebo zisk hmoty za hydrologick� cyklus v bod� na povrchu ledovce.

Celkov� bilance hmoty (ledovce): M�rn� bilance hmoty prostorov� se�ten� p�es celou plochu ledovce; celkov� hmota, kterou ledovec z�sk� nebo ztrat� za rok nebo v�ce let.

St�edn� m�rn� bilance hmoty: Celkov� bilance hmoty jednotkov� plochy ledovce. Pokud jde o povrchovou (m�rnou povrchovou bilanci hmoty atd.), tak p��­sp�vky toku ledu neuva�ujeme; jinak bilance hmoty zahrnuje p��sp�vky toku ledu a telen� ledov�ch hor. M�rn� povrchov� bilance hmoty je kladn� v oblasti akumulace a z�porn� v oblasti ablace.

Biodiversity

The total diversity of all organisms and ecosystems at various spatial scales (from genes to entire biomes).

Biodiverzita

Celkov� rozmanitost v�ech organism� a ekosyst�m� v r�zn�ch prostorov�ch m���tk�ch (od gen� po cel� bio­my).

Biome

A major and distinct regional element of the biosphere, typically consisting of several ecosystems (e.g. forests, rivers, ponds, swamps within a region of similar cli­mate). Biomes are characterized by typical communities of plants and animals.

Biom

V�t�� a v�razn� region�ln� sou��st biosf�ry, obvykle sest�vaj�c� z n�kolika ekosyst�m� (nap�. les�, �ek, rybn�k�, ba�in v regionu s podobn�m klimatem). Bio­my jsou charakterizov�ny typick�mi spole�enstvy rostlin a �ivo�ich�.

Sea-ice biome

The biome formed by all marine organisms living within or on the floating sea ice (frozen seawater) of the polar oceans.

Biom mo�sk�ho ledu

Biom tvo�en� v�emi mo�sk�mi organismy �ij�c�mi na plovouc�m mo�sk�m ledu (zmrzl� mo�sk� vod�) pol�rn�ch oce�n� nebo uvnit� mo�sk�ho ledu.

Biomass

The total mass of living organisms in a given area or volume; recently dead plant material is often in­cluded as dead biomass. The quantity of biomass is expressed as a dry weight or as the energy, carbon, or nitrogen content.

Biomasa

Celkov� hmota �iv�ch organism� v dan� oblasti nebo objemu; ned�vno odum�el� rostlinn� hmota b�v� �asto zahrnuta jako mrtv� biomasa. Mno�stv� biomasy se vy­jad�uje jako such� hmotnost nebo jako energie, obsah uhl�ku nebo dus�ku.

Biofuel

A fuel produced from organic matter or combustible oils produced by plants. Examples of biofuel include alcohol, black liquor from the paper-manufacturing process, wood, and soybean oil.

Biopalivo

Palivo vyr�b�n� z organick� hmoty nebo spaliteln� oleje produkovan� rostlinami. Mezi p��klady biopa­liv pat�� alkohol, sulf�tov� v�luh z proces� v�roby pap�ru, d�evo a sojov� olej.

Biosphere (terrestrial and marine)

The part of the Earth system comprising all ecosys­tems and living organisms, in the atmosphere, on land (terrestrial biosphere) or in the oceans (marine biosphere), including derived dead organic matter, such as litter, soil organic matter and oceanic detrit­us.

Biosf�ra (pevninsk� a mo�sk�)

��st zemsk�ho syst�mu zahrnuj�c� v�echny ekosyst�my a �ij�c� organismy v atmosf��e, na zemi (pevninsk� biosf�­ra) nebo v oce�nech (mo�sk� biosf�ra), obsahuj�c� i sekund�rn� organickou hmotu, jako opad, p�dn� or­ganickou hmotu a oce�nsk� detritus (odum�elou or­ganickou hmotu).

Coral bleaching

The paling in colour which results if a coral loses its symbiotic, energy-providing, organisms.

Blednut� kor�l�

Kdy� kor�l p�ijde o sv� symbiotick�, energii dod�vaj�c� or­ganismy, ztr�c� barvu, co� se naz�v� blednut� kor�l�.

Boreal forest

Forests of pine, spruce, fir, and larch stretching from the east coast of Canada westward to Alaska and continuing from Siberia westward across the entire extent of Russia to the European Plain.

Bore�ln� les

Les borovic, smrk�, jedl� a mod��n� t�hnouc� se od v�chodn�ho pob�e�� Kanady z�padn� na Alja�ku a pokra�uj�c� ze Sibi�e na z�pad p�es celou rozlohu Ruska a� do Evropy.

Total Solar Irradiance (TSI)

The amount of solar radiation received outside the Earth's atmosphere on a surface normal to the incident radiation, and at the Earth's mean distance from the sun. Reliable measurements of solar radiation can only be made from space and the precise record extends back only to 1978. The generally accepted value is 1,368 Watts per square meter (W m⁻²) with an accuracy of about 0.2 %. Variations of a few tenths of a percent are common, usually associated with the passage of sun­spots across the solar disk. The solar cycle variation of TSI is on the order of 0.1 %. Source: AMS, 2000.

Celkov� slune�n� oz��enost (TSI), „slune�n� kon­stanta“

Mno�stv� slune�n�ho z��en� dopadaj�c� nad atmosf�­rou na plochu kolmou ke slune�n�m paprsk�m ve st�edn� vzd�lenosti Zem� od Slunce. Spolehliv� m��en� slune�n�ho z��en� mohou b�t prov�d�na pouze ve vesm�ru a p�esn� z�znamy sahaj� jen do roku 1978. V�eobecn� p�ij�man� hodnota je 1368 watt� na metr �tvere�n� (Wm⁻²) s p�esnost� asi 0,2 %. Kol�s�n� ve­likosti n�kolika desetin procenta jsou b�n� a obvykle spojen� s p�echodem slune�n�ch skvrn p�es slune�n� disk. Kol�s�n� „slune�n� konstanty“ b�hem slune�n�ho cyklu je ��du 0,1 %. Zdroj: AMS, 2000.

Development path or pathway

An evolution based on an array of technological, eco­nomic, social, institutional, cultural, and biophysical characteristics that determine the interactions between natural and human systems, including production and consumption patterns in all countries, over time at a par­ticular scale. Alternative development paths refer to dif­ferent possible trajectories of development, the continu­ation of current trends being just one of the many paths.

Cesta v�voje, rozvoje

V�voj zalo�en� na sad� technologick�ch, ekono­mick�ch, soci�ln�ch, institucion�ln�ch, kulturn�ch, a biofyzik�ln�ch vlastnost�, kter� ur�uj� vz�jemn� vztahy mezi p��rodn�mi a lidsk�mi syst�my, zahrnuj�­c� zp�soby v�roby a spot�eby ve v�ech st�tech. Al­ternativn� cesty v�voje ozna�uj� r�zn� mo�n� trajek­torie v�voje, p�i�em� pokra�ov�n� sou�asn�ch tren­d� je pouze jednou z mnoha cest.

Sensitivity

Sensitivity is the degree to which a system is affected, either adversely or beneficially, by climate variability or climate change. The effect may be direct (e.g., a change in crop yield in response to a change in the mean, range, or variability of temperature) or indirect (e.g., damages caused by an increase in the frequency of coastal flooding due to sea level rise). This concept of sensitivity is not to be confused with climate sensit­ivity, which is defined separately above.

Citlivost

Citlivost je m�ra, nakolik je n�jak� syst�m ovlivn�n, a� p��zniv�, nebo nep��zniv�, prom�nlivost� klimatu nebo zm�nou klimatu. Tento vliv m��e b�t p��m� (nap�. zm�na ve v�nosech �rody jako odezva na zm�nu pr�­m�ru teplot, jejich rozsahu nebo prom�nlivosti) nebo nep��m� (nap�. �kody v d�sledku n�r�stu �etnosti po­b�e�n�ch z�plav zp�soben�ho vzestupem hladiny mo�e). Toto pojet� citlivosti by se nem�lo pl�st s citlivost� kli­matu, kter� je zvl᚝ definov�na n�e.

Climate sensitivity

In IPCC reports, equilibrium climate sensitivity refers to the equilibrium change in the annual mean global surface temperature following a doubling of the at­mospheric equivalent carbon dioxide concentration. Due to computational constraints, the equilibrium cli­mate sensitivity in a climate model is usually estim­ated by running an atmospheric general circulation model coupled to a mixed-layer ocean model, because equilibrium climate sensitivity is largely determined by atmospheric processes. Efficient models can be run to equilibrium with a dynamic ocean.

The transient climate response is the change in the global surface temperature, averaged over a 20-year period, centred at the time of atmospheric carbon di­oxide doubling, that is, at year 70 in a 1 % yr⁻¹ com­pound carbon dioxide increase experiment with a global coupled climate model. It is a measure of the strength and rapidity of the surface temperature re­sponse to greenhouse gas forcing.

Citlivost klimatu

Ve zpr�v�ch IPCC rovnov�n� citlivost klima­tu ozna�uje rovnov�nou zm�nu ro�n� pr�m�rn� glob�ln� povr­chov� teploty v d�sledku zdvojn�soben� ekvivalentn� koncentrace oxidu uhli�it�ho v atmosf��e. Vzhledem k v�po�etn�m omezen�m je rovnov�n� citlivost klimatu v klimatick�m modelu obvykle odhadnuta z b�hu mode­lu v�eobecn� cirkulace atmosf�ry sp�a�en�ho s mode­lem sm�ovac� vrstvy oce�nu, nebo� rovnov�n� cit­livost klimatu je ur�ena p�edev��m atmosf�rick�mi pro­cesy. V�konn� modely lze dopo��tat a� do dosa�en� rovnov�hy s dynamick�m oce�nem.

P�echodn� odezva klimatu je zm�na glob�ln� povrchov� teploty, pr�m�rovan� p�es dvacetilet� obdob� se st�edem v dob� zdvojn�soben� atmosf�rick�ho oxidu uhli�it�ho, tj. v roce 70 p�i 1% ro�n�m slo�en�m n�r�stu oxidu uhli�it�ho v experimentu s glob�ln�m klimatick�m modelem. Je to m�ra s�ly a rychlosti odezvy povrchov� teploty na p�soben� sklen�kov�ch plyn�.

CO₂

See carbon dioxide.

CO₂

Viz Oxid uhli�it�.

CO₂-fertilization

See Carbon dioxide fertilization.

CO₂-z�rod�ov�n�

Viz Z�rod�ov�n� oxidem uhli�it�m.

Tax

A carbon tax is a levy on the carbon content of fossil fuels. Because virtually all of the carbon in fossil fuels is ultimately emitted as carbon dioxide, a carbon tax is equivalent to an emission tax on each unit of CO₂-equivalent emissions. An energy tax - a levy on the energy content of fuels - reduces demand for en­ergy and so reduces carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel use. An eco-tax is designed to influence human behaviour (specifically economic behaviour) to follow an ecologically benign path. An interna­tional carbon/emission/energy tax is a tax imposed on specified sources in participating countries by an in­ternational agreement. A harmonised tax commits participating countries to impose a tax at a common rate on the same sources. A tax credit is a reduction of tax in order to stimulate purchasing of or invest­ment in a certain product, like GHG emission redu­cing technologies. A carbon charge is the same as a carbon tax.

Da�

Uhl�kov� da� je vyb�r�na z obsahu uhl�ku ve fosiln�ch palivech. Proto�e prakticky ve�ker� uhl�k z fosiln�ch pa­liv je nakonec vypu�t�n jako oxid uhli�it�, uhl�kov� da� je rovnocenn� emisn� dani z jednotky emis� ekvivalentu CO₂. Energetick� da� – poplatek z obsahu energie paliv – sni�uje popt�vku po energii, a t�m sni�uje emise oxidu uhli�it�ho z pou��v�n� fosiln�ch paliv. Ekologick� da� je navr�ena tak, aby ovlivnila lidsk� chov�n� (v�slovn�, ekonomick� chov�n�) sm�rem ke zp�sobu p��zniv�mu pro �ivotn� prost�ed�. Mezin�rodn� uhl�kov� / emisn� / energetick� da� je da� uvalen� na vyjmenovan� zdroje ve smluvn�ch st�tech mezin�rodn� dohody. Harmo­nizovan� da� zavazuje ��astnick� st�ty k uvalen� dan� na stejn� zdroje ve spole�n� sazb�. Da�ov� �leva je sn�en� dan� za ��elem podn�cov�n� popt�vky po nebo investov�n� do ur�it�ho v�robku, jako nap�. technologie sni�uj�c� emise sklen�kov�ch plyn�. Uhl�kov� poplatek je to sam� co uhl�kov� da�.

Detection and attribution

Climate varies continually on all time scales. Detec­tion of climate change is the process of demonstrat­ing that climate has changed in some defined statistic­al sense, without providing a reason for that change. Attribution of causes of climate change is the process of establishing the most likely causes for the detected change with some defined level of confidence.

Detekce a p�isouzen�

Klima kol�s� neust�le na v�ech �asov�ch m���tk�ch. De­tekce zm�ny klimatu je postup prok�z�n�, �e klima se zm�nilo v jist�m definovan�m statistick�m smyslu, ani� by poskytl zd�vodn�n� t�to zm�ny. P�isouzen� p��­�in dan� zm�ny klimatu je postup stanoven� nejpravd�­podobn�j��ch d�vod� detekovan� zm�ny s ur�it�m defi­novan�m stupn�m spolehlivosti.

Discount rate

See Discounting

Diskontn� sazba

Viz Diskontov�n�

Discounting

A mathematical operation making monetary (or other) amounts received or expended at different points in time (years) comparable across time. The operator uses a fixed or possibly time-varying discount rate (>0) from year to year that makes future value worth less today. In a descriptive discounting approach one accepts the discount rates people (savers and in­vestors) actually apply in their day-to-day decisions (private discount rate). In a prescriptive (ethical or normative) discounting approach the discount rate is fixed from a social perspective, e.g. based on an eth­ical judgement about the interests of future genera­tions (social discount rate).

Diskontov�n�

Matematick� operace �in�c� pen�n� (nebo jin�) ��stky, z�skan� nebo vydan� v r�zn�ch �asech (letech), navz�jem srovnateln�. Pou��v� se v n� pevn� nebo eventu�ln� �asov� prom�nn� meziro�n� diskontn� sazba (>0), kter� sni�uje budouc� hodnotu oproti sou­�asn�. P�i popisn�m p��stupu k diskontov�n� se u��v� diskontn� sazba, j� lid� (vkladatel� a investo�i) skute�n� pou��vaj� p�i sv�ch ka�dodenn�ch rozhodnut�ch (soukro­m� diskontn� sazba). P�i p�edpisov�m p��stupu (etick�m nebo normativn�m) k diskontov�n� je diskontn� sazba ze spole�ensk�ho hlediska pevn�, nap�. zalo�en� na etick�m posudku z�jm� budouc�ch generac� (soci�ln� diskontn� sazba).

Voluntary action

Informal programmes, self-commitments and declara­tions, where the parties (individual companies or groups of companies) entering into the action set their own tar­gets and often do their own monitoring and reporting.

Dobrovoln� akce

Neform�ln� programy, vlastn� z�vazky a prohl�en�, kdy ��astn�ci (jednotliv� spole�nosti nebo skupiny spole�nost�) pou�t�j�c� se do akce si sami stanovuj� c�le a �asto prov�d�j� vlastn� dohled a vyd�vaj� zpr�vy.

Voluntary agreement

An agreement between a government authority and one or more private parties to achieve environmental objectives or to improve environmental performance beyond compliance to regulated obligations. Not all voluntary agreements are truly voluntary; some in­clude rewards and/or penalties associated with join­ing or achieving commitments.

Dobrovoln� dohoda

Ujedn�n� mezi vl�dn�m org�nem a jedn�m nebo v�ce sou­krom�mi subjekty za ��elem dosa�en� environ­ment�ln�ch c�l� nebo zlep�en� environment�ln�ho chov�n� za hranice pln�n� na��zen�ch povinnost�. Ne v�echny dobrovoln� dohody jsou pln� dobrovoln�; n�kt­er� zahrnuj� odm�ny a/nebo pokuty spojen� s p�ipo­jen�m se k z�vazk�m nebo jejich spln�n�m.

Interglacials

The warm periods between ice age glaciations. The previous interglacial, dated approximately from 129,000 to 116,000 years ago, is referred to as Last Interglacial. (AMS, 2000)

Doby meziledov�

Tepl� obdob� mezi zaledn�n�mi dob ledov�ch. P�ed­ch�zej�c� doba meziledov�, datovan� p�ibli�n� do obdob� p�ed 129 a� 116 tis�ci let, se ozna�uje jako Posledn� doba meziledov�. (AMS, 2000)

(Climate change) Impacts

The effects of climate change on natural and human sys­tems. Depending on the consideration of adaptation, one can distinguish between potential impacts and residual im­pacts: – Potential impacts: all impacts that may occur giv­en a projected change in climate, without considering ad­aptation. – Residual impacts: the impacts of climate change that would occur after adaptation. See also ag­gregate impacts, market impacts, and non-market im­pacts.

Dopady (klimatick� zm�ny)

Vlivy zm�ny klimatu na p��rodn� a lidsk� syst�my. V z�vislosti na zv�en� adaptace rozli�ujeme mezi mo�n�mi a rezidu�ln�mi dopady: – Mo�n� dopady: v�echny dopady, kter� mohou nastat za dan� projek­tovan� zm�ny klimatu, nebereme-li v �vahu adap­taci. – Rezidu�ln� dopady: dopady zm�ny kli­matu, kter� nastanou po adaptaci. Viz t� Souhrnn� dopa­dy, Tr�n� dopady a Netr�n� dopady.

Storm tracks

Originally, a term referring to the tracks of individual cyclonic weather systems, but now often generalized to refer to the regions where the main tracks of ex­tratropical disturbances occur as sequences of low (cyclonic) and high (anticyclonic) pressure systems.

Dr�hy tlakov�ch n��

P�vodn� term�n t�kaj�c� se drah jednotliv�ch syst�m� po�as� tlakov�ch n��, nyn� je �asto zobec�ov�n jako poukazuj�c� na regiony, kde se vyskytuj� hlavn� dr�hy mimotropick�ch poruch jako sledu syst�m� n�z­k�ho (cykl�ny) a vysok�ho (anticykl�ny) tlaku.

Dynamical ice discharge

Discharge of ice from ice sheets or ice caps caused by the dynamics of the ice sheet or ice cap (e.g. in the form of glacier flow, ice streams and calving icebergs) rather than by melt or runoff.

Dynamick� �bytek ledu

�bytek ledu z ledov�ho p��krovu nebo ledov� �epice zp�soben� dynamikou p��krovu nebo ledov� �epice (nap�. ve form� toku ledovce, ledov�ch proud� �i tzv. telen�m – od­lamov�n�m ledov�ch blok� aneb hor do mo�e) sp�e ne� t�n�m nebo odtokem.

Economic (mitigation) potential

See Mitigation potential.

Ekonomick� potenci�l (zm�r�ov�n�)

Viz Potenci�l zm�r�ov�n�.

Ecosystem

A system of living organisms interacting with each other and their physical environment. The boundaries of what could be called an ecosystem are somewhat arbitrary, de­pending on the focus of interest or study. Thus, the extent of an ecosystem may range from very small spatial scales to, ultimately, the entire Earth.

Ekosyst�m

Syst�m �iv�ch organism� ovliv�uj�c�ch se navz�jem a se sv�m fyzick�m prost�ed�m. Hranice toho, co lze ozna�it za ekosyst�m, nejsou v�bec ost­r� a z�le�� na p�edm�tu z�jmu nebo studia. Tak�e velikost ekosyst�mu m��e sahat od velmi mal�ch rozm�r� a� po celou Zemi.

CO₂-equivalent

Carbon dioxide-equivalent (CO₂-eq) emissions and concentrations

GHGs differ in their warming influence (radiative for­cing) on the global climate system due to their differ­ent radiative properties and lifetimes in the atmo­sphere. These warming influences may be expressed through a common metric based on the radiative for­cing of CO₂

• CO₂-equivalent emission is the amount of CO₂ emission that would cause the same time- in­tegrated radiative forcing, over a given time horizon, as an emitted amount of a long-lived GHG or a mixture of GHGs. The equivalent CO₂ emission is obtained by multiplying the emission of a GHG by its Global Warming Po­tential (GWP) for the given time horizon (this report uses 100-year GWPs). For a mix of GHGs it is obtained by summing the equival­ent CO₂ emissions of each gas. Equivalent CO₂ emission is a standard and useful metric for comparing emissions of different GHGs but does not imply the same climate change re­sponses (see WGI Chapter 2.10).

• CO₂-equivalent concentration is the concen­tration of CO₂ that would cause the same amount of radiative forcing as a given mixture of CO₂ and other forcing components (only GHGs or GHGs together with aerosols).

Ekvivalent oxidu uhli�it�ho

Emise a koncentrace ekvivalentu oxidu uhli�it�ho

Sklen�kov� plyny se li�� ve sv�m otepluj�c�m vlivu (ra­dia�n�m p�soben�) na glob�ln� klimatick� syst�m podle sv�ch rozd�ln�ch z��iv�ch vlastnost� a dob� setrv�n� v ovzdu��. Tyto otepluj�c� vlivy lze vyj�d�it spole�nou m�rou zalo�enou na radia�n�m p�soben� CO₂.

• Ekvivalentn� emise CO₂ jsou takov� mno�stv� emitovan�ho CO₂, kter� by zp�sobilo stejn� ra­dia�n� p�soben�, integrovan� p�es dan� �asov� horizont, jako skute�n� emitovan� mno�stv� sklen�kov�ho plynu s dlouhou �ivotnost� nebo sm�si takov�ch sklen�kov�ch plyn�. Ekvivalent se vypo��t� vyn�soben�m emis� sklen�kov�ho plynu jeho potenci�lem glob�ln�ho oteplov�n� pro dan� �asov� horizont (v t�to zpr�v� jde o 100 let). Pro sm�s plyn� se z�sk� se�ten�m ekvivalent� pro ka�d� z nich. Ekvivalent oxidu uhli�it�ho je standardn� a u�ite�nou m�rou pro srovn�v�n� emis� r�zn�ch sklen�kov�ch plyn�, ale neznamen�, �e takov� emise vyvol�vaj� tut� zm�nu klimatu (viz kapitolu 2.10 WGI).

• Ekvivalentn� koncentrace CO₂ je takov� kon­centrace CO₂, kter� by zp�sobila stejn� velk� radia�n� p�soben� jako dan� sm�s CO₂ a dal��ch p�sob�c�ch slo�ek (m��e j�t pouze o sklen�kov� plyny, nebo o sklen�kov� plyny i ae­rosoly)

Equivalent carbon dioxide emission

See CO₂-equivalent.

Ekvivalentn� emise oxidu uhli�it�ho

Viz Ekvivalent oxidu uhli�it�ho.

Equivalent carbon dioxide concentration

See CO₂-equivalent.

Ekvivalentn� koncentrace oxidu uhli�it�ho

Viz Ekvivalent oxidu uhli�it�ho.

El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

The term El Niño was initially used to describe a warm-water current that periodically flows along the coast of Ecuador and Per� disrupting the local fishery. It has since become identified with a basinwide warming of the tropical Pacific east of the dateline. This oceanic event is associated with a fluctuation of a global-scale tropical and subtropical surface pressure pattern called the Southern Oscillation. This coupled atmosphere-ocean phenomenon, with preferred time scales of two to about seven years, is collectively known as El Niño-Southern Oscillation, or ENSO. It is often measured by the surface pressure anomaly difference between Dar­win and Tahiti and the sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific. During an ENSO event, the prevailing trade winds weaken, reducing up­welling and altering ocean currents such that the sea surface temperatures warm, further weakening the trade winds. This event has a great impact on the wind, sea surface temperature and precipitation patterns in the tropical Pacific. It has climatic effects throughout the Pacific region and in many other parts of the world, through global teleconnections. The cold phase of ENSO is called La Niña.

El Ni�o – Ji�n� oscilace (ENSO)

Term�n El Ni�o byl p�vodn� pou�it k popisu tepl�ho mo�sk�ho proudu, kter� periodicky te�e pod�l pob�e�� Ekv�doru a Peru a naru�uje m�stn� ryb��stv�. Postupn� byl ur�en pro popis rozs�hl�ho oteplen� tropick�ho Ti­ch�ho oce�nu v�chodn� od datov� hranice. Tento jev v oce�nu je doprov�zen velkorozm�rovou fluktuac� pole p��zemn�ho tlaku v tropech a subtropech na­z�vanou Ji�n� oscilace. Tento sp�a�en� atmosf�ricko-oce�nsk� jev zasahuj�c� �asov� obdob� od dvou do asi sedmi let je v�eobecn� zn�m jako El Ni�o - Ji�n� osci­lace, neboli ENSO. Je �asto m��en rozd�lem odchylek p��zemn�ho tlaku mezi Darwinem a Tahiti a povr­chovou teplotou v centr�ln� a v�chodn� ��sti rovn�­kov�ho Tich�ho oce�nu. B�hem ud�losti ENSO sl�bne p�evl�daj�c� pas�tov� proud�n�, co� omezuje vzestup vody z hloubek vzh�ru a pozm��uje oce�nsk� proud�­n� tak, �e roste povrchov� teplota, co� d�le oslabuje pas�tov� proud�n�. Tato ud�lost m� velik� vliv na pole v�tru, povrchov� teploty oce�nu a sr�ek v tropick�m Tich�m oce�nu. M� vliv na klima v cel�m Pacifick�m regionu a mnoha dal��ch ��stech sv�ta skrze glob�ln� d�lkov� vazby. Studen� f�ze ENSO se naz�v� La Ni�a.

Emission trajectory

A projected development in time of the emission of a greenhouse gas or group of greenhouse gases, aerosols and greenhouse gas precursors.

Emisn� trajektorie

Projektovan� �asov� v�voj emis� sklen�kov�ho plynu nebo skupiny sklen�kov�ch plyn�, aerosol� a pre­kurzor� sklen�kov�ch plyn�.

Energy balance

The difference between the total incoming and total outgoing energy in the climate system. If this balance is positive, warming occurs; if it is negative, cooling occurs. Averaged over the globe and over long time periods, this balance must be zero. Because the cli­mate system derives virtually all its energy from the Sun, zero balance implies that, globally, the amount of incoming solar radiation on average must be equal to the sum of the outgoing reflected solar radiation and the outgoing thermal infrared radiation emitted by the climate system. A perturbation of this global radiation balance, be it anthropogenic or natural, is called radi­ative forcing.

Energetick� bilance

Rozd�l mezi celkovou vstupuj�c� a odch�zej�c� energi� v klimatick�m syst�mu. Pokud je tato bilance kladn�, doch�z� k oteplov�n�; je-li z�porn�, k ochlazov�n�. Zpr�m�rovan� p�es celou zem�kouli a p�es dlouh� �a­sov� obdob� mus� b�t nulov�. Proto�e klimatick� syst�m z�sk�v� prakticky ve�kerou svoji energii ze Slunce, nulov� bilance znamen�, �e mno�stv� dopadaj�c�ho slu­ne�n�ho z��en� mus� b�t v pr�m�ru glob�ln� rovno sou�tu odch�zej�c�ho odra�en�ho slune�n�ho z��en� a odch�zej�c�ho tepeln�ho infra�erven�ho z��en� emi­tovan�ho klimatick�m syst�mem. Naru�en� t�to glo­b�ln� radia�n� bilance, a� u� antropogenn� nebo p�iroz­en�, se naz�v� radia�n� p�soben�.

Energy intensity

Energy intensity is the ratio of energy use to eco­nomic or physical output. At the national level, en­ergy intensity is the ratio of total primary energy use or final energy use to Gross Domestic Product. At the activity level, one can also use physical quantities in the denominator, e.g. litre fuel/vehicle km.

Energetick� intenzita

Energetick� intenzita je pom�r spot�eby energie k ekono­mick�mu nebo fyzick�mu v�konu. Na n�rodn� �rovni je energetick� intenzita pom�r celkov� prim�rn� energie nebo spot�eby fin�ln� energie k hrub�mu dom�c�mu produktu (GDP, HDP). Podle druhu �innosti lze ve jmenovateli pou��t tak� fyzik�ln� veli�iny, nap�. litr paliva / ujet� km.

Energy efficiency

Ratio of useful energy output of a system, con­version process or activity, to its energy input.

Energetick� ��innost

Pom�r u�ite�n�ho energetick�ho v�konu syst�mu, procesu p�em�ny nebo �innosti k jejich energetick�mu p��konu.

Energy

The amount of work or heat delivered. Energy is clas­sified in a variety of types and becomes useful to hu­man ends when it flows from one place to another or is converted from one type into another. Primary energy (also referred to as energy sources) is the energy em­bodied in natural resources (e.g., coal, crude oil, natur­al gas, uranium) that has not undergone any anthropo­genic conversion. This primary energy needs to be converted and transported to become usable energy (e.g. light). Renewable energy is obtained from the continuing or repetitive currents of energy occurring in the natural environment, and includes non-carbon tech­nologies such as solar energy, hydropower, wind, tide and waves, and geothermal heat, as well as carbon neutral technologies such as biomass. Embodied en­ergy is the energy used to produce a material substance (such as processed metals, or building materials), tak­ing into account energy used at the manufacturing fa­cility (zero order), energy used in producing the ma­terials that are used in the manufacturing facility (first order), and so on.

Energie

Dodan� mno�stv� pr�ce nebo tepla. Rozli�ujeme r�zn� druhy energie. Energie slou�� lidsk�m c�l�m, pokud proud� z jednoho m�sta na druh� nebo je p�em��ov�na z jednoho druhu na jin�. Prim�rn� energie (ozna�ovan� tak� jako zdroje energie) je energie obsa�en� v p��­rodn�ch zdroj�ch (nap�. uhl�, rop�, zemn�m plynu, uranu), kter� nepro�la jakoukoli antropogenn� p�em�­nou. Tato prim�rn� energie mus� b�t p�em�n�na a trans­portov�na, aby se stala vyu�itelnou energi� (nap�. sv�t­lem). Obnoviteln� energie se z�sk�v� z trval�ho nebo opakovan�ho toku energie p�sob�c�ho v p��­rodn�m prost�ed� a zahrnuje bezuhl�kov� technologie, jako jsou sol�rn� energie, s�la vody, v�tru, p��livu a vln a geoter­m�ln� teplo, a rovn� uhl�kov� neutr�ln� tech­nologie jako je u�it� biomasy. Vlo�en� (�i �ed�) ener­gie je ener­gie pou�it� p�i v�rob� materi�l� (nap�. zpra­cov�n� kov� nebo stavebn�ch materi�l�), zahrnuj�c� energii u�itou zpracovatelsk�m za��zen�m (nult� ��d), energii vyu�itou p�i v�rob� materi�l� pou�it�ch ve zpracova­telsk�m za��zen� (prvn� ��d) a tak d�le.

Erosion

The process of removal and transport of soil and rock by weathering, mass wasting, and the action of streams, gla­ciers, waves, winds, and underground water.

Eroze

Proces rpzru�en� a p�enosu p�dy a horniny zv�­tr�v�n�m, svahov�mi pohyby a �innost� vodn�ch tok�, ledovc�, vln, v�tru a spodn� vody.

Evapotranspiration

The combined process of water evaporation from the Earth’s surface and transpiration from vegetation.

Evapotranspirace

Slo�en� proces odpa�ov�n� vody z povrchu Zem� a vypa�ov�n� z vegetace.

F-gases

This term refers to the groups of gases hydrofluorocar­bons, perfluorocarbons, and sulphurhexafluoride, which are covered under the Kyoto Protocol.

F-plyny

Tento term�n ozna�uje skupiny plyn� hydrofluorouh­lovod�ky, zcela fluorovan� uhlovod�ky a fluorid s�rov�, kter�ch se t�k� Kj�tsk� protokol.

Phenology

The study of natural phenomena in biological systems that recur periodically (e.g., development stages, mi­gration) and their relation to climate and seasonal changes.

Fenologie

V�da o p�irozen�ch jevech v biologick�ch syst�mech, kter� se periodicky opakuj� (nap�. v�vojov� st�dia, migrace), a jejich vztahu ke klimatu a sez�nn�m zm�­n�m.

Sulphurhexafluoride (SF₆)

One of the six greenhouse gases to be curbed under the Kyoto Protocol. It is largely used in heavy industry to in­sulate high- voltage equipment and to assist in the manu­facturing of cable- cooling systems and semi-conductors.

Fluorid s�rov� (SF₆)

Jeden ze �esti sklen�kov�ch plyn�, kter� se m� omezovat podle Kj�tsk�ho protokolu. Je �iroce pou��­v�n v t�k�m pr�myslu jako izolace vysokona­p�ov�ch za��zen� a p�i v�rob� polovodi�� a syst�m� chlad�c�ch kabely.

Fossil fuels

Carbon-based fuels from fossil hydrocarbon deposits, including coal, peat, oil, and natural gas.

Fosiln� paliva

Uhl�kat� paliva z fosiln�ch usazenin uhlovod�k�, za­hrnuj�c� uhl�, ra�elinu, ropu a zemn� plyn.

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants, algae and some bac­teria take carbon dioxide from the air (or bicarbonate in water) to build carbohydrates. There are several path­ways of photosynthesis with different responses to atmo­spheric carbon dioxide concentrations. See Carbon diox­ide fertilization.

Fotosynt�za

Proces, p�i kter�m zelen� rostliny, �asy a n�kter� bak­terie odeb�raj� ze vzduchu oxid uhli�it� (nebo uhli�i­tanov� ionty z vody ) k tvorb� sacharid�. Existuje n�­kolik typ� fotosynt�zy s r�znou odezvou na koncentr­ace oxidu uhli�it�ho v atmosf��e. Viz Z�­rod�ov�n� oxidem uhli�it�m.

Global surface temperature

The global surface temperature is an estimate of the global mean surface air temperature. However, for changes over time, only anomalies, as departures from a climatology, are used, most commonly based on the area-weighted global average of the sea surface temper­ature anomaly and land surface air temperature anom­aly.

Glob�ln� povrchov� teplota

Glob�ln� povrchov� teplota je odhad glob�ln� pr�­m�rn� teploty vzduchu u povrchu (m��� se ve v��ce 2 m nad ter�nem). Av�ak pro �asov� zm�ny se pou��vaj� pouze odchylky od klimatick�ho norm�lu, nej�ast�ji zalo�en� na glob�ln�m prostorov� v�en�m pr�m�ru odchylek povrchov� teploty mo�e a odchylek teploty vzduchu u povrchu pevniny.

Halocarbons

A collective term for the group of partially halogen­ated organic species, including the chlorofluorocar­bons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), halons, methyl chloride, methyl bromide, etc. Many of the halocarbons have large Global Warming Potentials. The chlorine and bromine containing halocarbons are also involved in the depletion of the ozone layer.

Halogenovan� uhlovod�ky

Souhrnn� n�zev skupiny ��ste�n� halogenovan�ch or­ganick�ch slou�enin, zahrnuj�c� chlorofluorouhlovod�ky (CFCs), hydrogenovan� chlorofluorouhlovod�ky (HC­FCs), hydrofluorouhlovod�ky (HFCs), halony, metylchlorid, metylbromid a jin�. Mnoh� z halogenovan�ch uhlovod�k� maj� zna�n� potenci�ly glob�ln�ho oteplov�n� (GWP). Halogenovan� uhlovo­d�ky obsahuj�c� chl�r a br�m se tak� pod�lej� na po�ko­zov�n� oz�nov� vrstvy.

Model hierarchy

See Climate model

Hierarchie model�

Viz Klimatick� model

(Climate change) Impact assessment

The practice of identifying and evaluating, in monetary and/or non-monetary terms, the effects of climate change on natural and human systems.

Hodnocen� dopadu (klimatick� zm�ny)

Postup rozpozn�n� a ohodnocen� vliv� zm�ny kli­matu na p��rodn� a lidsk� syst�my po str�nce fi­nan�n� a/nebo jin�.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the monetary value of all goods and services produced within a nation.

Hrub� dom�c� produkt (GDP)

Hrub� dom�c� produkt (GDP, HDP) je pen�n� hodnota ve�ker�ho zbo�� a slu�eb vytvo�en�ch uvnit� st�tu.

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

One of the six greenhouse gases or groups of green­house gases to be curbed under the Kyoto Protocol. They are produced commercially as a substitute for chlorofluorocarbons. HFCs largely are used in refri­geration and semiconductor manufacturing. See Halocarbons

Hydrofluorouhlovod�ky (HFCs)

Jeden ze �esti sklen�kov�ch plyn� nebo jejich skupin omezen�ch podle Kj�tsk�ho protokolu. Vyr�b�j� se ko­mer�n� jako n�hrady chlorofluorouhlovod�k�. HFCs jsou �iroce pou��v�ny v chladic�ch za��zen�ch a v pr�­myslov� v�rob� polovodi��. Viz Halogenovan� uhlovo­d�ky

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)

See Halocarbons

Hydrogenovan� chlorofluorouhlovod�ky (HCFCs)

Viz Halogenovan� uhlovod�ky

Hydrological cycle

The cycle in which water evaporates from the oceans and the land surface, is carried over the Earth in atmospheric circulation as water vapour, condensates to form clouds, precipitates again as rain or snow, is intercepted by trees and vegetation, provides runoff on the land surface, in­filtrates into soils, recharges groundwater, discharges into streams, and ultimately, flows out into the oceans, from which it will eventually evaporate again (AMS, 2000). The various systems involved in the hydrological cycle are usually referred to as hydrological systems.

Hydrologick� cyklus

Cyklus, v n�m� se voda vypa�uje z oce�n� a povrchu zem�, je p�en�ena p�es Zemi atmosf�rickou cirkula­c� jako vodn� p�ra, kondenzuje ve form� obla�nosti, vypad�v� ve form� de�t� a sn�hu, je zachycena stromy a vegetac�, odt�k� po povrchu zem�, pronik� do p�dy, dopl�uje spodn� vodu, tvo�� vodn� toky a nakonec se vl�v� do oce�n�, ze kter�ch se bude po­sl�ze znovu vypa�ovat (AMS, 2000). Rozmanit� sys­t�my zapojen� do hydrologick�ho cyklu se obvykle ozna�uj� jako hydrologick� syst�my.

Hydrological systems

See Hydrological cycle

Hydrologick� syst�m

Viz Hydrologick� cyklus

Hydrosphere

The component of the climate system comprising liquid surface and subterranean water, such as oceans, seas, rivers, fresh water lakes, underground water, etc.

Hydrosf�ra

Slo�ka klimatick�ho syst�mu zahrnuj�c� vodn� povrchy a podzemn� vodu, tedy oce�ny, mo�e, �eky, sladkovodn� jezera, spodn� vodu atd.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

See Halocarbons

Chlorofluorouhlovod�ky (CFCs)

Viz Halogenovan� uhlovod�ky

Implementation

Implementation describes the actions taken to meet commitments under a treaty and encompasses legal and effective phases. Legal implementation refers to legisla­tion, regulations, judicial decrees, including other ac­tions such as efforts to administer progress which gov­ernments take to translate international accords into do­mestic law and policy. Effective implementation needs policies and programmes that induce changes in the be­haviour and decisions of target groups. Target groups then take effective measures of mitigation and adapta­tion. See also Compliance.

Implementace

Implementace popisuje �innosti prov�d�n� ke spln�n� z�vazk� plynouc�ch ze smlouvy a zahrnuje pr�vn� a faktickou f�zi. Pr�vn� implementace se vztahuje k legislativ�, p�edpis�m, soudn�m na��zen�m a za­hrnuje dal�� �innosti nap�. snahu o dosa�en� pokroku, kter� vl�da podnik� p�i zav�d�n� mezin�rodn�ch do­hod do dom�c�ho pr�vn�ho ��du a do politiky. Fak­tick� implementace vy�aduje strategie a programy vy­vol�vaj�c� zm�ny v chov�n� a rozhodov�n� c�lov�ch skupin. C�lov� skupiny pak p�ij�maj� ��inn� zm�r�uj�­c� a adapta�n� opat�en�. Viz t� Pln�n�.

Infectious disease

Any disease caused by microbial agents that can be transmitted from one person to another or from anim­als to people. This may occur by direct physical con­tact, by handling of an object that has picked up in­fective organisms, through a disease carrier, via con­taminated water, or by spread of infected droplets coughed or exhaled into the air.

Infek�n� onemocn�n�

Jak�koli onemocn�n� zp�soben� mikrobi�ln�mi �initeli p�enosn�mi z �lov�ka na �lov�ka nebo ze zv��at na lidi. P�enos m��e nastat p��m�m fyzick�m kontaktem, manipulac� s p�edm�tem zasa�en�m infek�n�m or­ganismem, skrze p�ena�e�e onemocn�n�, kontami­novanou vodou nebo ���en�m vyka�lan�ch a vydech­nut�ch infikovan�ch kap�nek ve vzduchu.

Infrastructure

The basic equipment, utilities, productive enterprises, in­stallations, and services essential for the development, op­eration, and growth of an organization, city, or nation.

Infrastruktura

Z�kladn� technick� vybaven� a za��zen�, v�robn� z�vody, instalace a slu�by nutn� pro v�voj, �innost a r�st n�jak� organizace, m�sta nebo st�tu.

Joint Implementation (JI)

A market-based implementation mechanism defined in Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol, allowing Annex I coun­tries or companies from these countries to implement projects jointly that limit or reduce emissions or enhance sinks, and to share the Emissions Reduction Units. JI activity is also permitted in Article 4.2(a) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) See also Kyoto Mechanisms; Activities Im­plemented Jointly.

Spole�n� implementace (JI)

Tr�n� mechanismy implementace definovan� v �l�nku 6 Kj�tsk�ho protokolu, umo��uj�c� st�t�m Dodatku I nebo spole�nostem z t�chto zem� zav�d�t spole�n� projekty, kter� omezuj� nebo sni�uj� emise nebo zv�t�uj� propady, a sd�let jednotky sn�en� emi­s� (ERU). �innost JI je t� obsa�ena ve �l�nku 4.2 (a) R�mcov� �mluvy OSN o zm�n� klimatu (UNFCCC). Viz t� Kj�tsk� mechanismy; Aktivity zav�d�n� spole�n� (AIJ).

Integrated assessment

A method of analysis that combines results and models from the physical, biological, economic and social sci­ences, and the interactions between these components in a consistent framework to evaluate the status and the consequences of environmental change and the policy responses to it. Models used to carry out such analysis are called Integrated Assessment Models.

Jednotn� hodnocen�

Metoda anal�zy, kter� spojuje v�sledky a modely z fy­zik�ln�ch, biologick�ch, ekonomick�ch a spole­�ensk�ch v�d a vz�jemn� vztahy mezi t�mito slo�kami v konzistentn� syst�m pro zhodnocen� stavu a n�sledk� zm�n �ivotn�ho prost�ed� a na n� odpov�daj�c� politiky. Modely pou��van� k proveden� takov� anal�zy se na­z�vaj� Modely jednotn�ho hodnocen� (IAM).

Integrated water resources management (IWRM)

The prevailing concept for water management which, however, has not been defined unambiguously. IWRM is based on four principles that were formulated by the International Conference on Water and the Environ­ment in Dublin, 1992: 1) fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, develop­ment and the environment; 2) water development and management should be based on a participatory ap­proach, involving users, planners and policymakers at all levels; 3) women play a central part in the provi­sion, management and safeguarding of water; 4) water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic good.

Integrovan� management vodn�ch zdroj� (IWRM)

P�evl�daj�c� koncept vodn�ho managementu, kter� nicm�n� nebyl jednozna�n� definov�n. IWRM je za­lo�en na �ty�ech principech, kter� byly formulov�ny Mezin�rodn� konferenc� o vod� a �ivotn�m prost�ed� (ICWE) v Dublinu v roce 1992: 1) pitn� voda je ome­zen� a zraniteln� zdroj, nezbytn� k zachov�n� �ivota, rozvoje a �ivotn�ho prost�ed�; 2) management a rozvoj vodn�ho hospod��stv� by m�l b�t zalo�en na p��stupu zahrnuj�c�m ��ast v�ech spot�ebitel�, projektant� a politick�ch �ini­tel� na v�ech �rovn�ch; 3) �eny hraj� hlavn� �lohu v ob­star�v�n�, spr�v� a ochran� vody; 4) voda m� ekono­mickou hodnotu ve v�ech sv�ch konkuruj�c�ch si pou­�it�ch a m�la by b�t uzn�na jako ekonomick� statek.

Extreme weather event

An event that is rare at a particular place and time of year. Definitions of “rare” vary, but an extreme weath­er event would normally be as rare as or rarer than the 10th or 90th percentile of the observed prob­ability density function. By definition, the character­istics of what is called extreme weather may vary from place to place in an absolute sense. Single ex­treme events cannot be simply and directly attributed to anthropogenic climate change, as there is always a finite chance the event in question might have oc­curred naturally. When a pattern of extreme weather persists for some time, such as a season, it may be classed as an extreme climate event, especially if it yields an average or total that is itself extreme (e.g., drought or heavy rainfall over a season).

Jev extr�mn�ho po�as�

Jev, kter� je na konkr�tn�m m�st� a v dan� ro�n� dob� mimo��dn�. Definice p��vlastku „mimo��dn�“ se li��, ale jev extr�mn�ho po�as� by m�l norm�ln� b�t stejn� nebo m�n� �ast� ne� 10. nebo 90. percentil pozorovan� hustoty pravd�podobnosti v�skytu. Vlastnosti toho, co se nazve extr�mn� po�as�, se mohou samoz�ejm� v ab­solutn�m smyslu li�it od m�sta k m�stu. Jednotliv� extr�mn� jev nem��e b�t jednodu�e a p��mo p�isouzen antropogenn� zm�n� klimatu, nebo� v�dy je ur�it� prav­d�podobnost, �e se doty�n� jev mohl vyskytnout p�iro­zen�. Kdy� charakter extr�mn�ho po�as� p�etrv�v� n�ja­kou dobu, t�eba sez�nu, m��e b�t ozna�en jako extr�mn� klimatick� jev, obzvl᚝ pokud p�in�� pr�m�r nebo �hrn, kter� je s�m extr�mn� (nap�. sez�nn� sucho nebo vydatn� sr�ky).

Catchment

An area that collects and drains rainwater.

J�mac� oblast

Oblast shroma��uj�c� a odv�d�j�c� de��ovou vodu.

Uptake

The addition of a substance of concern to a reservoir. The uptake of carbon containing substances, in particular carbon dioxide, is often called (carbon) sequestration.

J�m�n�

P��jem uva�ovan� l�tky do z�sobn�ku. J�m�n� l�­tek obsahuj�c�ch uhl�k, konkr�tn� oxidu uhli�i­t�ho, se �asto naz�v� ukl�d�n� (uhl�ku).

Kyoto Mechanisms (also called Flexibility Mechan­isms)

Economic mechanisms based on market principles that parties to the Kyoto Protocol can use in an attempt to lessen the potential economic impacts of greenhouse gas emission- reduction requirements. They include Joint Implementation (Article 6), Clean Development Mechanism (Article 12), and Emissions Trading (Art­icle 17).

Kj�tsk� mechanismy (tak� naz�van� Flexibiln� me­chanismy)

Ekonomick� mechanismy zalo�en� na tr�n�ch prin­cipech, kter� mohou smluvn� strany Kj�tsk�ho protoko­lu pou��t p�i pokusu o zmen�en� mo�n�ch ekono­mick�ch dopad� po�adavk� na sn�en� emis� sklen�­kov�ch plyn�. Zahrnuj� Spole�nou implementaci (�l�nek 6), Mechanismus �ist�ho rozvoje (�l�nek 12) a Obchod s emisemi (�l�nek 17).

Kyoto Protocol

The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was adop­ted in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan, at the Third Session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC. It contains legally binding commitments, in addition to those included in the UNFCCC. Countries included in Annex B of the Protocol (most Organization for Eco­nomic Cooperation and Development countries and countries with economies in transition) agreed to re­duce their anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluoro­carbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulphur hexafluoride) by at least 5 % below 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 2012. The Kyoto Protocol entered into force on 16 February 2005.

Kj�tsk� protokol

Kj�tsk� protokol k R�mcov� �mluv� OSN o zm�n� kli­matu (UNFCCC) byl p�ijat v roce 1997 v japonsk�m Kj�tu na T�et�m zased�n� (TS) Konference smluvn�ch stran (COP) UNFCCC. Obsahuje pr�vn� vymahateln� z�vazky vedle t�ch, kter� jsou uvedeny v UNFCCC. St�ty zahrnut� v Dodatku B protokolu (v�t�ina zem� Organizace pro ekonomickou spolupr�ci a rozvoj (OECD) a zem� s transformuj�c� se ekonomikou) sou­hlasily se sn�en�m sv�ch emis� antropogenn�ch sklen�­kov�ch plyn� (oxidu uhli�it�ho, metanu, oxidu dusn�­ho, hydrofluorouhlovod�k�, zcela fluorovan�ch uhlovo­d�k� a fluoridu s�rov�ho) o nejm�n� 5 % pod �rove� roku 1990 v z�vazn�m obdob� let 2008 a� 2012. Kj�t­sk� protokol vstoupil v platnost 16. �nora 2005.

Climate

Climate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the aver­age weather, or more rigorously, as the statistical de­scription in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years. The classical period for averaging these variables is 30 years, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization. The relevant quant­ities are most often surface variables such as temperat­ure, precipitation and wind. Climate in a wider sense is the state, including a statistical description, of the cli­mate system. In various parts of this report different av­eraging periods, such as a period of 20 years, are also used.

Klima

Klima v u���m smyslu je obvykle definov�no jako pr�m�rn� po�as� nebo p�esn�ji jako statistick� popis v pojmech st�edn� hodnoty a prom�nlivosti relevant­n�ch veli�in p�es �asov� obdob� v rozmez� od m�s�c� po tis�ce nebo mili�ny let. Klasick� obdob� pro pr�m�rov�n� t�chto veli�in je 30 let podle definice Sv�tov� meteorologick� organizace (WMO). Re­levantn� veli�iny jsou nej�ast�ji povrchov� prom�nn� jako teplota, sr�ky nebo v�tr. Klima v �ir��m smyslu je stav klimatick�ho syst�mu zahrnuj�c� statistick� po­pis. V r�zn�ch ��stech t�to publikace jsou pou�ita r�zn� pr�m�rovac� obdob�, nap�. dvacetilet� obdob�.

Climate feedback

An interaction mechanism between processes in the cli­mate system is called a climate feedback when the result of an initial process triggers changes in a second process that in turn influences the initial one. A positive feed­back intensifies the original process, and a negative feedback reduces it.

Klimatick� zp�tn� vazba

Interak�n� mechanismus mezi procesy v klimatick�m syst�mu se nazve klimatick� zp�tn� vazba, pokud v�­sledek v�choz�ho procesu zp�sob� zm�ny v jin�m procesu, kter� znovu ovliv�uj� v�choz� proces. Pozi­tivn� zp�tn� vazba zesiluje p�vodn� proces a negativn� ho oslabuje.

Climate model

A numerical representation of the climate system based on the physical, chemical and biological properties of its components, their interactions and feedback pro­cesses, and accounting for all or some of its known properties. The climate system can be represented by models of varying complexity, that is, for any one com­ponent or combination of components a spectrum or hierarchy of models can be identified, differing in such aspects as the number of spatial dimensions, the extent to which physical, chemical or biological processes are explicitly represented, or the level at which empirical parametrizations are involved. Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models (AOGCMs) provide a representation of the climate system that is near the most comprehensive end of the spectrum cur­rently available. There is an evolution towards more complex models with interactive chemistry and biology (see WGI Chapter 8). Climate models are applied as a re­search tool to study and simulate the climate, and for operational purposes, including monthly, seasonal and interannual climate predictions.

Klimatick� model

Numerick� vyj�d�en� klimatick�ho syst�mu za­lo�en� na fyzik�ln�ch, chemick�ch a biologick�ch vlastnostech jeho slo�ek, jejich interakc� a proces� zp�tn�ch vazeb a vysv�tluj�c� v�echny nebo n�kter� jeho zn�m� vlastnosti. Klimatick� syst�m m��e b�t reprezentov�n modely r�zn� slo�itoosti, to jest, pro libovolnou slo�ku nebo kombinaci slo�ek m��e b�t identifikov�na paleta nebo hierarchie model�, li��­c�ch se v takov�ch aspektech jako po�et prostorov�ch dimenz�, stupe�, do n�ho� jsou fyzik�ln�, chemick� nebo biologick� procesy explicitn� vyj�d�eny, nebo m�ra, do n� jsou zahrnuty empirick� paramet­rizace. Modely v�eobecn� cirkulace s vazbou atmosf�­ra-oce�n (AOGCMs) poskytuj� zpodobn�n� klima­tick�ho syst�mu, jej� komplexnost je bl�zk� maximu, kter� sou�asn� metody umo��uj�. Ve v�voji jsou je�t� komplexn�j�� modely se vz�jemn� p�sob�c�m che­mismem a biologi� (viz kapitolu 8 WGI). Klimatick� modely se vyu��vaj� jako v�zkumn� n�stroje ke studiu a simulac�m klimatu i pro operativn� ��ely zahrnuj�c� m�s��n�, sez�nn� a meziro�n� p�edpov�di klimatu .

Climate scenario

A plausible and often simplified representation of the future climate, based on an internally consistent set of climatological relationships that has been constructed for explicit use in investigating the potential con­sequences of anthropogenic climate change, often serving as input to impact models. Climate projections often serve as the raw material for constructing climate scenarios, but climate scenarios usually require addi­tional information such as about the observed current climate. A climate change scenario is the difference between a climate scenario and the current climate.

Klimatick� sc�n��

Pravd�podobn� a �asto zjednodu�en� vyj�d�en� budouc�­ho klimatu zalo�en� na vnit�n� konzistentn�m souboru klimatologick�ch vztah�, kter� bylp vytvo�eno za jasn�m ��elem vy�et�en� potenci�ln�ch d�sledk� antropogenn� zm�ny klimatu a kter� �asto slou�� jako vstup do dopadov�ch model�. Projekce klimatu �asto slou�� jako podklad pro konstrukci klimatick�ch sc�n���, ale klimatick� sc�n�� obvykle vy�aduje doda­te�nou informaci nap�. o pozorovan�m sou�asn�m kli­matu. Sc�n�� zm�ny klimatu je rozd�l mezi klima­tick�m sc�n��em a sou�asn�m klimatem.

Climate system

The climate system is the highly complex system consist­ing of five major components: the atmosphere, the hydro­sphere, the cryosphere, the land surface and the biosphere, and the interactions between them. The climate system evolves in time under the influence of its own internal dy­namics and because of external forcings such as volcanic eruptions, solar variations and anthropogenic forcings such as the changing composition of the atmosphere and land-use change.

Klimatick� syst�m

Klimatick� syst�m je vysoce slo�it� syst�m se­st�vaj�c� z p�ti hlavn�ch slo�ek: atmosf�ry, hydro­sf�ry, kryosf�ry, povrchu zem� a biosf�ry, a vz�­jemn�ch vztah� mezi nimi. Klimatick� syst�m se vyv�j� v �ase vlivem sv� vlastn� vnit�n� dynamiky a v d�sledku vn�j��ho p�soben�, jako jsou vulkanick� erupce, slune�n� zm�ny a antropogenn� p�soben� zahrnuj�c� zm�ny slo�en� atmosf�ry a zm�nu vyu�it� p�dy.

Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

The use of waste heat from thermal electricity genera­tion plants. The heat is e.g. condensing heat from steam turbines or hot flue gases exhausted from gas turbines, for industrial use, buildings or district heating. Also called co-generation.

Kogenerace tepla a elekt�iny (CHP)

Vyu�it� odpadn�ho tepla z tepeln�ch elektr�ren v pr�­myslu nebo pro vyt�p�n� budov nebo m�stsk�ch �tvr­t�. T�mto teplem je nap�. kondenza�n� teplo z parn�ch turb�n nebo hork� kou�ov� plyny unikaj�c� z ply­nov�ch turb�n.

Coral

The term coral has several meanings, but is usually the common name for the Order Scleractinia, all members of which have hard limestone skeletons, and which are di­vided into reef-building and non-reef-building, or cold- and warm- water corals. See Coral bleaching; Coral reefs.

Kor�l

Term�n kor�l je obvykle b�n� pojmenov�n� ��du Scleractinia, jeho� v�ichni z�stupci maj� tvrdou sko��pku a d�l� se podle toho, jestli stav� kor�lov� �tesy �i ne, a na teplo- a studenovodn� kor�ly. Viz Blednut� kor�l�; Kor�lov� �tesy.

Coral reefs

Rock-like limestone structures built by corals along ocean coasts (fringing reefs) or on top of shallow, submerged banks or shelves (barrier reefs, atolls), most conspicuous in tropical and subtropical oceans.

Kor�lov� �tesy

V�pencov� struktury podobn� skal�m stav�n� kor�ly po­d�l pob�e�� oce�n� (lemuj�c� �tesy) nebo na vrchu m�lk�ch, podmo�sk�ch lavic nebo svah� (bari�rov� �tesy, atoly), nejn�padn�j�� v tropick�ch a subtropick�ch oce�nech.

Cryosphere

The component of the climate system consisting of all snow, ice and frozen ground (including permafrost) on and beneath the surface of the Earth and ocean. See also Glacier; Ice sheet.

Kryosf�ra

Slo�ka klimatick�ho syst�mu skl�daj�c� se ze v�eho sn�hu, ledu a zamrzl� p�dy (v�etn� permafrostu) na a pod povrchem zem� a oce�nu. Viz t� Ledovec; Ledov� p��krov.

Ice cap

A dome shaped ice mass, usually covering a highland area, which is considerably smaller in extent than an ice sheet.

Ledov� �epice

Masa ledu ve tvaru kopule, obvykle pokr�vaj�c� horskou oblast podstatn� men��ho rozsahu ne� ledov� p��krov.

Glacial lake

A lake formed by glacier meltwater, located either at the front of a glacier (known as a proglacial lake), on the surface of a glacier (supraglacial lake), within the glacier (englacial lake) or at the glacier bed (subglacial lake).

Ledovcov� jezero

Jezero vytvo�en� vodou z taj�c�ho ledovce, um�st�n� bu� na �ele ledovce (zn�m� jako proglaci�ln� jezero), na po­vrchu ledovce (supraglaci�ln� jezero), uvnit� ledovce (englaci�ln� jezero) nebo na ledovcov�m podlo�� (sub­glaci�ln� jezero).

Glacier

A mass of land ice which flows downhill under grav­ity (through internal deforma­tion and/or sliding at the base) and is con­strained by internal stress and friction at the base and sides. A glacier is main­tained by accumulation of snow at high altitudes, bal­anced by melting at low alti­tudes or discharge into the sea. See Mass balance

Ledovec

Hmota pevninsk�ho ledu tekouc� z kopce p�soben�m gravitace (prost�ednictv�m vnit�n� deformace a/nebo klouz�n�m po podkladu) a omezen� vnit�n�m nap�t�m a t�en�m vespod a po stran�ch. Ledovec je udr�ov�n hromad�n�m sn�hu ve vy­sok�ch nadmo�sk�ch v��k�ch v kombinaci s t�n�m v n�zk�ch nadmo�sk�ch v��­k�ch nebo odlamov�n�m do mo�e. Viz Bilance hmoty. (Ve star�m �esk�m n�­zvoslov� se jako ledovec ozna�ovala jak�koliv velk� masa ledu, asi z nezvyku na jin� ledov� �tvary ne� alpsk�. Rozlehlej�� �tvary zakr�vaj�c� i vrcholky hor, z ni­ch� led odt�k� do v�ce stran, v p�ekladech ale ozna�ujeme samostatn�mi pojmy ledov� �epice a ledov� p��krov (�t�t) – ty na okraj�ch obvykle obsahuj� �adu ledov­c�. Jako „ledovec“ se lidov� ozna�uje i plovouc� blok ledu odlomen� z �ela le­dov� masy, kter� se sune do mo�e, nap�. ze skute�n�ho ledovce; takov� blok se anglicky naz�v� jako iceberg �ili ledov� hora. Li�� se od (ploch�, n�zk�) kry, kter� vnikla mrznut�m mo�e, viz Mo�sk� led. Chce-li autor �esk�ho textu zd�raznit, �e m� na mysli skute�n� ledovec – glacier, m��e jej ozna�it jako „horsk� ledovec“. – pozn�mky p�ekladatele)

Ice core

A cylinder of ice drilled out of a glacier or ice sheet.

Ledov� j�dro

Led v�lcov�ho tvaru vyvrtan� z ledovce nebo ledov�ho p��krovu.

Ice sheet

A mass of land ice that is sufficiently deep to cover most of the underlying bedrock topography, so that its shape is mainly determined by its dynamics (the flow of the ice as it deforms internally and/or slides at its base). An ice sheet flows outwards from a high central ice plateau with a small average surface slope. The margins usually slope more steeply, and most ice is discharged through fast-flowing ice streams or outlet glaciers, in some cases into the sea or into ice shelves floating on the sea. There are only three large ice sheets in the modern world, one on Greenland and two on Antarctica, the East and West Antarctic Ice Sheet, divided by the Transantarctic Mountains. During glacial periods there were others. Analogous ice bodies of smaller extent (below 50 000 km²) are called ice caps.

Ledov� p��krov (�t�t)

Masa pevninsk�ho ledu dostate�n� siln� na to, aby zakry­la v�t�inu reli�fu podlo�n� sk�ly, tak�e jej� tvar je ur�en p�edev��m jej� dynamikou (vnit�n�mi deformacemim ledu a/nebo klouz�n�m po podkladu). Pevninsk� ledov� p��krov te�e sm�rem ven z �st�edn� n�horn� plo�iny s ma­l�m pr�m�rn�m povrchov�m sklonem. Okraje obvykle klesaj� strm�ji a v�t�ina ledu je odeb�r�na vyb�haj�c�mi ledovci nebo rychle tekouc�mi proudy ledu, v n�kter�ch p��padech do mo�e nebo do ledov�ch �elf� plovouc�ch na mo�i. V sou�asn�m sv�t� jsou jen t�i velk� pevninsk� le­dov� p��krovy. Jeden v Gr�nsku a dva v Antarktid�: V�­chodo- a Z�padoantarktick� ledov� �t�t, d�l�tkem mezi nimi je Transantarktick� poho��. B�hem dob ledov�ch bylo ledov�ch p��krov� v�ce. Podobn� �tvary, ale s rozlo­hou men�� ne� 50 000 km², se naz�vaj� ledov� �epice.

Forest

A vegetation type dominated by trees. Many defini­tions of the term forest are in use throughout the world, re­flecting wide differences in biogeophysical condi­tions, social structure, and economics. Particular criter­ia ap­ply under the Kyoto Protocol. For a discussion of the term forest and related terms such as afforestation, re­forestation, and deforestation see the IPCC Special Re­port on Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (IPCC, 2000). See also the Report on Definitions and Methodological Options to Inventory Emissions from Direct Human-induced Degradation of Forests and De­vegetation of Other Vegetation Types (IPCC, 2003)

Les

Vegeta�n� typ, ve kter�m p�evl�daj� stromy. Po cel�m sv�t� se pou��v� mnoho definic� pojmu les, co� odr�� zna�n� rozd�ly v biogeofyzik�ln�ch podm�nk�ch, spole�ensk� struktu�e a hospod��stv�. Konkr�tn� kri­t�ria plat� podle Kj�tsk�ho protokolu. Diskuse term�nu les a souvisej�c�ch pojm� jako zales�ov�n�, znovuzales�ov�n� a odles�ov�n� je uvedena ve Zpr�v� IPCC o vyu�it� p�dy, zm�n�ch vyu�it� p�dy a lesnictv� (IPCC, 2000). Rovn� ve Zpr�v� o definic�ch a me­todologick�ch mo�nostech inventarizace emis� z degradace lesa a ni�en� dal��ch typ� vegetace vyvo­lan�ch p��mo �lov�kem (IPCC, 2003).

Human system

Any system in which human organisations play a ma­jor role. Often, but not always, the term is synonymous with society or social system e.g., agricultural system, political system, technological system, economic sys­tem; all are human systems in the sense applied in the Fourth Assessment Report.

Lidsk� syst�m

Syst�m, v n�m� lidsk� organizace maj� hlavn� funkci. �asto, ale ne v�dy, je tento pojem synonymem pro spole�nost nebo spole�ensk� syst�m, nap�. zem�d�lsk�, politick�, technologick� nebo ekonomick� syst�m; to jsou v�echno lidsk� syst�my ve smyslu pou�it�m ve �tvrt� hodnot�c� zpr�v� (AR4).

Macroeconomic costs

These costs are usually measured as changes in Gross Do­mestic Product or changes in the growth of Gross Domest­ic Product, or as loss of welfare or of consumption.

Makroekonomick� n�klady

Tyto n�klady se obvykle ud�vaj� jako zm�na hrub�ho dom�c�ho produktu (HDP) nebo jeho r�s­tu, nebo jako pokles bohatstv� �i spot�eby.

Malaria

Endemic or epidemic parasitic disease caused by spe­cies of the genus Plasmodium (Protozoa) and transmit­ted to humans by mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles; produces bouts of high fever and systemic disorders, af­fects about 300 million and kills approximately 2 mil­lion people worldwide every year.

Mal�rie

Endemick� nebo epidemick� parazitick� onemocn�n� zp�soben� organismy rodu Plasmodium (prvoci) a p�en�en� na lidi kom�ry rodu Anopheles; projevuje se z�chvaty vysok� hore�ky a syst�mov�mi porucha­mi; celosv�tov� postihuje okolo 300 mili�n� a zab�j� p�ibli�n� 2 mili�ny lid� ro�n�.

Tide gauge

A device at a coastal location (and some deep sea loca­tions) that continuously measures the level of the sea with respect to the adjacent land. Time averaging of the sea level so recorded gives the observed secular changes of the relative sea level. See Sea level change/sea level rise.

Mareograf (p��livov� vodo�et)

P��stroj um�st�n� na pob�e�� (a v n�kter�ch m�stech na mo�i), kter� nep�etr�it� m��� v��ku hladiny mo�e vzhle­dem k p�ilehl� pevnin�. �asov� pr�m�rov�n� takto za­znamenan� v��ky hladiny d�v� pozorovan� dlouhodob� zm�ny relativn� v��ky hladiny. Viz Zm�na v��ky / vze­stup hladiny mo�e.

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

Defined in Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol, the CDM is intended to meet two objectives: (1) to assist parties not included in Annex I in achieving sustainable develop­ment and in contributing to the ultimate objective of the convention; and (2) to assist parties included in Annex I in achieving compliance with their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments. Certified Emis­sion Reduction Units from CDM projects undertaken in non-Annex I countries that limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions, when certified by operational entities des­ignated by Conference of the Parties/Meeting of the Parties, can be accrued to the investor (government or industry) from parties in Annex B. A share of the pro­ceeds from the certified project activities is used to cover administrative expenses as well as to assist developing country parties that are particularly vulnerable to the ad­verse effects of climate change to meet the costs of ad­aptation.

Mechanismus �ist�ho rozvoje (CDM)

Podle popisu v �l�nku 12 Kj�tsk�ho protokolu chce CDM dos�hnout dvou c�l�: (1) pom�hat st�t�m mimo Dodatek I v dosa�en� udr�iteln�ho rozvoje a v p�isp�­v�n� kone�n�mu c�li dohody; a (2) pom�hat st�t�m jmenovan�m v Dodatku I v dosa�en� pln�n� jejich kvantifikovan�ch emisn�ch omezen� a reduk�n�ch z�­vazk�. Potvrzen� jednotky sn�en� emis� (CERU) z projekt� CDM podniknut� ve st�tech mimo Doda­tek I, kter� omez� nebo sn�� emise sklen�kov�ch ply­n�, pokud jsou uzn�ny opera�n�mi org�ny ur�en�mi Konferenc� smluvn�ch stran / Setk�n�m smluvn�ch stran, mohou p�ipadnout investoru (vl�d� nebo pr�­myslu) ze st�tu Dodatku B. Pod�l na v�nosu z uznan�ch aktivit projektu je pou�it na pokryt� ad­ministrativn�ch n�klad� a na pomoc t�m rozvojov�m zem�m, kter� jsou zvl�t� ohro�eny nep��zniv�mi vlivy zm�ny klimatu, n�st n�klady adaptace.

Methane (CH₄)

Methane is one of the six greenhouse gases to be mit­igated under the Kyoto Protocol and is the major com­ponent of natural gas and associated with all hydrocar­bon fuels, animal husbandry and agriculture. Coal-bed methane is the gas found in coal seams.

Metan (CH₄)

Metan je jedn�m ze �esti sklen�kov�ch plyn�, kter� se m� omezovat podle Kj�tsk�ho protokolu; je hlavn� slo�­kou zemn�ho plynu a doprov�z� v�echna uhlovod�­kov� paliva, chov dobytka a zem�d�lstv�. Metan uheln�ch sloj� je plyn vyskytuj�c� se v lo�isc�ch uhl�.

Metric

A consistent measurement of a characteristic of an object or activity that is otherwise difficult to quantify.

Metrika

Konzistentn� m�ra vlastnost� p�edm�tu nebo �innosti, kter� se jinak t�ko ��seln� vyjad�uj�.

Singularity

A trait marking one phenomenon or aspect as distinct from others; something singular, distinct, peculiar, un­common or unusual.

Mimo��dnost (singularita)

Rys, kter�m se jeden jev nebo str�nka li�� od jin�ch; n�co jedine�n�ho, odli�n�ho, p��zna�n�ho, vz�cn�ho nebo neobvykl�ho.

Model

See Climate model; Bottom-up model; Top-down model.

Model

Viz Klimatick� model; Modely „zdola nahoru“ (bottom-up); Modely „shora dol�“ (top-down).

Top-down models

Top-down model apply macroeconomic theory, eco­nometric and optimization techniques to aggregate economic variables. Using historical data on con­sumption, prices, incomes, and factor costs, top-down models assess final demand for goods and services, and supply from main sectors, like the energy sector, transportation, agriculture, and industry. Some top- down models incorporate technology data, narrowing the gap to bottom-up models.

Modely „shora dol�“ (top-down)

Top-down model uplat�uje makroekonomickou teorii, ekonometrick� a optimaliza�n� techniky ke shrnov�n� eko­nomick�ch veli�in. S vyu�it�m historick�ch �daj� o spo­t�eb�, cen�ch, p��jmech a n�kladech tyto modely stanovuj� kone�nou popt�vku po zbo�� a slu�b�ch a do­d�vk�ch z hlavn�ch odv�tv�, jako jsou energetika, do­prava, zem�d�lstv� a pr�mysl. N�kter� top-down modely za�le�uj� technologick� �daje, ��m� zmen�uj� rozd�l od model� „zdola nahoru“.

Bottom-up models

Bottom-up models represent reality by aggregating characteristics of specific activities and processes, considering technological, engineering and cost de­tails. See also Top-down models.

Modely „zdola nahoru“ (bottom-up)

Bottom-up modely reprezentuj� skute�nost souhrnem vlastnost� typick�ch �innost� a proces� se z�etelem na technologick�, technick� a cenov� detaily. Viz t� Modely „shora dol�“ (top-down).

Monsoon

A monsoon is a tropical and subtropical seasonal re­versal in both the surface winds and associated precipita­tion, caused by differential heating between a continental-scale land mass and the adjacent ocean. Monsoon rains occur mainly over land in summer.

Monzun

Monzun je sez�nn� obrat jak sm�ru v�tru, tak do­provodn�ch sr�ek v tropech a subtropech, zp�soben� rozd�ln�m zah��v�n�m povrchu zem� kontinent�ln�ho m���tka a p�ilehl�ho oce�nu. K monzunov�m de���m doch�z� hlavn� v l�t� nad pevninou.

Sea ice

Any form of ice found at sea that has originated from the freezing of sea water. Sea ice may be discontinu­ous pieces (ice floes) moved on the ocean surface by wind and currents, such former pieces assembled to­gether and over each other (pack ice), or a motionless sheet attached to the coast (land-fast ice). Sea ice less than one year old is called first-year ice. Multi-year ice is sea ice that has survived at least one summer melt season.

Mo�sk� led

Jak�koli forma ledu pozorovan� v mo�i, kter� vznikla zmrznut�m mo�sk� vody. Mo�sk� led m��ou tvo�it ne­souvisl� kusy (ledov� kry) pohybuj�c� se po hladin� oce�nu silou v�tru a mo�sk�ch proud�, shluk takov�ch (i navr�en�ch) ker (pole ledov�ch ker), nebo nehybn� ledov� vrstva spojen� s pob�e��m (led dr��c� se pevni­ny). Mo�sk� led mlad�� ne� jeden rok se naz�v� leto�n� led. V�celet� led je ten, kter� p�e�il aspo� jednu sez�nu letn�ho t�n�.

Abrupt climate change

The nonlinearity of the climate system may lead to ab­rupt climate change, sometimes called rapid climate change, abrupt events or even surprises. The term ab­rupt often refers to time scales faster than the typical time scale of the responsible forcing. However, not all abrupt climate changes need be externally forced. Some possible abrupt events that have been proposed include a dramatic reorganization of the thermohaline circulation, rapid deglaciation and massive melting of permafrost or increases in soil respiration leading to fast changes in the carbon cycle. Others may be truly unexpected, resulting from a strong, rapidly changing, forcing of a non-linear system.

N�hl� zm�na klimatu

Nelinearita klimatick�ho syst�mu m��e v�st k n�hl� zm�n� klimatu, n�kdy naz�van� prudk� zm�na klimatu, n�hl� ud�lost nebo dokonce p�ekvapen�. Term�n n�hl� �asto odkazuje k �asov�m m���tk�m rychlej��m ne� je typick� �asov� m���tko toho radia�n�ho p�soben�, kter� zm�nu vyvol�. Nicm�n� ne v�echny n�hl� zm�ny kli­matu mus� b�t p�sobeny vn�j��mi silami. Mezi uva�ovan� mo�n� n�hl� ud�losti pat�� dramatick� p�etvo�en� termohalinn� cirkulace, prudk� �bytek ledu, masivn� t�n� permafrostu nebo zv��en� p�dn� d�ch�n� vedouc� k rychl�m zm�n�m v uhl�kov�m cyklu. Dal�� mohou b�t opravdu ne�ekan�, vypl�vaj�c� ze siln�ho, prudce se m�n�c�ho p�soben� v neline�rn�m syst�mu.

Cost

The consumption of resources such as labour time, capital, materials, fuels, etc. as a consequence of an action. In economics all resources are valued at their opportunity cost, being the value of the most valuable alternative use of the resources. Costs are defined in a variety of ways and under a variety of assumptions that affect their value. Cost types include: adminis­trative costs, damage costs (to ecosystems, people and economies due to negative effects from climate change), and implementation costs of changing exist­ing rules and regulation, capacity building efforts, in­formation, training and education, etc. Private costs are carried by individuals, companies or other private entities that undertake the action, whereas social costs include also the external costs on the environment and on society as a whole. The negative of costs are bene­fits (also sometimes called negative costs). Costs minus benefits are net costs.

N�klady

Spot�eba zdroj�, jak�mi jsou pracovn� doba, kapit�l, materi�ly, paliva a dal��, v d�sledku n�jak� �innosti. V eko­nomice jsou v�echny prost�edky ohodnoceny jejich hodnotou u�l� p��le�itosti, co� je hodnota nej­cenn�j��ho al­ternativn�ho pou�it� zdroj�. N�klady jsou definov�ny mnoha zp�soby a za mnoha p�edpoklad� ovliv�uj�c�ch jejich v��i. Druhy n�klad� zahrnuj�: ad­ministrativn� n�­klady, n�klady �kod (na ekosyst�mech, lidech a ekono­mik�ch plynouc� z negativn�ch vliv� zm�ny klimatu), a implementa�n� n�klady na zm�nu st�vaj�c�ch pravidel a regulac�, �sil� v�novan� budov�n� kapacit, informace, v�­chovu, vzd�l�n� atd. Sou­krom� n�klady jsou neseny jednotliv�mi lidmi, spole�­nostmi a dal��mi soukrom�mi subjekty, kter� konaj� akci, zat�m­co spole�ensk� n�kla­dy obsahuj� tak� extern� v�daje na �ivotn� prost�ed� a spole�nost jako celek. Opakem n�klad� jsou p��nosy (tak� n�kdy naz�van� negativn� n�klady). N�klady mi­nus p��nosy jsou �ist� n�klady.

Adaptation costs

Costs of planning, preparing for, facilitating, and imple­menting adaptation measures, including transition costs.

N�klady adaptace

N�klady na pl�nov�n�, p��pravu, umo�n�n� a zav�d�n� adapta�n�ch opat�en�, v�etn� p�ev�d�c�ch n�klad�.

Uncertainty

An expression of the degree to which a value (e.g., the future state of the climate system) is unknown. Uncer­tainty can result from lack of information or from dis­agreement about what is known or even knowable. It may have many types of sources, from quantifiable er­rors in the data to ambiguously defined concepts or ter­minology, or uncertain projections of human beha­viour. Uncertainty can therefore be represented by quantitat­ive measures, for example, a range of values calculated by various models, or by qualitative state­ments, for ex­ample, reflecting the judgement of a team of experts (see Moss and Schneider, 2000; Manning et al., 2004). See also Likelihood; Confidence.

Nejistota

Vyj�d�en� m�ry toho, nakolik je hodnota (nap�. budou­c� stav klimatick�ho syst�mu) nezn�m�. Nejistota m��e plynout z nedostatku znalost� nebo rozd�ln�ch n�zor� na to, co je zn�m� nebo v�bec poznateln�. M��e m�t mnoho zdroj�, od m��iteln�ch chyb dat po nejedno­zna�­n� definovan� p�edstavy �i terminologii, nebo nep�esn� projekce lidsk�ho chov�n�. Nejistota tedy m��e b�t reprezentov�na kvantitativn�, nap��klad rozsahem hodnot spo�ten�ch r�zn�mi modely, nebo kvalitativn�m soudem, nap��klad odr�ej�c�m hodnocen� t�mu od­born�k� (viz Moss and Schneider, 2000; Manning et al., 2004). Viz t� Pravd�podobnost; Spolehlivost.

Morbidity

Rate of occurrence of disease or other health disorder within a population, taking account of the age-specific morbidity rates. Morbidity indicators include chronic disease incidence/ prevalence, rates of hospitalization, primary care consultations, disability-days (i.e., days of absence from work), and prevalence of symptoms.

Nemocnost

M�ra v�skytu nemoc� nebo jin�ch zdravotn�ch pot�� v r�mci populace, p�ihl�ej�c� k m�r�m nemocnosti v z�­vislosti na v�ku. Ukazatele nemocnosti zahrnuj� nov� p��pady / celkov� v�skyt chronick�ch nemoc�, mno�stv� hospitalizac�, n�v�t�v za��zen� prim�rn� p��e, dn� pra­covn� neschopnosti (tzn. dn� nep��tomnosti v pr�ci) a p�etrv�v�n� p��znak�.

Non-market impacts

Impacts that affect ecosystems or human welfare, but that are not easily expressed in monetary terms, e.g., an increased risk of premature death, or increases in the number of people at risk of hunger. See also market im­pacts.

Netr�n� dopady

Dopady, kter� ovlivn� ekosyst�my nebo lidsk� blahobyt, ale kter� nejdou jednodu�e finan�n� vy­j�d�it, nap�. zv��en� riziko p�ed�asn�ho �mrt� nebo zv��en� po�et lid� ohro�en�ch hladem. Viz t� Tr�n� dopady.

Non-governmental Organization (NGO)

A non-profit group or association organized outside of institutionalized political structures to realize par­ticular social and/or environmental objectives or serve particular constituencies. Source: http://www.edu.gov.nf.ca/curriculum/teched/re­sources/glos-biodiversity.html

Nevl�dn� organizace (NGO)

Neziskov� skupina nebo sdru�en� organizovan� mimo in­stitucionalizovan� politick� struktury za ��elem uskute�n­�n� konkr�tn�ch spole�ensk�ch a/nebo environ­ment�ln�ch c�l� nebo slu�by konkr�tn�mu okruhu lid�. Zdroj: http://www.edu.gov.nf.ca/curriculum/teched/re­sources/glos-biodiversity.html

Saltwater intrusion

Displacement of fresh surface water or groundwater by the advance of saltwater due to its greater density. This usually occurs in coastal and estuarine areas due to re­ducing land- based influence (e.g., either from reduced runoff and associated groundwater recharge, or from excessive water withdrawals from aquifers) or increas­ing marine influence (e.g., relative sea-level rise).

Pr�nik slan� vody

Vytla�en� sladk� povrchov� nebo spodn� vody postu­pem slan� vody vlivem jej� vy��� hustoty. Obvykle se to d�je v pob�e�n�ch oblastech nebo v �st�ch �ek n�­sledkem zmen�en� vlivu pevniny (nap�. bu� sn�en�m odtokem a s n�m spojen�m dopl�ov�n�m spodn� vody, nebo nadm�rn�m odb�rem vody ze zvodn�) nebo zv��en� vlivu mo�e (nap�. relativn�m vzestupem v��ky hladiny mo�e).

Emission(s) trading

A market-based approach to achieving environmental objectives. It allows those reducing greenhouse gas emissions below their emission cap to use or trade the excess reductions to offset emissions at another source inside or outside the country. In general, trading can oc­cur at the intra-company, domestic, and international levels. The Second Assessment Report by the IPCC ad­opted the convention of using permits for domestic trading systems and quotas for international trading systems. Emissions trading under Article 17 of the Kyoto Protocol is a tradable quota system based on the assigned amounts calculated from the emission reduc­tion and limitation commitments listed in Annex B of the Protocol.

Obchod s emisemi

Tr�n� p��stup k dosa�en� environment�ln�ch c�l�. Umo��uje t�m, kte�� sn�� sv� emise sklen�kov�ch ply­n� pod p�id�lenou hodnotu, aby vyu�ili tuto nadm�rnou redukci ke kompenzaci emis� z jin�ho zdroje v dan� zemi nebo mimo ni. Obecn� se jedn� o obchodov�n� na vnitropodnikov�, vnitrost�tn� a mezin�rodn� �rovni. Druh� hodnot�c� zpr�va (SAR) IPCC p�ijala konvenci o pou��v�n� povolenek pro tu­zemsk� obchodov�n� a kv�t pro mezin�rodn�. Obchod s emisemi podle �l�nku 17 Kj�tsk�ho protokolu je sys­t�m obchodovateln�ch kv�t zalo�en� na p�id�len�ch mno�stv�ch vypo�ten�ch ze z�vazk� sni�ov�n� a ome­zen� emis� uveden�ch v Dodatku B protokolu.

Tradable permit

A tradable permit is an economic policy instrument under which rights to discharge pollution - in this case an amount of greenhouse gas emissions – can be exchanged through either a free or a controlled per­mit-market. An emission permit is a non-transferable or tradable entitlement allocated by a government to a legal entity (company or other emitter) to emit a specified amount of a substance.

Obchod s povolenkami

Obchod s povolenkami je n�stroj ekonomick� politiky, podle n�j� lze s pr�vem na vypou�t�n� emis� – v tomto p��pad� s mno�stv�m emis� sklen�kov�ch plyn� – ob­chodovat bu� na voln�m nebo kontrolovan�m trhu s po­volenkami. Emisn� povolenka je nep�evoditeln� nebo ob­chodovateln� opr�vn�n� p�id�len� vl�dou pr�vn�mu sub­jektu (spole�nosti nebo jin�mu emitoru) vypou�t�t ur­�en� mno�stv� l�tky.

Climate response

See Climate sensitivity

Odezva klimatu

Viz Citlivost klimatu

Deforestation

Conversion of forest to non-forest. For a discussion of the term forest and related terms such as afforestation, reforestation, and deforestation see the IPCC Report on Land Use, Land- Use Change and Forestry (IPCC, 2000). See also the Report on Definitions and Methodo­logical Options to Inventory Emissions from Direct Hu­man-induced Degradation of Forests and Devegetation of Other Vegetation Types (IPCC, 2003).

Odles�ov�n�

P�em�na lesa na bezles� �zem�. Diskuse term�nu les a souvisej�c�ch pojm� jako zales�ov�n�, znovuzales­�ov�n� a odles�ov�n� je uvedena ve Zpr�v� IPCC o vyu�it� p�dy, zm�n�ch vyu�it� krajiny a lesnictv� (IPCC, 2000). Rovn� ve Zpr�v� o definic�ch a me­todologick�ch mo�nostech inventarizace emis� z degradace lesa a ni�en� dal��ch typ� vegetace vyvo­lan�ch p��mo �lov�kem (IPCC, 2003).

Resilience

The ability of a social or ecological system to absorb disturbances while retaining the same basic structure and ways of functioning, the capacity for self-organ­isation, and the capacity to adapt to stress and change.

Odolnost

Schopnost spole�ensk�ho nebo ekologick�ho syst�mu tlumit nepokoje nebo poruchy p�i udr�en� stejn� z�­kladn� struktury a zp�sobu fungov�n�, funkce samoor­ganizace a schopnosti p�izp�soben� se stresu a zm�n�.

Runoff

That part of precipitation that does not evaporate and is not transpired, but flows over the ground surface and returns to bodies of water. See Hydrological cycle

Odtok

��st sr�ek, kter� se nevypa�� z p�dy ani z vegeta­ce, ale te�e po povrchu zem� a vrac� se do vodn�ch �tvar�. Viz Hydrologick� cyklus.

Ocean acidification

A decrease in the pH of sea water due to the uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide.

Okyselov�n� oce�nu

Pokles pH mo�sk� vody n�sledkem absorpce antropogenn�ho oxidu uhli�it�ho.

Measures

Measures are technologies, processes, and practices that reduce greenhouse gas emissions or effects below anticipated future levels. Examples of measures are re­newable energy technologies, waste minimization pro­cesses, and public transport commuting practices, etc. See also Policies.

Opat�en�

Opat�en� jsou technologie, procesy a postupy, kter� sni�uj� emise nebo vlivy sklen�kov�ch plyn� pod p�ed­pokl�dan� budouc� �rovn�. P��klady opat�en� jsou technologie obnoviteln� energie, metody minimalizace odpad�, doj�d�n� prost�edky hromadn� dopravy atd. Viz t� Politiky.

Nitrous oxide (N₂O)

One of the six types of greenhouse gases to be curbed under the Kyoto Protocol. The main anthropogenic source of nitrous oxide is agriculture (soil and animal manure management), but important contributions also come from sewage treatment, combustion of fossil fuel, and chemical industrial processes. Nitrous oxide is also produced naturally from a wide variety of biological sources in soil and water, particularly microbial action in wet tropical forests.

Oxid dusn� (N₂O)

Jeden ze �esti druh� sklen�kov�ch plyn�, kter� se m� omezovat podle Kj�tsk�ho protokolu. Hlavn�m antropogenn�m zdrojem oxidu dusn�ho je zem�d�lstv� (zach�zen� s p�dou a statkov�mi hnojivy), ale d�le�it� p��sp�vky poch�zej� t� z �i�t�n� odpadn�ch vod, ze spalov�n� fosiln�ch paliv a z chemick�ho pr�myslu. Oxid dusn� je tak� produkov�n p�irozen� �irokou pale­tou biologick�ch zdroj� v p�d� a ve vod�, konkr�tn� �innost� mikrob� ve vlhk�ch tropick�ch les�ch.

Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

A naturally occurring gas, also a by-product of burn­ing fossil fuels from fossil carbon deposits, such as oil, gas and coal, of burning biomass and of land use changes and some industrial processes. It is the prin­cipal anthropogenic greenhouse gas that affects the Earth’s radiative balance. It is the reference gas against which other greenhouse gases are measured and therefore has a Global Warming Potential of 1.

Oxid uhli�it� (CO₂)

P�irozen� se vyskytuj�c� plyn, tak� vedlej�� produkt spalov�n� fosiln�ch paliv z lo�isek fosiln�ho uhl�ku, ja­k�mi jsou ropa, zemn� plyn a uhl�, p�len� biomasy, zm�n ve vyu�it� p�dy a n�kter�ch pr�myslov�ch proces�. Je to nejd�le�it�j�� antropogenn� sklen�kov� plyn, kter� ovliv�uje radia�n� bilanci Zem�. Bere se za referen�n� plyn, v��i n�mu� jsou posuzov�ny ostatn� sklen�kov� plyny, a proto m� potenci�l glob�ln�ho oteplov�n� roven 1.

Ozone (O₃)

Ozone, the tri-atomic form of oxygen, is a gaseous at­mospheric constituent. In the troposphere, ozone is cre­ated both naturally and by photochemical reactions in­volving gases resulting from human activities (smog). Troposphere ozone acts as a greenhouse gas. In the stratosphere, ozone is created by the interaction between solar ultraviolet radiation and molecular oxy­gen (O₂). Stratospheric ozone plays a dominant role in the stratospheric radiative balance. Its concentration is highest in the ozone layer.

Oz�n (O₃)

Oz�n, t��atomov� forma kysl�ku, je plynn� slo�ka at­mosf�ry. V troposf��e se oz�n tvo�� jak p�irozen�, tak fotochemick�mi reakcemi zahrnuj�c�mi plyny, kter� jsou v�sledkem lidsk�ch aktivit (smog). Troposf�­rick� oz�n se chov� jako sklen�kov� plyn. Ve strato­sf��e se oz�n tvo�� interakc� slune�n�ho ultrafialov�ho z��en� s molekul�rn�m kysl�kem (O₂). Stratosf�rick� oz�n hraje rozhoduj�c� �lohu ve stratosf�rick� radia�n� bi­lanci. Jeho koncentrace je nejvy��� v oz�nov� vrst­v�.

Paleoclimate

Climate during periods prior to the development of measuring instruments, including historic and geolo­gic time, for which only proxy climate records are available.

Paleoklima

Klima b�hem obdob� p�ed rozvojem m���c�ch p��stroj�, kter� zahrnuje historickou a geologickou dobu, pro n� jsou k dispozici pouze nep��m� (proxy) klimatick� z�­znamy.

Fuel cell

A fuel cell generates electricity in a direct and continu­ous way from the controlled electrochemical reaction of hydrogen or another fuel and oxygen. With hydrogen as fuel it emits only water and heat (no carbon dioxide) and the heat can be utilized. See Combined Heat and Power.

Palivov� �l�nek

Palivov� �l�nek p��mo a souvisle vyr�b� elekt�inu z kontrolovan� elektrochemick� reakce vod�ku nebo jin�ho paliva s kysl�kem. S vod�kem jako�to palivem emituje jen vodu a teplo (nikoli oxid uhli�it�) a toto teplo m��e b�t vyu�ito. Viz Kogenerace tepla a elek­t�iny.

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

The purchasing power of a currency is expressed using a basket of goods and services that can be bought with a given amount in the home country. International com­parison of e.g. Gross Domestic Products (GDP) of countries can be based on the purchasing power of cur­rencies rather than on current exchange rates. PPP es­timates tend to lower per capita GDPs in industrialised countries and raise per capita GDPs in developing countries.

Parita kupn� s�ly (PPP)

Kupn� s�la m�ny je vyj�d�ena u�it�m spot�ebn�ho ko�e zbo�� a slu�eb, kter� lze koupit za dan� mno�stv� pen�z v domovsk� zemi. Mezin�rodn� srovn�n� nap�. hrub�ch dom�c�ch produkt� (GDP) st�t� m��e b�t za­lo�eno sp�e na kupn� s�le m�n ne� na sou�asn�ch sm�nn�ch kursech. Odhady vyu��vaj�c� PPP maj� ten­denci sni�ovat HDP na obyvatele v pr�myslov�ch ze­m�ch a zvy�ovat HDP na obyvatele v rozvojov�ch ze­m�ch.

Percentile

For a given set of data values (e.g., measured air tem­peratures), a chosen percentile is the least value (tem­perature, in such a case), for which a chosen per cent proportion (1 to 100) of data values (individual tem­perature measurements, in our case) is not larger than this value. The percentile is often used to estimate the extremes of a distribution. For example, the 90th (10th) percentile may be used to refer to the threshold for the upper (lower) extremes. Saying that 10th per­centile (e.g., of summer temperature readings at 7 a.m.) was 12.8 °C means that just 10 % of readings were as low as 12.8 °C or lower.

Percentil

Pro danou mno�inu dat (nap�. zm��en�ch teplot vzdu­chu) je zvolen� percentil nejmen�� hodnota (v takov�m p��klad� teplota), kterou nep�esahuje zvolen� procentn� pod�l (od 1 do 100) z prvk� on� mno�iny (tedy jednot­liv�ch m��en� teplot). Percentil je �asto pou��v�n k od­hadu extr�m� dan�ho rozd�len�. Nap��klad 90. (10.) percentil m��e b�t zvolen jako pr�h pro horn� (doln�) extr�m. �ekneme-li, �e 10. percentil (nap�. letn�ch m�­�en� teplot v 7 h r�no) byl 12,8 °C, znamen� to �e pr�v� 10 % m��en� poskytlo hodnotu ni��� nebo rovnou 12,8 °C. (V�ce viz http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvan­til.)

Permafrost

Ground (soil or rock and included ice and organic ma­terial) that remains at or below 0 °C for at least two consecutive years (Van Everdingen, 1998) . See also Frozen ground.

Permafrost

Zem� (p�da nebo hornina a obsa�en� led a organick� materi�l), kter� z�st�v� pod teplotou 0 °C alespo� dva po sob� jdouc� roky (Van Everdingen, 1998). Viz t� Zamrzl� p�da.

pH

pH is a dimensionless measure of the acidity of water (or any solution). Pure water has a pH=7. Acid solutions have a pH smaller than 7 and basic solutions have a pH larger than 7. pH is measured on a logarithmic scale. Thus, a pH decrease of 1 unit corresponds to a 10-fold increase in the acidity.

pH

pH je bezrozm�rn� m�ra kyselosti vody (nebo ja­k�hokoli roztoku). �ist� voda m� pH=7. Kysel� roz­toky maj� pH men�� ne� 7 a z�sadit� roztoky maj� pH v�t�� ne� 7. pH je m�rou na logaritmick� �k�le. Tedy pokles pH o 1 jednotku odpov�d� desetin�sobn�mu n�r�stu kyselosti.

Plankton

Micro-organisms living in the upper layers of aquatic systems. A distinction is made between phytoplankton, which depend on photosynthesis for their energy supply, and zooplankton, which feed on phytoplankton.

Plankton

Mikroorganismy �ij�c� v horn�ch vrstv�ch vodn�ch syst�m�. Rozli�ujeme mezi fytoplanktonem, kter� z�­vis� na fotosynt�ze jako sv�m zdroji energie, a zo­oplanktonem, kter� se �iv� fytoplanktonem.

Compliance

Compliance is whether and to what extent countries do ad­here to the provisions of an accord. Compliance depends on implementing policies ordered, and on whether measures follow up the policies. Compliance is the degree to which the actors whose behaviour is targeted by the agreement, local government units, corporations, organisations, or indi­viduals, conform to the implementing obligations. See also Implementation.

Pln�n�

Pln�n� znamen�, jestli a do jak� m�ry st�ty dodr�u­j� ustanoven� smlouvy. Z�vis� na uskute��ov�n� stanoven�ch politik a na tom, zda jsou ony politiky n�­sledov�ny pat�i�n�mi opat�en�mi. Pln�n� je m�rou toho, nakolik se �initel�, na n� je dohoda zac�le­na, tj. samospr�va, spole�nosti, organizace a jednotlivci, ��d� zav�d�n�mi povinnostmi. Viz t� Implementace.

Absorption, scattering and emission of radiation

Electromagnetic radiation may interact with matter, be it in the form of the atoms and molecules of a gas (e.g. the gases in the atmosphere) or in the form of particu­late, solid or liquid, matter (e.g. aerosols), in various ways. Matter itself emits radiation in accordance with its composition and temperature. Radiation may be ab­sorbed by matter, whereby the absorbed energy may be transferred or re-emitted. Finally, radiation may also be deflected from its original path (scattered) as a result of interaction with matter.

Pohlcen�, rozptyl a emise z��en�

Elektromagnetick� z��en� m��e interagovat s hmotou nap�. ve form� atom� a molekul plynu (nap�. plyny v atmosf��e) nebo ve form� pevn�ch a kapaln�ch ��stic (nap�. aerosol�) mnoha zp�soby. Hmota jako ta­kov� emituje z��en� v souladu se sv�m slo�en�m a tep­lotou. Z��en� m��e b�t pohlceno l�tkou, p�i�em� pohl­cen� energie m��e b�t p�em�n�na nebo znovu emi­tov�na. A kone�n�, z��en� tak� m��e b�t odklon�­no ze sv�ho p�vodn�ho sm�ru (rozpt�leno) jako v�sle­dek in­terakce s l�tkou.

Policies

In United Nations Framework Convention on Cli­mate Change (UNFCCC) parlance, policies are taken and/or mandated by a government—often in conjunction with business and industry within its own country, or with other countries—to accelerate mitigation and adaptation measures. Examples of policies are carbon or other energy taxes, fuel effi­ciency standards for automobiles, etc. Common and co-ordinated or harmonised policies refer to those adopted jointly by parties. See also Measures.

Politiky

V jazyce R�mcov� �mluvy OSN o zm�n� klimatu R�mcov� �mluvy OSN o zm�n� klimatu (UNFCCC) jsou politiky prov�d�ny a/nebo zad�v�ny vl�dou — �asto ve spojen� s obchodn� sf�rou a pr�myslem vlastn�ho st�tu, nebo s ostatn�mi zem�mi — k urychlen� zm�r�uj�c�ch a adap­ta�n�ch opat�en�. P��klady politik jsou uhl�kov� nebo jin� energetick� dan�, normy pro spot�ebu paliva v automobilech atd. Spole�n� a koordinovan� nebo slad�n� politiky jsou ta­kov�, kter� smluvn� strany zav�d� jednotn�. Viz t� Opat­�en� (a http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika).

Demand-side management (DSM)

Policies and programmes for influencing the demand for goods and/or services. In the energy sector, DSM aims at reducing the demand for electricity and energy sources. DSM helps to reduce greenhouse gas emis­sions.

Popt�vkov� management (DSM)

Strategie a programy pro ovlivn�n� popt�vky po zbo�� a/nebo slu�b�ch. V odv�tv� energetiky je c�lem DSM sn�en� popt�vky po elekt�in� a zdroj�ch ener­gie. DSM pom�h� sni�ovat emise sklen�kov�ch plyn�.

Portfolio

A coherent set of a variety of measures and/or techno­logies that policy makers can use to achieve a postu­lated policy target. By widening the scope in measures and technologies more diverse events and uncertainties can be addressed.

Portf�lio

Vz�jemn� slad�n� soubor r�zn�ch opat�en� a/nebo tech­nologi�, kter� ve�ejn� �initel� m��ou pou��t k dosa�en� po�adovan�ho c�le politiky. S roz�i�ov�n�m palety opat�en� a technologi� se lze zab�vat r�znorod�j��mi jevy a nejistotami.

Last Interglacial (LIG)

See Interglacial

Posledn� doba meziledov� (LIG)

Viz Doba meziledov�

Climate shift

An abrupt shift or jump in mean values signalling a change in climate regime (see Patterns of climate variability). Most widely used in conjunction with the 1976/1977 climate shift that seems to correspond to a change in El Niño-Southern Oscillation beha­viour.

Posun klimatu

N�hl� posun nebo skok v pr�m�rn�ch hodnot�ch signa­lizuj�c� zm�nu re�imu klimatu (viz Vzorce prom�nlivosti klimatu). Pojem je nej�ast�ji pou��v�n v souvislosti s po­sunem klimatu v letech 1976/1977, kter� se nejsp�e shodoval se zm�nou chov�n� El Ni�a-Ji�n� oscilace.

Post-SRES (scenarios)

Baseline and mitigation emission scenarios published after completion of the IPCC Special Report on Emission Scen­arios (SRES) (Naki�enovi� and Swart, 2000), i.e. after the year 2000.

Post-SRES (sc�n��e)

Referen�n� a zm�r�uj�c� sc�n��e emis� publikovan� po dokon�en� Zvl�tn� zpr�vy IPCC o sc�n���ch emis� (SRES) (Naki�enovi� and Swart, 2000), tj. po roce 2000.

Global Warming Potential (GWP)

An index, based upon radiative properties of well mixed greenhouse gases, measuring the radiative forcing of a unit mass of a given well mixed green­house gas in today’s atmosphere integrated over a chosen time horizon, relative to that of carbon diox­ide. The GWP represents the combined effect of the differing times these gases remain in the atmosphere and their relative effectiveness in absorbing outgoing thermal infrared radiation. The Kyoto Protocol is based on GWPs from pulse emissions over a 100-year time frame.

Potenci�l glob�ln�ho oteplov�n� (GWP)

Ukazatel zalo�en� na radia�n�ch vlastnostech sklen�­kov�ch plyn� dob�e rozm�en�ch v ovzdu��, ud�vaj�c� ra­dia�n� p�soben� jednotkov� hmotnosti dan�ho sklen�­kov�ho plynu (dob�e rozm�en�ho v dne�n� atmosf��e) za cel� zvolen� �asov� obdob�, relativn� vzhledem k oxidu uhli�it�mu. GWP p�edstavuje kombinovan� efekt roz­d�ln�ch dob, po kter� tyto plyny z�st�vaj� v atmosf��e, a jejich relativn� ��innosti v pohlcov�n� odch�zej�c�ho tepeln�ho infra�erven�ho z��en�. Kj�tsk� protokol je za­lo�en na GWP z jednor�zov�ch emis� za n�sleduj�c�ch sto let.

Mitigation Potential

In the context of climate change mitigation, the mit­igation potential is the amount of mitigation that could be – but is not yet – realized over time.

Market potential is the mitigation potential based on private costs and private discount rates, which might be expected to occur under forecast market condi­tions, including policies and measures currently in place, noting that barriers limit actual uptake. Private costs and discount rates reflect the perspective of private consumers and companies.

Economic potential is the mitigation potential that takes into account social costs and benefits and social discount rates, assuming that market efficiency is im­proved by policies and measures and barriers are re­moved. Social costs and discount rates reflect the per­spective of society. Social discount rates are lower than those used by private investors. Studies of mar­ket potential can be used to inform policy makers about mitigation potential with existing policies and barriers, while studies of economic potential show what might be achieved if appropriate new and addi­tional policies were put into place to remove barriers and include social costs and benefits. The economic potential is therefore generally greater than the mar­ket potential.

Technical potential is the amount by which it is pos­sible to reduce greenhouse gas emissions or improve energy efficiency by implementing a technology or practice that has already been demonstrated. No ex­plicit reference to costs is made but adopting ‘practic­al constraints’ may take implicit economic considera­tions into account.

Potenci�l zm�r�ov�n� (MP)

V souvislosti se zm�r�ov�n�m zm�ny klimatu je potenci�l zm�r�ov�n� takov� zm�rn�n�, kter� m��e b�t – ale je�t� nen� – uskute�n�no v pr�b�hu �asu.

Tr�n� potenci�l je potenci�l zm�r�ov�n� zalo�en� na sou­krom�ch n�kladech a soukrom�ch diskontn�ch sazb�ch, u n�ho� lze o�ek�vat, �e nastane za p�edpov�dan�ch tr�­n�ch podm�nek p�i zahrnut� politik a opat�en� platn�ch v dan� dob�, s t�m, �e jejich skute�n� p�ijet� je omezeno bari�rami. Soukrom� n�klady a diskontn� sazby odr�ej� hledisko soukrom�ch spot�ebitel� a spole�nost�.

Ekonomick� potenci�l je potenci�l zm�r�ov�n�, kter� bere v �vahu spole�ensk� n�klady a p��nosy a spole­�ensk� diskontn� sazby, za p�edpokladu, �e tr�n� ��innost je zlep�ov�na politikami a opat�en�mi a �e p�e­k�ky se odstra�uj�. Spole�ensk� n�klady a diskontn� sazby odr�ej� hledisko spole�nosti. Spole�ensk� dis­kontn� sazby jsou ni��� ne� ty, je� pou��vaj� soukrom� in­vesto�i. Studi� tr�n�ho potenci�lu se m��e vyu��t k infor­mov�n� ve�ejn�ch �initel� o potenci�lu zm�r�ov�n� s existuj�c�mi politikami a p�ek�kami, za­t�mco studie ekonomick�ho potenci�lu ukazuj�, �eho lze dos�hnout, pokud by dal�� vhodn� a nov� politiky byly uvedeny do praxe, aby odstranily p�ek�ky a zohlednily spole�ensk� n�klady a p��nosy. Ekonomick� potenci�l je tedy obecn� v�t�� ne� tr�n� potenci�l.

Technick� potenci�l je velikost mo�n�ho sn�en� emis� sklen�kov�ch plyn� nebo vylep�en� energetick� ��innosti zaveden�m technologie nebo praxe, kter� ji� byla p�ed­vedena. Neuv�d� jasn� vztah k n�klad�m, ale zaveden�m „praktick�ch omezen�“ m��e vz�t v �vahu implicitn� ekonomick� ohledy.

Food security

A situation that exists when people have secure access to sufficient amounts of safe and nutritious food for nor­mal growth, development and an active and healthy life. Food insecurity may be caused by the unavailability of food, insufficient purchasing power, inappropriate dis­tribution, or inadequate use of food at the household level.

Potravinov� jistota

Situace, kdy lid� maj� zaji�t�n� p��stup k dostate�n�­mu mno�stv� bezpe�n� a v��ivn� potravy pro nor­m�ln� r�st, v�voj a aktivn� a zdrav� �ivot. Potravi­nov� nejistota m��e b�t zp�sobena nedostupnost� po­travin, nedostate�nou kupn� silou, nevhodnou dis­tribuc� nebo nevhodn�m pou�it�m j�dla v dom�cnostech.

Basin

The drainage area of a stream, river, or lake.

Povod�

Oblast, z n� z�sk�v� vodu potok, �eka nebo jezero.

Surface temperature

See Global surface temperature.

Povrchov� teplota

Viz Glob�ln� povrchov� teplota.

Likelihood

The likelihood of an occurrence, an outcome or a result, where this can be estimated probabilistically, is expressed in IPCC reports using a standard termino­logy defined as follows:

Pravd�podobnost

Pokud lze pravd�podobnost v�skytu, v�stupu nebo v�­sledku vyj�d�it kvantitativn�, pak se to ve zpr�v�ch IPCC �in� pou�it�m standardn� terminologie definovan� n�sleduj�c�m zp�sobem:

Virtually certain

>99 % probability of occurrence

Prakticky jist�

> 99 %

Velmi pravd�podobn�

> 90 %

Very likely

>90 % probability

Pravd�podobn�

> 66 %

Likely

>66 % probability

Sp�e pravd�podobn�

> 50 %

More likely than not

>50 % probability

Asi stejn� pravd�podobn� jako opak

33 % a� 66 %

About as likely as not

33 to 66 % probability

Unlikely

<33 % probability

Nepravd�podobn�

< 33 %

Very unlikely

<10 % probability

Velmi nepravd�podobn�

< 10 %

Exceptionally unlike­ly

<1 % probability

Mimo��dn� nepravd�podobn�

< 1 %

Viz t� Spolehlivost; Nejistota.

See also Confidence; Uncertainty

Projection

A potential future evolution of a quantity or set of quantities, often computed with the aid of a model. Pro­jections are distinguished from predictions in order to emphasize that projections involve assumptions con­cerning, for example, future socioeconomic and techno­logical developments that may or may not be realised, and are therefore subject to substantial uncertainty. See also Climate projection; Climate prediction.

Projekce

Potenci�ln� budouc� v�voj veli�iny nebo souboru ve­li�in, �asto spo�ten� pomoc� modelu. Projekce odli�­ujeme od p�edpov�d�, abychom zd�raznili, �e do projekc� vstupuj� p�edpoklady t�kaj�c� se nap��klad budouc�ho socioekonomick�ho a technologick�ho rozvoje, kter� se mohou, ale nemus� splnit, a jsou proto vystaveny v�znamn� nejistot�. Viz t� Projekce klimatu; P�ed­pov�� klimatu.

Climate projection

A projection of the response of the climate system to emission or concentration scenarios of greenhouse gases and aerosols, or radiative forcing scenarios, of­ten based upon simulations by climate models. Climate projections are distinguished from climate predictions in order to emphasize that climate projections depend upon the emission/concentration/radiative forcing scenario used, which are based on assumptions con­cerning, for example, future socioeconomic and tech­nological developments that may or may not be real­ised and are therefore subject to substantial uncer­tainty.

Projekce klimatu

Projekce odezvy klimatick�ho syst�mu na sc�n��e emi­s� nebo koncentrac� sklen�kov�ch plyn� a aerosol�, nebo sc�n��e radia�n�ho p�soben�, �asto zalo�en� na simulov�n� klimatick�mi modely. Projekce klimatu jsou odli�n� od p�edpov�d� klimatu zd�razn�n�m toho, �e projekce klimatu z�visej� na pou�it�m sc�n��i emis� / koncentrac� / radia�n�ho p�soben�; jsou tak zalo�eny na p�edpokladech t�kaj�c�ch se nap��klad budouc�ho so­cioekonomick�ho a technologick�ho rozvoje, kter� se mohou, ale nemus� splnit; podl�haj� proto v�­znamn� nejistot�.

Climate variability

Climate variability refers to variations in the mean state and other statistics (such as standard deviations, the occurrence of extremes, etc.) of the climate on all spatial and temporal scales beyond that of individual weather events. Variability may be due to natural in­ternal processes within the climate system (internal variability), or to variations in natural or anthropo­genic external forcing (external variability). See also Climate change.

Prom�nlivost klimatu

Prom�nlivost klimatu ozna�uje kol�s�n� pr�m�rn�ho stavu a dal��ch statistik (jako standardn� odchylky, v�skytu extr�m� atd.) klimatu na v�ech prostorov�ch a �asov�ch m���tk�ch del��ch ne� jednotliv� pov�trnostn� ud�losti. Prom�nlivost m��e b�t d�na p�irozen�mi vnit�n�mi procesy v klimatick�m syst�mu (vnit�n� prom�nlivost), nebo zm�nami v p�irozen�m nebo antropogenn�m vn�j��m p�soben� (vn�j�� prom�nlivost). Viz t� Zm�na klimatu.

Sink

Any process, activity or mechanism which removes a greenhouse gas, an aerosol or a precursor of a green­house gas or aerosol from the atmosphere.

Propad

Jak�koli proces, �innost nebo mechanismus, kter� od­stra�uje sklen�kov� plyn, aerosol nebo prekurzor sklen�­kov�ho plynu nebo aerosolu z atmosf�ry.

Spatial and temporal scales

Climate may vary on a large range of spatial and temporal scales. Spatial scales may range from local (less than 100,000 km²), through regional (100,000 to 10 million km²) to continental (10 to 100 million km²). Temporal scales may range from seasonal to geological (up to hundreds of millions of years).

Prostorov� a �asov� m���tka

Klima se m��e m�nit ve velk�m rozsahu prostorov�ch a �asov�ch m���tek. Prostorov� m���tka m��ou sahat od m�stn�ch (m�n� ne� 100 tis�c km²) p�es region�ln� (100 tis�c a� 10 mili�n� km²) po kontinent�ln� (10 a� 100 mi­li�n� km²). �asov� m���tka se m�n� v rozsahu od se­z�nn�ch po geologick� (a� do stovek mili�n� let).

Industrial revolution

A period of rapid industrial growth with far-reaching so­cial and economic consequences, beginning in Britain during the second half of the eighteenth century and spreading to Europe and later to other countries includ­ing the United States. The invention of the steam engine was an important trigger of this development. The indus­trial revolution marks the beginning of a strong increase in the use of fossil fuels and emission of, in particular, fossil carbon dioxide. In this Report the terms pre-in­dustrial and industrial refer, somewhat arbitrarily, to the periods before and after 1750, respectively.

Pr�myslov� revoluce

Obdob� rychl�ho pr�myslov�ho r�stu s dalekos�hl�­mi soci�ln�mi a ekonomick�mi d�sledky, za��naj�c� v Brit�nii b�hem druh� poloviny osmn�ct�ho stolet� a roz�i�uj�c� se po Evrop� a pozd�ji do dal��ch zem� v�etn� Spojen�ch st�t�. D�le�it�m impulzem tohoto rozvoje se stal vyn�lez parn�ho stroje. S pr�myslovou revoluc� zapo�al siln� n�r�st vyu�it� fosiln�ch paliv a t�m i emis� zejm�na „fosiln�ho“ oxidu uhli�it�ho. V t�to Zpr�v� odkazuj� pojmy p�edindustri�ln� a industri­�ln� zjednodu�en� k obdob�m p�ed rokem 1750 a po n�m.

Streamflow

Water flow within a river channel, for example expressed in m³/s. A synonym for river discharge.

Pr�tok

Voda tekouc� �e�i�t�m, vyjad�ovan� na­p��klad v m³/s.

Pre-industrial

See Industrial revolution.

P�edindustri�ln�

Viz Pr�myslov� revoluce.

Forecast

See Climate prediction; Climate projection; Projection.

P�edpov��

Viz P�edpov�� klimatu; Projekce klimatu; Projekce.

Climate prediction

A climate prediction or climate forecast is the result of an attempt to produce an estimate of the actual evolution of the climate in the future, for example, at seasonal, interannual or long-term time scales. Since the future evolution of the climate system may be highly sensitive to initial conditions, such predictions are usually probabilistic in nature. See also Climate projection, climate scenario.

P�edpov�� klimatu

P�edpov�� nebo progn�za klimatu je v�sledek pokusu vypracovat odhad skute�n�ho v�voje klimatu do bu­doucnosti, nap��klad v sez�nn�ch, meziro�n�ch nebo dlouhodob�ch �asov�ch m���tc�ch. Proto�e budouc� v�­voj klimatick�ho syst�mu m��e b�t siln� citliv� na po��­te�n� podm�nky, jsou takov� p�edpov�di obvykle prav­d�podobnostn� povahy. Viz t� Projekce klimatu, Kli­matick� sc�n��.

Vector

An organism, such as an insect, that transmits a patho­gen from one host to another.

P�ena�e� (vektor)

Organismus, jako t�eba hmyz, kter� p�en�� patogen z jednoho hostitele na jin�ho.

Technology transfer

The exchange of knowledge, hardware and associated software, money and goods among stakeholders that leads to the spreading of technology for adaptation or mitiga­tion. The term encompasses both diffusion of technolo­gies and technological cooperation across and within coun­tries.

P�enos technologie

V�m�na v�domost�, za��zen� a jejich programov�ho vybaven�, pen�z a zbo�� mezi akt�ry, kter� vede k ro­z���en� technologie pro adaptaci nebo zm�r�ov�n�. Tento pojem zahrnuje jak ���en� technologi�, tak technologickou spolupr�ci uvnit� zem� i mezi st�ty.

Carbon leakage

The part of emissions reductions in Annex B countries that may be offset by an increase of the emissions in the non- constrained countries above their baseline levels. This can occur through (1) relocation of energy-intensive production in non-constrained regions; (2) in­creased consumption of fossil fuels in these regions through decline in the international price of oil and gas triggered by lower demand for these energies; and (3) changes in incomes (thus in energy demand) because of better terms of trade.

P�esun zdroj� (uhl�kov�ch) emis�

��st redukc� emis� ve st�tech Dodatku B, kter� m��e b�t vyrovn�na n�r�stem emis� nad jejich referen�n� hodnotu v zem�ch bez omezen�. M��e se to d�t skrze (1) p�em�st�n� energeticky n�ro�n� v�roby do oblast� bez omezen�; (2) n�r�stem spot�eby fosiln�ch paliv v t�chto oblastech vinou poklesu mezin�rodn�ch cen ropy a zemn�ho plynu zp�soben�ho poklesem po­pt�vky po t�chto energi�ch; a (3) zm�nami v p��jmech (a tud� v po�adavc�ch na energii) d�ky lep��m ob­chodn�m podm�nk�m.

Opportunities

Circumstances to decrease the gap between the market potential of any technology or practice and the eco­nomic potential, or technical potential.

P��le�itosti

Okolnosti, ve kter�ch lze zmen�it odstup mezi tr�n�m potenci�lem jak�koli technologie nebo postupu a eko­nomick�m nebo technick�m potenci�lem.

Attribution

See Detection and attribution.

P�isouzen�

Viz Detekce a p�isouzen�.

Forcing

See External forcing

P�soben�

Viz Vn�j�� p�soben�

Indigenous peoples

No internationally accepted definition of indigenous peoples exists. Common characteristics often applied under international law, and by United Nations agencies to distinguish indigenous peoples include: residence within or attachment to geographically distinct tradition­al habitats, ancestral territories, and their natural re­sources; maintenance of cultural and social identities, and social, economic, cultural and political institutions separate from mainstream or dominant societies and cul­tures; descent from population groups present in a given area, most frequently before modern states or territories were created and current borders defined; and self- iden­tification as being part of a distinct indigenous cultural group, and the desire to preserve that cultural identity.

P�vodn� n�rody

Neexistuje mezin�rodn� uznan� definice p�vodn�ch n�rod�. B�n� charakteristika �asto u��van� v mezi­n�rodn�m pr�vu a agenturami Organizace spojen�ch n�rod� k odli�en� p�vodn�ch n�rod� zahrnuje: pobyt uvnit� geograficky jasn� tradi�n� lokality nebo spojen� s n�, po p�edc�ch zd�d�n� �zem� a p��rodn� zdroje; udr�ov�n� kulturn� a soci�ln� identity, spole�ensk�, ekonomick�, kulturn� a politick� instituce odd�len� od dominantn�ch spole�nost� a kultur hlavn�ho prou­du; p�vod ve skupin�ch populace p��tomn�ch v dan� oblasti zpravidla p�ed vznikem modern�ch st�t� nebo teritori� a vyty�en�m sou�asn�ch hranic; a sebeo­zna�en� se za sou��st ur�it� p�vodn� kulturn� skupiny a touha uchovat tuto kulturn� identitu.

Radiative forcing

Radiative forcing is the change in the net, downward minus upward, irradiance (expressed in Watts per square metre, W/m²) at the tropopause due to a change in an external driver of climate change, such as, for ex­ample, a change in the concentration of carbon dioxide or the output of the Sun. Radiative forcing is computed with all tropospheric properties held fixed at their un­perturbed values, and after allowing for stratospheric temperatures, if perturbed, to readjust to radiative-dy­namical equilibrium. Radiative forcing is called in­stantaneous if no change in stratospheric temperature is accounted for. For the purposes of this report, radiative forcing is further defined as the change relative to the year 1750 and, unless otherwise noted, refers to a glob­al and annual average value.

Radia�n� p�soben�

Radia�n� p�soben� je zm�na bilance z��iv�ch tok�, rozd�­lu dopadaj�c�ho a odch�zej�c�ho z��en� (vyj�d�en� ve wattech na metr �tvere�n�, W/m²) v tropopauze n�­sledkem zm�ny vn�j��ho �initele p�sob�c�ho zm�nu klimatu, nap��klad zm�ny koncentrace oxidu uhli�it�ho nebo slune�n�ho v�konu. Radia�n� p�soben� se po��t� s hodnotami v�ech parametr� troposf�ry zafixovan�mi na jejich klidov�ch �rovn�ch pot�, co se nechaj� teplo­ty ve stratosf��e, pokud byly vych�leny, znovu nal�zt radia�n�-dynamickou rovnov�hu. Radia�n� p�soben� se nazve okam�it�, pokud neuva�ujeme ��dn� zm�ny teplot ve stratosf��e. Pro ��ely t�to zpr�vy je radia�n� p�soben� d�le definov�no jako zm�na vzta�en� k roku 1750, a pokud nen� �e�eno jinak, odkazuje na glob�ln� a pr�m�rnou ro�n� hodnotu. („Ovlivn�n�“ by mohlo b�t v�sti�n�j�� ne� „p�soben�“, nicm�n� �esk� n�zvoslov� se ji� ust�lilo; pozn�mka p�ekladatele.)

United Nations Framework Convention on Cli­mate Change (UNFCCC)

The Convention was adopted on 9 May 1992 in New York and signed at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro by more than 150 countries and the European Community. Its ultimate objective is the “stabilisa­tion of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmo­sphere at a level that would prevent dangerous an­thropogenic interference with the climate system”. It contains commitments for all Parties. Under the Con­vention, Parties included in Annex I (all OECD mem­ber countries in the year 1990 and countries with economies in transition) aim to return greenhouse gas emissions not controlled by the Montreal Pro­tocol to 1990 levels by the year 2000. The Conven­tion entered in force in March 1994. See Kyoto Pro­tocol.

R�mcov� �mluva OSN o zm�n� klimatu (UNFCCC)

�mluva byla p�ijata 9. kv�tna 1992 v New Yorku a podeps�na na Summitu o Zemi (ES) v Riu de Janeiru v roce 1992 v�ce ne� 150 st�ty a Evropsk�m spole�en­stv�m (EC). Jej�m z�kladn�m c�lem je „stabilizace kon­centrac� sklen�kov�ch plyn� v atmosf��e na �rovni, kter� by zamezila nebezpe�n�mu antropogenn�mu z�sahu do klimatick�ho syst�mu.“ Obsahuje z�vazky pro v�echny smluvn� strany. Podle �mluvy budou smluvn� strany za­hrnut� v Dodatku I (v�echny �lensk� zem� OECD k roku 1990 a st�ty s transformuj�c� se ekonomikou) usilovat do roku 2000 o n�vrat k takov� �rovni emis� sklen�kov�ch plyn� nekontrolovan�ch Montrealsk�m protokolem, kte­r� odpov�d� roku 1990. �mluva vstoupila v platnost v b�eznu 1994. Viz Kj�tsk� protokol.

Baseline

Reference for measurable quantities from which an al­ternative outcome can be measured, e.g. a non-interven­tion scenario used as a reference in the analysis of inter­vention scenarios.

Referen�n� hodnota

Vzta�n� hodnota pro m��iteln� veli�iny, od kter� m��e b�t po��t�n alternativn� v�sledek, nap�. bezz�­sahov� sc�n�� pou�it� jako z�klad pro anal�zu sc�­n��� se z�sahy.

Region

A region is a territory characterized by specific geo­graphical and climatological features. The climate of a region is affected by regional and local scale forcings like topography, land-use characteristics, lakes etc., as well as remote influences from other regions.

Region

Region je �zem� charakterizovan� ur�it�mi geo­grafick�mi a klimatologick�mi rysy. Na klima regio­nu p�sob� jak vlivy region�ln�ho a m�stn�ho m���tka jako topografie, zp�soby vyu�it� p�dy, jezera atd., tak vzd�len� vlivy z jin�ch region�.

Methane recovery

Methane emissions, e.g. from oil or gas wells, coal beds, peat bogs, gas transmission pipelines, landfills, or anaerobic digesters, may be captured and used as a fuel or for some other economic purpose (e.g. chemical feedstock).

Rekuperace metanu

Emise metanu, nap�. z ropn�ch nebo plynov�ch vrt�, uheln�ch lo�isek, ra�elini��, plynovodn�ch potrub�, skl�dek odpad� nebo anaerobn�ch vyhn�vac�ch n�dr��, m��ou b�t zachyceny a pou�ity jako palivo nebo za n�jak�m jin�m ekonomick�m ��elem (nap�. chemick� surovina).

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

A set of time-bound and measurable goals for combat­ing poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, discrimination against women and environmental degradation, agreed at the UN Millennium Summit in 2000.

Rozvojov� c�le tis�cilet� (MDGs)

Soubor �asov� v�zan�ch a m��iteln�ch c�l� pro po­t�r�n� b�dy, hladu, nemoc�, negramotnosti, diskrimina­ce �en a degradace �ivotn�ho prost�ed�, dohodnut�ch na Summitu tis�cilet� OSN v roce 2000.

Scenario

A plausible and often simplified description of how the future may develop, based on a coherent and internally consistent set of assumptions about driving forces and key relationships. Scenarios may be derived from pro­jections, but are often based on additional information from other sources, sometimes combined with a nar­rative storyline. See also SRES scenarios; Climate scenario; Emission scenarios.

Sc�n��

P�ijateln� a �asto zjednodu�en� popis toho, jak se m��e vyv�jet budoucnost, zalo�en� na logick�m a vnit�n� konzistentn�m souboru p�edpoklad� o ��d�­c�ch sil�ch a kl��ov�ch vztaz�ch. Sc�n��e mohou b�t odvozeny z projekc�, ale �asto jsou dopln�ny dodate�n­�mi informacemi z dal��ch zdroj� a n�kdy kombi­novan� s popisem pr�b�hu. Viz t� Sc�n��e SRES; Kli­matick� sc�n��; Sc�n��e emis�.

Emission scenario

A plausible representation of the future development of emissions of substances that are potentially radiatively active (e.g., greenhouse gases, aerosols), based on a co­herent and internally consistent set of assumptions about driving forces (such as demographic and so­cioeconomic development, technological change) and their key relationships. Concentration scenarios, de­rived from emission scenarios, are used as input to a climate model to compute climate projections. In IPCC (1992) a set of emission scenarios was presented which were used as a basis for the climate projections in IPCC (1996). These emission scenarios are referred to as the IS92 scenarios. In the IPCC Special Report on Emis­sion Scenarios (Naki�enovi� and Swart, 2000) new emission scenarios, the so-called SRES scenarios, were published. For the meaning of some terms related to these scenarios, see SRES scenarios.

Sc�n�� emis�

Pou�iteln� vyj�d�en� budouc�ho v�voje emis� ��stic, kter� maj� schopnost b�t radia�n� aktivn� (nap�. sklen�kov� plyny, aerosoly), zalo�en� na logick�m a vnit�n� konzistentn�m souboru p�edpoklad� o hnac�ch sil�ch (jako jsou demografick� a socioekonomick� rozvoj, technologick� zm�ny) a jejich hlavn�ch vz�­jemn�ch vztaz�ch. Sc�n��e koncentrac�, odvozen� ze sc�n��� emis�, jsou pou��v�ny jako vstup do klima­tick�ch model� k v�po�tu projekc� klimatu. V IPCC (1992) byl p�edstaven soubor sc�n��� emis�, kter� byly pou�ity jako z�klad projekc� klimatu v IPCC (1996). Tyto sc�n��e emis� jsou ozna�ov�ny jako sc�n��e IS92. Ve Zvl�tn� zpr�v� IPCC ke sc�n���m emis� (Na­ki�enovi� and Swart, 2000) byly publikov�ny nov� sc�n��e emis�, takzvan� sc�n��e SRES. Pro v�znam n�kter�ch pojm� vztahuj�c�ch se k t�mto sc�n���m viz Sc�n��e SRES.

SRES scenarios

SRES scenarios are emission scenarios developed by Naki�enovi� et Swart (2000) and used, among others, as a basis for some of the climate projections used in the Fourth Assessment Report. The following terms are relevant for a better understanding of the structure and use of the set of SRES scenarios:

• Scenario Family: Scenarios that have a similar demographic, societal, economic and technical-change storyline. Four scenario families com­prise the SRES scenario set: A1, A2, B1 and B2.

• Illustrative Scenario: A scenario that is illus­trative for each of the six scenario groups re­flected in the Summary for Policymakers of Naki�enovi� et al. (2000). They include four revised ‘scenario markers’ for the scenario groups A1B, A2, B1, B2, and two additional scenarios for the A1FI and A1T groups. All scenario groups are equally sound.

• Marker Scenario: A scenario that was origin­ally posted in draft form on the SRES website to represent a given scenario family. The choice of markers was based on which of the initial quantifications best reflected the storyline, and the features of specific models. Markers are no more likely than other scenari­os, but are con­sidered by the SRES writ­ing team as illustrat­ive of a particular storyline. They are included in revised form in Naki�en­ovi� and Swart (2000). These scenarios re­ceived the closest scrutiny of the entire writing team and via the SRES open process. Scenarios were also selec­ted to illustrate the other two scenario groups.

• Storyline: A narrative description of a scenario (or family of scenarios), highlighting the main scenario characteristics, relationships between key driving forces and the dynamics of their evolution.

Sc�n��e SRES

Sc�n��e SRES jsou sc�n��e emis� vyvinut� dvojic� Na­ki�enovi� et Swart (2000) a pou�it�, mimo jin�, jako z�klad pro n�kter� z projekc� klimatu u��van�ch ve �tvrt� hodnot�c� zpr�v� (AR4). N�sleduj�c� pojmy jsou d�le�it� pro lep�� pochopen� struktury a vyu�it� sady sc�n��� SRES:

• Rodina sc�n���: Sc�n��e, kter� maj� podobn� pr�b�h demografick�, spole�ensk�, ekonomick� a zm�ny techniky. Sadu sc�n��� SRES tvo�� �ty�i rodiny sc�n���: A1, A2, B1 a B2.

• Ilustra�n� sc�n��: Sc�n��, kter� je ilustra�n� pro ka�dou ze �esti skupin sc�n��� uva�ovan�ch ve Shrnut� pro ve�ejn� �initele (SPM) od Na­ki�enovi� et al. (2000). Jedn� se o �ty�i p�epra­covan� „sc�n��e z�stupce“ pro skupiny sc�n��� A1B, A2, B1, B2 a dva dopl�uj�c� sc�n��e sku­pin A1FI a A1T. V�echny skupiny sc�n��� jsou stejn� v�rohodn�.

• Sc�n�� z�stupce: Sc�n��, kter� byl p�vodn� zve�ejn�n v podob� konceptu na webov� str�nce SRES jako z�stupce dan� rodiny sc�n���. V�b�r z�stupc� byl zalo�en na tom, kter� z p�vodn� stanoven�ch hodnot nejl�pe odr�ely pr�b�h a rysy typick�ho modelu. Z�stupci nejsou v�ce pravd�podobn� ne� jin� sc�n��e, ale jsou po­va�ov�ny t�mem autor� SRES jako ilustra�n� ke konkr�tn�mu pr�b�hu. V p�epracovan� podob� jsou zahrnuty v pr�ci Naki�enovi� and Swart (2000). Tyto sc�n��e podstoupily nejd�kladn�j�� zkoum�n� cel�m t�mem autor� a b�hem otev�en�ho procesu SRES. Byly tak� vybr�ny sc�n��e pro ilustraci zbyl�ch dvou skupin sc�­n���.

• Popis pr�b�hu: podrobn� popis sc�n��e (nebo rodiny sc�n���), zd�raz�uj�c� hlavn� vlastnosti sc�n��e, vztahy mezi kl��ov�mi ��d�c�mi silami a dynamiku jejich v�voje.

Inertia

In the context of climate change mitigation, inertia relates to the difficulty of change resulting from pre-existing conditions within society such as physical man-made capital, natural capital, and social non-physical capital, including institutions, regulations, and norms. Existing structures lock in societies mak­ing change more difficult. In the context of the cli­mate system, inertia relates to the delay in climate change after an external forcing has been applied, and to the continuation of climate change even after the external forcing has been stabilised.

Setrva�nost

V souvislosti se zm�r�ov�n�m zm�ny klimatu se setrva�­nost vztahuje k obt�nosti zm�n vypl�vaj� z do­savadn�ch podm�nek ve spole�nosti, jako jsou fyzick� kapit�l vytvo�en� lidmi, p��rodn� kapit�l a spole�ensk� nefyzick� kapit�l, zahrnuj�c� instituce, p�edpisy a nor­my. Existuj�c� struktury se ve spole�nostech ukotvuj�, a t�m je zm�na zt�ena. V souvislosti s klimatick�m syst�­mem se setrva�nost vztahuje k prodlev� ve zm�n� kli­matu pot�, co bylo uplatn�no vn�j�� p�soben�, a k pokra�ov�n� zm�ny klimatu je�t� po tom, co bylo vn�j�� p�soben� ust�leno.

Seasonally frozen ground

See Frozen ground

Sez�nn� zamrzl� p�da

Viz Zamrzl� p�da

Adaptive capacity

The whole of capabilities, resources and institutions of a country or region to implement effective adaptation meas­ures.

Schopnost adaptace

Souhrn zp�sobilost�, zdroj� a instituc� st�tu nebo regionu pro zav�d�n� ��inn�ch adapta�n�ch opat­�en�.

Mitigative capacity

This is a country’s ability to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions or to enhance natural sinks, where ability refers to skills, competencies, fitness and proficiencies that a country has attained and depends on technology, institutions, wealth, equity, infrastruc­ture and information. Mitigative capacity is rooted in a country’s sustainable development path.

Schopnost zm�r�ov�n�

Je to zp�sobilost st�tu sn�it antropogenn� emise sklen�kov�ch plyn� nebo zv�t�it p��rodn� propady; jde o dovednosti, zp�sobilosti, zdatnosti a odbornosti, kte­r�ch zem� dos�hla, a z�vis� na technologii, instituc�ch, bohatstv�, spravedlivosti, infrastruktu�e a v�domos­tech. �ivnou p�dou pro schopnost zm�r�ov�n� je cesta udr�iteln�ho rozvoje, kterou dan� st�t zvolil.

Greenhouse effect

Greenhouse gases effectively absorb thermal infrared ra­diation, emitted by the Earth’s surface, by the atmosphere itself due to the same gases, and by clouds. Atmospheric radiation is emitted to all sides, including downward to the Earth’s surface. Thus greenhouse gases trap heat within the surface-troposphere system. This is called the green­house effect.Thermal infrared radiation in the troposphere is strongly coupled to the temperature of the atmosphere at the altitude at which it is emitted. In the troposphere, the temperature generally decreases with height. Effectively, infrared radiation emitted to space originates from an alti­tude with a temperature of, on average, −19 °C, what used to be in balance with the net incoming solar radiation, whereas the Earth’s surface had been kept at a much high­er temperature of, on average, +14 °C. An increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases leads to an increased infrared opacity of the atmosphere, and therefore to an ef­fective radiation into space from a higher altitude at a lower temperature. This causes a radiative forcing that leads to an enhancement of the greenhouse effect, the so-called enhanced greenhouse effect. (In the other direction, the radiation from the atmosphere to the ground comes from lower, and therefore warmer layers than before. – rem. by J.H. when finalising the translation into Czech.)

Sklen�kov� efekt

Sklen�kov� plyny ��inn� pohlcuj� tepeln� infra�er­ven� z��en� emitovan� povrchem Zem�, samotnou atmosf�rou vlivem t�ch sam�ch plyn� a obla�nost�. Z��en� atmosf�ry je emitov�no v�emi sm�ry, tedy i dol� k povrchu Zem�. Sklen�kov� plyny tak za­dr�uj� teplo uvnit� syst�mu povrch-troposf�ra. Toto se naz�v� sklen�kov� jev. Tepeln� infra�erven� z�­�en� v troposf��e siln� souvis� s teplotou atmosf�ry ve v��ce, v n� je emitov�no. V troposf��e obecn� teplota kles� s v��kou. �hrn infra�erven�ho z��en� emitovan�ho do vesm�ru b�val takov�, jako by po­ch�zelo z v��ky s pr�m�rnou teplotou −19 °C, co� bylo v rovnov�ze s p�ich�zej�c�m slune�n�m z�­�en�m, zat�mco povrch Zem� byl udr�ov�n na mnohem vy��� pr�m�rn� teplot� +14 °C. N�r�st koncentrac� sklen�kov�ch plyn� vede ke zv��en� nepr�svitnosti atmosf�ry v infra�erven� oblasti spektra, a tud� k tomu, �e do vesm�ru odch�z� z�­�en� a� z v�t�� v��ky s ni��� teplotou. Tak vznik� radia�n� p�soben�, kter� vede k pos�len� sklen�­kov�ho efektu, takzvan�mu zes�len�mu sklen�kov�­mu jevu. (M�n� se i z��en� z ovzdu�� na zem, kter� nyn� poch�z� z ni���ch, a tedy teplej��ch vrstev ovzdu�� – pozn. p�ekl.)

Greenhouse gas (GHG)

Greenhouse gases are those gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that ab­sorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, the atmosphere itself, and by clouds. This property causes the greenhouse effect. Water vapour (H₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrous oxide (N₂O), methane (CH₄) and ozone (O₃) are the primary greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere. Moreover, there are a number of entirely human-made greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as the halo­carbons and other chlorine and bromine containing substances, dealt with under the Montreal Protocol. Beside CO₂, N₂O and CH₄, the Kyoto Protocol deals with the greenhouse gases sulphur hexafluoride (SF₆), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs).

Sklen�kov� plyn (GHG)

Sklen�kov� plyny jsou takov� p��rodn� nebo antropogenn� plynn� slo�ky atmosf�ry, kter� pohlcuj� a emituj� z��en� ur�it�ch vlnov�ch d�lek v oblasti spektra tepeln�ho infra�erven�ho z��en� emitovan�ho povr­chem Zem�, samotnou atmosf�rou a obla�nost�. Tato vlastnost zp�sobuje sklen�kov� efekt. Prvo�ad�mi sklen�kov�mi plyny v atmosf��e Zem� jsou vodn� p�ra (H₂O), oxid uhli�it� (CO₂), oxid dusn� (N₂O), metan (CH₄) a oz�n (O₃). Krom� toho je v atmosf��e �ada sklen�kov�ch plyn� vytvo�en�ch v�hradn� �lov�kem, jako jsou halogenovan� uhlovod�ky a dal�� slou�eniny obsahuj�c� chl�r a br�m, kter�mi se zab�val Montreal­sk� protokol. Vedle CO₂, N₂O a CH₄ se Kj�tsk� pro­tokol t�k� dal��ch sklen�kov�ch plyn� – fluoridu s�­rov�ho (SF₆), hydrofluorouhlovod�k� (HFCs) a zcela fluorovan�ch uhlovod�k� (PFCs).

Solar activity

The Sun exhibits periods of high activity observed in numbers of sunspots, as well as radiative output, magnetic activity, and emission of high energy particles. These variations take place on a range of time-scales from millions of years to minutes.

Slune�n� aktivita

Slunce vykazuje obdob� zv��en� aktivity projevuj�c� se v po�tu slune�n�ch skvrn, ale tak� v z��iv�m v�konu, magnetick� aktivit� a emisemi vysokoenergetick�ch ��stic. Tyto v�kyvy se d�j� na �asov�ch m���tk�ch od mili�n� let po minuty.

Solar radiation

Electromagnetic radiation emitted by the Sun. It is also referred to as short-wave radiation. Solar radi­ation has a distinctive range of wavelengths (spec­trum) determined by the temperature of the Sun, peaking in visible wavelengths. See also Thermal in­frared radiation, Total Solar Irradiance.

Slune�n� z��en�

Elektromagnetick� z��en� emitovan� Sluncem. Ozna�uje se tak� jako kr�tkovlnn� z��en�. Slune�n� z��en� m� cha­rakteristick� rozsah vlnov�ch d�lek (spektrum) ur�en� teplotou Slunce; slune�n� spektrum m� maximum ve vi­diteln� oblasti. Viz t� Tepeln� infra�erven� z��en�, Cel­kov� slune�n� oz��enost.

Snow pack

A seasonal accumulation of slow-melting snow.

Sn�hov� pokr�vka

Sez�nn� nahromad�n� pomalu taj�c�ho sn�hu.

Aggregate impacts

Total impacts integrated across sectors and/or regions. The aggregation of impacts requires knowledge of (or assumptions about) the relative importance of impacts in different sectors and regions. Measures of aggregate impacts include, for example, the total number of people affected, or the total economic costs.

Souhrnn� dopady

Ve�ker� dopady sjednocen� p�es odv�tv� a/nebo regio­ny. Shrnut� dopad� vy�aduje znalost (nebo p�ed­poklady o) relativn� d�le�itosti jednotliv�ch dopad� v dan�ch odv�tv�ch a regionech. Posouzen� sou­hrnn�ch dopad� zahrnuje nap��klad celkov� po�et za­sa�en�ch lid� nebo celkov� ekonomick� n�klady.

Confidence

The level of confidence in the correctness of a result is expressed in this report, using a standard termino­logy defined as follows:

Spolehlivost (v�rohodnost, jistota)

�rove� d�v�ry ve spr�vnost z�v�ru je v t�to zpr�v� vy­j�d�ena pou�it�m standardn� terminologie definovan� n�sleduj�c�m zp�sobem:

Very high confiden­ce

At least 9 out of 10 chance of
being correct

velmi vysok� spolehlivost

nad�je na spr�vnost
nejm�n� 9 z 10

High confidence

About 8 out of 10 chance

vysok� spolehlivost

asi 8 z 10

Medium confidence

About 5 out of 10 chance

st�edn� v�rohodnost

asi 5 z 10

Low confidence

About 2 out of 10 chance

n�zk� v�rohodnost

nad�je okolo 2 z 10

Very low confidence

Less than 1 out of 10 chance

velmi n�zk� v�rohodnost

m�n� ne� 1 z 10

See also Likelihood; Uncertainty

Viz t� Pravd�podobnost; Nejistota

Water consumption

Amount of extracted water irretrievably lost during its use (by evaporation and goods production). Water con­sumption is equal to water withdrawal minus return flow.

Spot�eba vody

Mno�stv� odeb�ran� vody nen�vratn� ztracen� b�hem jej�ho pou�it� (odpa�ov�n�m a p�i v�rob� zbo��). Spo­t�eba vody je rovna rozd�lu odb�ru vody a zp�tn�ho odtoku.

Stabilisation

Keeping constant the atmospheric concentrations of one or more greenhouse gases (e.g. carbon dioxide) or of a CO₂-equivalent basket of greenhouse gases. Stabilisa­tion analyses or scenarios address the stabilisation of the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmo­sphere.

Stabilizace

Udr�ov�n� konstantn�ch atmosf�rick�ch koncentrac� jednoho nebo v�ce sklen�kov�ch plyn� (nap�. oxidu uhli�it�ho) nebo ekvivalentu CO₂ skupiny sklen�­kov�ch plyn�. Anal�zy nebo sc�n��e stabilizace se t�­kaj� stabilizace koncentrace sklen�kov�ch plyn� v at­mosf��e.

Standards

Set of rules or codes mandating or defining product performance (e.g., grades, dimensions, characteristics, test methods, and rules for use). Product, technology or performance standards establish minimum require­ments for affected products or technologies. Standards impose reductions in greenhouse gas emissions associ­ated with the manufacture or use of the products and/or application of the technology.

Standardy (normy)

Soubor sm�rnic nebo z�kon� na�izuj�c� nebo definuj�c� proveden� (nap�. kvalitu, rozm�ry, parametry, metody testov�n� a pravidla pou��v�n�). Standardy v�robku, technologie nebo funk�n�ch vlastnost� stanovuj� mi­nim�ln� po�adavky na dot�en� v�robky nebo techno­logie. Normy vedou ke sn�en� emis� sklen�kov�ch plyn� spojen�ch s v�robou nebo pou��v�n�m v�robk� a/nebo vyu��v�n�m technologi�.

Annex I countries

The group of countries included in Annex I (as amended in 1998) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), including all the OECD countries in the year 1990 and countries with economies in transition. Under Articles 4.2 (a) and 4.2 (b) of the Con­vention, Annex I countries committed themselves specific­ally to the aim of returning individually or jointly to their 1990 levels of greenhouse gas emissions by the year 2000. By default, the other countries are referred to as Non-An­nex I countries. For a list of Annex I countries, see http://unfccc.int; for a list of OECD countries, see http://www.oecd.org.

St�ty Dodatku I

Skupina st�t� obsa�en�ch v Dodatku I (po �prav� z roku 1998) k R�mcov� �mluv� OSN o zm�n� kli­matu (UNFCCC), zahrnuj�c� v�echny zem� OECD k roku 1990 a zem� s transformuj�c� se ekono­mikou. V �l�nc�ch 4.2 (a) a 4.2 (b) �mluvy se st�ty Dodatku I v�slovn� zav�zaly k z�m�ru do roku 2000 vr�tit jednotliv� nebo spole�n� sv� emise sklen�kov�ch plyn� na �rove� roku 1990. Ostatn� zem� jsou standardn� ozna�eny jako st�ty mimo Dodatek I. Seznam st�t� Dodatku I viz http://unfccc.int; seznam zem� OECD viz http://www.oecd.org.

Annex II countries

The group of countries included in Annex II to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UN­FCCC), including all OECD countries in the year 1990. Under Article 4.2 (g) of the Convention, these countries are expected to provide financial resources to assist devel­oping countries to comply with their obligations, such as preparing national reports. Annex II countries are also ex­pected to promote the transfer of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries. For a list of Annex II countries, see http://unfccc.int; for a list of OECD coun­tries, see http://www.oecd.org.

St�ty Dodatku II

Skupina st�t� obsa�en�ch v Dodatku II k R�mcov� �mluv� OSN o zm�n� klimatu (UNFCCC), zahrnu­j�c� v�echny zem� OECD k roku 1990. Podle �l�nku 4.2 (g) �mluvy tyto st�ty poskytnou finan�n­� prost�edky na pomoc rozvojov�m zem�m dost�t sv�m z�vazk�m, jako je p��prava n�rodn�ch zpr�v. O�ek�v� se d�le, �e st�ty Dodatku II pod­po�� postoupen� environment�ln� �etrn�ch techno­logi� rozvojov�m zem�m. Seznam st�t� Dodatku II viz http://unfccc.int; seznam zem� OECD viz http://www.oecd.org.

Annex B countries

The countries included in Annex B to the Kyoto Pro­tocol that have agreed to a target for their greenhouse-gas emissions, including all the Annex I countries (as amended in 1998) except for Turkey and Belarus. For a list of Annex I countries, see http://unfccc.int.

St�ty Dodatku B

St�ty obsa�en� v Dodatku B Kj�tsk�ho protokolu, kte­r� souhlasily s c�lem sn�en� sv�ch emis� sklen�kov�ch plyn�, zahrnuj�c� v�echny st�ty Dodatku I (po �prav� z roku 1998) s v�jimkou Turecka a B�loruska. Se­znam st�t� Dodatku I viz http://unfccc.int.

Stratosphere

The highly stratified region of the atmosphere above the troposphere extending from about 10 km (ranging from 9 km in high latitudes to 16 km in the tropics on average) to about 50 km altitude.

Stratosf�ra

Zna�n� stabiln� zvrstven� oblast atmosf�ry nad tropo­sf�rou sahaj�c� od asi 10 km (v pr�m�rn�m rozsahu od 9 km ve vysok�ch zem�pisn�ch ���k�ch do 16 km v tropech) a� do cca 50 km v��ky.

Structural change

Changes, for example, in the relative share of Gross Domestic Product produced by the industrial, agricul­tural, or services sectors of an economy; or more gen­erally, systems transformations whereby some com­ponents are either replaced or potentially substituted by other ones.

Struktur�ln� zm�na

Nap��klad zm�na v relativn�m pod�lu na hrub�m dom�­c�m produktu (GDP) vytvo�en�m pr�myslov�m �i ze­m�d�lsk�m odv�tv�m nebo odv�tv�m slu�eb v dan�m hospod��stv�; nebo obecn�ji, syst�mov� transformace, p�i nich� n�kter� slo�ky jsou nebo by mohly b�t na­hrazeny jin�mi.

Mean Sea Level

Mean sea level is normally defined as the average relative sea level over a period, such as a month or a year, long enough to average out transients such as waves and tides. Relative sea level is sea level measured by a tide gauge with respect to the land upon which it is situated. See Sea level change/sea level rise.

St�edn� v��ka hladiny mo�e

St�edn� v��ka hladiny mo�e je b�n� definov�na jako pr�­m�rn� relativn� v��ka hladiny mo�e za ur�it� obdob�, m�s�c nebo rok, dostate�n� dlouh� na zpr�m�rov�n� p�echodn�ch jev�, jako vln a slap�. Relativn� v��ka hladiny mo�e je v�­�ka hladina mo�e stanoven� mareografem vzhledem k zemi, nad kterou se rozkl�d�. Viz Zm�na v��ky / vzestup hladiny mo�e.

Arid region

A land region of low rainfall, where low is widely ac­cepted to be <250 mm precipitation per year.

Such� oblast

Oblast pevniny s n�zk�mi sr�kami, kde n�zk�mi se obecn� rozum� m�n� ne� 250 mm sr�ek ro�n�.

Drought

In general terms, drought is a ‘prolonged absence or marked deficiency of precipitation’, a ‘deficiency that results in water shortage for some activity or for some group’, or a ‘period of abnormally dry weather suffi­ciently prolonged for the lack of precipitation to cause a serious hydrological imbalance’ (Heim, 2002). Drought has been defined in a number of ways. Agri­cultural drought relates to moisture deficits in the top­most 1 metre or so of soil (the root zone) that affect crops, meteorological drought is mainly a prolonged deficit of precipitation, and hydrologic drought is re­lated to below-normal streamflow, lake and groundwa­ter levels. A megadrought is a longdrawn out and per­vasive drought, lasting much longer than normal, usu­ally a decade or more.

Sucho

V b�n�m vyj�d�en� je sucho „dlouhotrvaj�c� absence nebo v�razn� nedostatek sr�ek“, „deficit sr�ek ve­douc� k nedostatku vody pro n�kter� �innosti nebo sku­piny lid�“ nebo „obdob� neobvykle such�ho po�as� s nedostatkem sr�ek trvaj�c� dost dlouho na to, aby zp�sobilo v�nou hydrologickou nerovnov�hu“ (Heim, 2002). Sucho bylo definov�no mnoha zp�soby. Zem�­d�lsk� sucho se vztahuje k vlhkostn�mu deficitu ve svrchn�m p�ibli�n� 1 metru p�dy (ko�enov� oblasti), kter� ovlivn� �rodu, meteorologick� sucho je p�e­dev��m dlouhodob� deficit sr�ek a hydrologick� sucho se vyzna�uje podnorm�ln�mi pr�toky a n�zkou hladinou jezer a spodn� vody. Velesucho je prodlu­�ovan� a pronikav� sucho, trvaj�c� mnohem d�le ne� b�n�, obvykle desetilet� i v�ce.

Net market benefits

Climate change, especially moderate climate change, is expected to bring positive and negative impacts to mar­ket- based sectors, but with significant differences across different sectors and regions and depending on both the rate and magnitude of climate change. The sum of the positive and negative market-based benefits and costs summed across all sectors and all regions for a given period is called net market benefits. Net market benefits exclude any non-market impacts.

Suma tr�n�ch p��nos�

O�ek�v� se, �e zm�na klimatu, zvl�t� pak m�rn� zm�na klimatu, bude m�t pozitivn� a negativn� vlivy na tr�n� funguj�c� odv�tv�, av�ak se zna�n�mi rozd�ly nap��� r�zn�mi odv�tv�mi a regiony z�visej�c�mi jak na rychlosti, tak na velikosti zm�ny klimatu. Sou�et z�porn�ch i kladn�ch tr�n�ch p��nos� a n�klad� p�es v�echna odv�tv� a v�echny regiony za dan� obdob� se naz�v� suma tr�n�ch p��nos�. Suma tr�n�ch p��nos� nezahrnuje netr�n� dopady.

Technological change

Mostly considered as technological improvement, i.e. more or better goods and services can be provided from a given amount of resources (production factors). Economic models distinguish autonomous (exogen­ous), endogenous and induced technological change. Autonomous (exogenous) technological change is im­posed from outside the model, usually in the form of a time trend affecting energy demand or world output growth. Endogenous technological change is the out­come of economic activity within the model, i.e. the choice of technologies is included within the model and affects energy demand and/or economic growth. Induced technological change implies endogenous technological change but adds further changes induced by policies and measures, such as carbon taxes trigger­ing R&D efforts.

Technologick� zm�na

V�t�inou pova�ovan� za technologick� zdokonalen�, kdy lze z dan�ho mno�stv� zdroj� z�skat v�ce zbo�� a slu�eb nebo lep�� kvalitu (v�robn� faktory). Ekono­mick� modely rozli�uj� technologickou zm�nu vn�j��ho (autonomn�) a vnit�n�ho p�vodu a vynucenou. Auto­nomn� (vn�j��) technologick� zm�na je vnucen� z vn�j�ku modelu, obvykle v podob� �asov�ho trendu ovliv�uj�c�ho popt�vku po energii nebo r�st sv�tov� produkce. Vnit�n� technologick� zm�na je v�sledkem ekonomick�ch �innost� uvnit� modelu, tj. v�b�r techno­logi� je zahrnut v modelu a ovliv�uje popt�vku po ener­gii a /nebo ekonomick� r�st. Vynucen� technolo­gick� zm�na znamen� vnit�n� technologickou zm�nu, av�ak p�id�v� dal�� zm�ny vyvolan� politikami a opat­�en�mi, jako jsou uhl�kov� dan� motivuj�c� v�deckov�­zkumn� �sil�.

Technology

The practical application of knowledge to achieve particu­lar tasks that employs both technical artefacts (hardware, equipment) and (social) information “soft­ware”, know-how for production and use of artefacts).

Technologie

Praktick� aplikace znalost� ke spln�n� jednotliv�ch �kol�, kter� vyu��v� jak technick� prost�edky (za­��zen�, vybaven�), tak (soci�ln�) v�domosti („soft­ware“, znalosti pro v�robu a pou��v�n� prost�edk�).

Thermal expansion

In connection with sea-level rise, this refers to the in­crease in volume (and decrease in density) that results from warming water. A warming of the ocean leads to an expansion of the ocean volume and hence an increase in sea level. See Sea level change.

Tepeln� rozta�nost

Ve spojitosti s vzestupem hladiny mo�e ozna�uje n�­r�st objemu (a pokles hustoty), kter� je d�sledkem oteplov�n� vody. Oteplov�n� oce�nu vede ke zv�t�en� jeho objemu, a tud� k vzestupu hladiny mo��. Viz Zm�na v��ky hladiny mo�e.

Thermal infrared radiation

Radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, the at­mosphere and the clouds. It is also known as terrestrial or longwave radiation, and is to be distinguished from the near-infrared radiation that is part of the solar spectrum. Infrared radi­ation, in general, has a distinctive range of wavelengths (spectrum) longer than the wavelength of the red colour in the visible part of the spectrum. The spectrum of thermal in­frared radiation is practically distinct from that of shortwave or solar radiation because of the difference in temperature between the Sun and the Earth- atmosphere system.

Tepeln� infra�erven� z��en�

Z��en� emitovan� povrchem Zem�, atmosf�rou a obla�nost�. Je t� zn�mo jako zemsk� nebo dlouhovlnn� z��en� a m�lo by se rozli�ovat od toho infra�erven�ho z��en�, kter� je sou��st� slune�n�ho spektra. Infra�erven� z��en� obecn� m� vlnov� d�lky v�t��, ne� jsou vlnov� d�lky �erven� barvy ve viditeln� ��sti spektra. Spektrum tepeln�ho infra�erven�ho z��en� je v praxi odli�n� od spektra kr�tkovlnn�ho neboli slune�n�ho z��en� v d�sledku rozd�lu v teplot�ch mezi Sluncem a syst�­mem Zem�-atmosf�ra. (Absolutn� teplota Slunce je dvacetkr�t vy��� ne� teploty na Zemi a proto jsou vlnov� d�lky slune�n�­ho z��en� dvacetkr�t krat��; v oboru vlnov�ch d�lek nad p�t mikrometr� je pod�l slune�n�ho z��en� oproti zemsk�mu zane­dbateln� – pozn. p�ekl.)

Borehole temperature

Borehole temperatures are measured in boreholes of tens to hundreds of meters depth into the subsurface of the Earth. Borehole temperature depth profiles are commonly used to in­fer time variations in the ground surface temperature on centennial time scales.

Teplota uvnit� vrtu

Teplota se m��� pod�l vrt� sahaj�c�ch des�tky a� stovky metr� pod povrch Zem�. Pr�b�h teplot v z�vislosti na hloubce se b�n� u��v� k odvo­zen� �asov�ch zm�n povrchov� teploty zem� v m���t­ku stalet�.

Soil temperature

The temperature of the ground near the surface (often within the first 10 cm).

Teplota p�dy

Teplota zem� t�sn� pod povrchem (�asto ve svrchn�ch 10 cm).

Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC)

A zonally averaged, large scale meridional (north-south) overturning circulation in the oceans. In the At­lantic such a circulation transports relatively warm up­per-ocean waters northward, and relatively cold deep waters southward. The Gulf Stream forms part of this Atlantic circulation.

Termohalinn� cirkulace (THC, MOC)

Zon�ln� zpr�m�rovan� meridion�ln� (sever-jih) t��rozm�rn� cirkulace velk�ho m���tka v oce�nech. V Atlantick�m oce�nu tato cirkulace un�� relativn� tepl� svrchn� vody na sever a relativn� chladn� hlu­binn� vody na jih. Golfsk� proud tvo�� ��st t�to cirkulace v Atlantiku.

Economies in Transition (EITs)

Countries with their economies changing from a planned economic system to a market economy.

Transformuj�c� se ekonomiky (EITs)

St�ty proch�zej�c� zm�nou ze syt�mu pl�novan�ho hospod��stv� k tr�n� ekonomice.

Tropopause

The boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere.

Tropopauza

Hranice mezi troposf�rou a stratosf�rou.

Troposphere

The lowest part of the atmosphere from the surface to about 10 km in altitude in mid-latitudes (ranging from 9 km in high latitudes to 16 km in the tropics on average), where clouds and weather phenomena occur. In the tropo­sphere, temperatures generally decrease with height.

Troposf�ra

Nejspodn�j�� ��st atmosf�ry od povrchu do p�ibli�n� 10 km v��ky ve st�edn�ch ���k�ch (v pr�m�rn�m rozsahu od 9 km ve vysok�ch zem�pisn�ch ���k�ch do 16 km v tropech), kde se tvo�� obla�nost a po�as�. V troposf��e teplota obecn� kles� s v��kou.

Sustainable Development (SD)

The concept of sustainable development was intro­duced in the World Conservation Strategy (IUCN 1980) and had its roots in the concept of a sustainable society and in the management of renewable resources. Adopted by the WCED in 1987 and by the Rio Confer­ence in 1992 as a process of change in which the ex­ploitation of resources, the direction of investments, the orientation of technological development, and insti­tutional change are all in harmony and enhance both current and future potential to meet human needs and aspirations. SD integrates the political, social, econom­ic and environmental dimensions.

Trvale udr�iteln� rozvoj (SD)

Koncept trvale udr�iteln�ho rozvoje byl zaveden ve World Conservation Strategy (IUCN 1980) a m� ko�e­ny v pojet� trvale udr�iteln� spole�nosti a v hospo­da�en� s obnoviteln�mi zdroji. Byl p�ijat Sv�tovou ko­mis� pro �ivotn� prost�ed� a rozvoj (WCED) v roce 1987 a konferenc� v Riu de Janeiru roku 1992 jako pro­ces prom�ny, v n�m� vyu��v�n� zdroj�, veden� in­vestic, orientace rozvoje technologi� a institucion�ln� zm�ny jsou v�echny v souladu a zv�t�uj� jak sou�asn�, tak bu­douc� potenci�l k uspokojen� lidsk�ch pot�eb a sna�en�. SD propojuje politick�, spole�ensk�, ekonomick� a en­vironment�ln� rozm�r.

Market impacts

Impacts that can be quantified in monetary terms, and directly affect Gross Domestic Product – e.g. changes in the price of agricultural inputs and/or goods. See also Non-market impacts.

Tr�n� dopady

Dopady, kter� mohou b�t finan�n� vy��sleny a p��mo ovliv�uj� hrub� dom�c� produkt (GDP) – nap�. zm�ny v cen� zem�d�lsk�ch vstup� a/nebo zbo��. Viz t� Netr�n� dopady.

Market potential

See Mitigation potential.

Tr�n� potenci�l

Viz Potenci�l zm�r�ov�n�.

Market Exchange Rate (MER)

This is the rate at which foreign currencies are ex­changed. Most economies post such rates daily and they vary little across all the exchanges. For some de­veloping economies official rates and black-market rates may differ significantly and the MER is difficult to pin down.

Tr�n� sm�nn� kurs (MER)

Je to pom�r, ve kter�m se sm��uj� ciz� m�ny. V�t�ina ekonomik tyto sazby denn� zve�ej�uje a sazby se pro v�echny realizovan� sm�ny deviz jen m�lo li��. V n�kter�ch rozvojov�ch ekonomik�ch se mohou ofici�ln� kursy a kursy na �ern�m trhu li�it zna�n� a je t�k� MER stanovit.

Learning by Doing

As researchers and firms gain familiarity with a new technological process, or acquire experience through expanded production they can discover ways to im­prove processes and reduce cost. Learning by Doing is a type of experience-based technological change.

U�en� se prax�

Kdy� se v�zkumn�ci a firmy seznamuj� s nov�mi technologick�mi postupy nebo z�sk�vaj� zku�enosti d�ky roz���en� v�rob�, mohou p�ij�t na zp�soby, jak postupy vylep�it a sn�it n�klady. Pou�it se prax� je typem technologick� zm�ny zalo�en� na zku�enostech.

Carbon intensity

The amount of emission of carbon dioxide per unit of Gross Domestic Product.

Uhl�kov� intenzita

Mno�stv� emis� oxidu uhli�it�ho na jednotku hrub�ho dom�c�ho produktu.

Carbon cycle

The term used to describe the flow of carbon (in various forms, e.g., as carbon dioxide) through the atmosphere, ocean, terrestrial biosphere and lithosphere.

Uhl�kov� cyklus

Term�n u��van� k popisu toku uhl�ku (v r�zn�ch form�ch, nap�. jako oxid uhli�it�) v atmosf��e, oce�nu, pevninsk� biosf��e a litosf��e.

Carbon sequestration

See Uptake

Ulo�en� uhl�ku

Viz J�m�n�

Urbanization

The conversion of land from a natural state or managed natural state (such as agriculture) to cities; a process driven by net rural-to-urban migration through which an increasing percentage of the population in any na­tion or region come to live in settlements that are defined as urban centres.

Urbanizace

P�em�na krajiny z p�irozen�ho stavu nebo p�irozen� ob­hospoda�ovan�ho stavu (nap�. zem�d�lstv�m) na m�sto; proces vyvolan� migrac� z venkova do m�st, kdy rostouc� pod�l populace st�tu nebo regionu za��n� ��t v s�dlech definovan�ch jako m�stsk� st�ediska.

Mortality

Rate of occurrence of death within a population; calcu­lation of mortality takes account of age-specific death rates, and can thus yield measures of life expectancy and the extent of premature death.

�mrtnost

M�ra v�skytu �mrt� v r�mci populace; v�po�et �mrtnosti p�ihl�� k mno�stv�m �mrt� v z�vislosti na v�ku, a m��e tedy poskytnout �daje o o�ek�van� dob� �ivota a rozsahu p�ed�asn�ch �mrt�.

Level of Scientific Understanding (LOSU)

This is an index on a 5-step scale (high, medium, medi­um-low, low and very low) designed to characterise the degree of scientific understanding of the radiative for­cing agents that affect climate change. For each agent, the index represents a subjective judgement about the evidence for the physical/chemical mechanisms determ­ining the forcing and the consensus surrounding the quantitative estimate and its uncertainty.

�rove� v�deck�ho ch�p�n� (LOSU)

Je to ukazatel na p�tistup�ov� �k�le (�rove� vysok�, st�edn�, st�edn� n�zk�, n�zk� a velmi n�zk�) navr�en� k ozna�en� stupn� v�deck�ho porozum�n� �initel�m radia�n�ho p�soben�, kter� ovliv�uj� zm�nu klimatu. Tento ukazatel p�edstavuje subjektivn� posouzen� jis­toty ohledn� fyzik�ln�ch / chemick�ch mechanism� ur�uj�c�ch radia�n� p�soben� a shody t�kaj�c� se kvan­titativn�ho odhadu a jeho nejistoty pro ka�d� �initel.

Adaptation benefits

The avoided damage costs or the accrued benefits follow­ing the adoption and implementation of adaptation meas­ures.

U�itek adaptace

N�klady �kod, kter�m se zabr�nilo, nebo p��nosy plynouc� ze schv�len� a uskute�n�n� adapta�n�ch opat�en�.

Climate-carbon cycle coupling

Future climate change induced by atmospheric emis­sions of greenhouse gases will impact on the global car­bon cycle. Changes in the global carbon cycle in turn will influence the fraction of anthropogenic greenhouse gases that remains in the atmosphere, and hence the at­mospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, resulting in further climate change. This feedback is called cli­mate-carbon cycle coupling. The first generation coupled climate-carbon cycle models indicates that global warming will increase the fraction of anthropo­genic CO₂ that remains in the atmosphere.

Vazba klima – uhl�kov� cyklus

Budouc� zm�na klimatu vyvolan� emisemi sklen�­kov�ch plyn� do atmosf�ry ovlivn� glob�ln� uhl�kov� cyklus. Zm�ny v glob�ln�m uhl�kov�m cyklu po­stupn� ovlivn� pod�l antropogenn�ch sklen�kov�ch plyn�, kter� z�stanou v atmosf��e, a tedy atmosf�­rickou koncentraci sklen�kov�ch plyn�, vedouc� k dal�� zm�n� klimatu. Tato zp�tn� vazba se naz�v� vazba klima – uhl�kov� cyklus. Prvn� generace model� po��taj�c�ch s touto vazbou (propojen�ch model� klima – uh. cyklus) nazna�uje, �e s glob�ln�m oteplov�n�m se bude zvy�ovat pod�l antropogenn�ho CO₂, kter� z�stane v atmosf��e.

Co-benefits

The benefits of policies implemented for various reas­ons at the same time, acknowledging that most policies designed to address greenhouse gas mitigation have other, often at least equally important, rationales (e.g., related to objectives of development, sustainability, and equity).

Vedlej�� p��nosy

U�itky z politik, kter� jsou uskute��ov�ny k dosa�en� n�kolika c�l� sou�asn�. Politiky navr�en� pro zm�r­�ov�n� mno�stv� sklen�kov�ch plyn� maj� v�t�inou dal��, �asto nejm�n� stejn� d�le�it� od�vodn�n� (nap�. vzta�en� k c�l�m rozvoje, udr�itelnosti a spraved­livosti).

External forcing

External forcing refers to a forcing agent outside the cli­mate system causing a change in the climate system. Vol­canic eruptions, solar variations and anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere and land-use change are external forcings.

Vn�j�� p�soben�

Vn�j�� p�soben� ozna�uje hybnou s�lu, kter� nen� sou��st� klimatick�ho syst�mu, ale zp�sobuje v n�m zm�nu. Jde zejm�na o vulkanick� erupce, zm�ny Slunce a antropogenn� zm�ny ve slo�en� atmosf�ry a ve vyu�it� p�dy.

Algal bloom

A reproductive explosion of algae in a lake, river, or ocean.

Vodn� kv�t

Reproduk�n� exploze �as �i sinic v jezeru, �ece nebo oce�nu.

Water stress

A country is water stressed if the available freshwater supply relative to water withdrawals acts as an import­ant constraint on development. In global-scale assess­ments, basins with water stress are often defined as having a per capita water availability below 1,000 m³/yr (based on long-term average runoff). Withdraw­als exceeding 20 % of renewable water supply have also been used as an indicator of water stress. A crop is water stressed if soil available water, and thus actual evapotranspiration, is less than potential evapotran­spiration demands.

Vodn� stres

St�t za��v� vodn� stres, pokud se dostupn� z�soba sladk� vody projevuje vzhledem k jej�mu odb�ru jako v�znamn� omezen� rozvoje. V glob�ln�m hodnocen� se povod� s vodn�m stresem �asto definuj� t�m, �e maj� m�n� ne� 1000 m³/rok dostupn� vody na obyvatele (za­lo�eno na dlouhodob�m pr�m�rn�m odtoku). Tak� od­b�ry p�esahuj�c� 20 % obnoviteln� vodn� z�soby se pou­��vaj� jako indik�tory vodn�ho stresu. Plodina je vystave­na vodn�mu stresu, pokud mno�stv� dostupn� p�dn� vody, a t�m skute�n� evapotranspirace, je men�� ne� n�roky potenci�ln� evapotranspirace.

Extinction

The complete disappearance of an entire biological species.

Vyhynut�

�pln� z�nik cel�ho biologick�ho druhu.

Land use and
Land-use change

Land use refers to the total of arrangements, activities and inputs undertaken in a certain land cover type (a set of human actions). The term land use is also used in the sense of the social and economic purposes for which land is managed (e.g., grazing, timber extrac­tion, and conservation). Land-use change refers to a change in the use or management of land by humans, which may lead to a change in land cover. Land cover and land-use change may have an impact on the sur­face albedo, evapotranspiration, sources and sinks of greenhouse gases, or other properties of the climate system and may thus have a radiative forcing and/or other impacts on climate, locally or globally. See also: the IPCC Report on Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (IPCC, 2000).