Although Spanish is a relatively unified language, in the sense that people from very distant locations manage to understand each other well, there are several phonetic phenomena that distinguish geographically separated varieties. The total number of native speakers of Spanish is above 400 million, and roughly 10% of them live in Argentina (Instituto Cervantes Reference Cervantes2014). The accent described below corresponds to formal Spanish spoken in Buenos Aires, and the main allophones are indicated by parentheses in the Consonant Table. The recordings are from a 49-year-old college-educated male speaker, who has lived all his life in either the city of Buenos Aires or the province of Buenos Aires.
In general, it can be considered that the accent described here is close to the one used by roughly 70% of the Argentine population, who lives in the city of Buenos Aires, and in the provinces of Entre Ríos, Santa Fe, Buenos Aires, La Pampa, Neuquén, Río Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz, Tierra del Fuego and the southern part of Córdoba. This accent is also similar to the one used in the Republic of Uruguay, and because of that it can be generically referred to as ‘River Plate Spanish’ (Hualde Reference Hualde2005: 23–31).
Consonants
The consonant phoneme inventory of the variety of Argentine Spanish described in the consonant table above differs from the one reported by Martínez, Fernández & Carrera (Reference Martínez, Fernández and Carrera2003) for Castilian Spanish in two respects: the absence of /θ/, and the merger of /ɟʝ/ and /ʎ/ into a single phoneme (which is here represented as /ʃ/). This merger is a version of what the Spanish phonetics literature calls yeísmo, while the absence of /θ/ (and its merger with /s/) is generally referred to as seseo (Penny Reference Penny2004: 118–121).
In Spanish, all plosives are unaspirated, and some authors prefer to use the word ‘occlusive’ instead of ‘plosive’ for them (Monroy & Hernández 2105). /p/, /b/ and /m/ are generally bilabial, while /f/ is labiodental. Correspondingly, /t/, /d/ and /s/ are generally alveodental, while /n/, /l/, /ɾ/ and /r/ are typically alveolar. /tʃ/ and /ʃ/ are postalveolar, while /ɲ/ is properly palatal. The oppositions between /ɾ/ and /r/, and between /m/ and /n/ are neutralized in pre-consonantal positions, and [ŋ] is an allophone of /n/ (before velar consonants).
The phonemes /b/, /d/ and /ɡ/ are pronounced as [β], [ð] and [ɣ], respectively, when they appear between vowels (and also after some consonants). These sounds are here classified as voiced fricatives, but in fact they are generally pronounced as approximants (Hualde Reference Hualde2005: 138–143), i.e. as continuant consonants without friction. From a functional or phonological point of view, however, they are always obstruents rather than sonorants (Real Academia Española 2011: 142–162).
The characteristics mentioned in the two previous paragraphs are shared with almost all the Spanish varieties spoken around the world, but Argentine Spanish also possesses some features that are typical of Latin American accents, as opposed to European accents. Two of them are the already mentioned /s/–/θ/ merger, and the pronunciation of [s] as a laminal fricative (instead of an apical or apico-dorsal fricative, which are the most common Castilian pronunciations). The phoneme /s/ is regularly pronounced as [h] before other consonants. On the other hand, in Argentine Spanish, [h] is never an allophone of /x/ (as is the case in other accents such as Central American, Colombian and Caribbean Spanish).
Distinctive characteristics
The main distinctive characteristic of Buenos Aires Spanish is the assibilation of the phoneme /ʃ/, which in most Spanish varieties is pronounced as a voiced non-assibilated palatal fricative [ʝ], plosive [ɟ] or affricate [ɟʝ], or even as a palatal glide [j]. In the variety described here, the sound for this phoneme is the voiceless postalveolar fricative [ʃ]. Many variations of this exist, influenced by age, sex and social class (Colantoni Reference Colantoni2006). Those variations go from the use of [ʃ] to the use of the voiced postalveolar fricative [ʒ], but they all share the common feature of possessing a strong and strident assibilation (Kochetov & Colantoni Reference Kochetov and Colantoni2011).
Fontanella (Reference Fontanella1987: 144–150) described a variety of Buenos Aires Spanish in which /ʒ/ and /ʃ/ were different phonemes, the former being used for most words written with ‘y’ or ‘ll’ (such as lluvia ['ʒuβja] ‘rain’ or yuyo ['ʒuʒo] ‘weed’), and the latter being used in borrowed foreign words (such as shampoo [ʃam'pu]). That distinction has almost disappeared for the current generations of speakers, who either use [ʃ] or [ʒ] in all cases (Rohena-Madrazo Reference Rohena-Madrazo2013).
Due to its use as a realization of the phoneme /ʃ/, in Argentine Spanish [ʃ] is never an allophone of the phoneme /tʃ/ (as occurs in other accents such as Andalusian, Chilean or Caribbean Spanish). This characteristic also implies that there is a strong distinction between [ʃ] and [j], which is always an allophone of the vowel phoneme /i/ (Harris & Kaisse Reference Harris and Kaisse1999). Consequently, in Buenos Aires Spanish, speakers make a clear phonemic difference between hierro ['jero] ‘iron’ and yerro ['ʃero] ‘mistake’ (which is something that does not occur in other Spanish accents).
Another variation under way in Argentine Spanish is the disappearance of /ɲ/ as a separate phoneme, and its merger with the combination /ni/. Consequently, many young Argentinians do not distinguish between huraño [u'ɾaɲo] ‘unsociable’ and uranio [u'ɾanjo] ‘uranium’, and treat them as homophones (Colantoni & Hualde Reference Colantoni and Hualde2013). It is also relatively common to hear the voiced labiodental fricative sound [v] as an allophone of /b/. Some speakers use it in emphatic pronunciation, especially for words written with ‘v’ (e.g. vida ['viða] ‘life’).
Regional variation
Although Buenos Aires exercises a strong influence over the Spanish spoken in Argentina, several regional variations exist. Apart from the region whose accent is described here (which corresponds to the South-Eastern part of Argentina), the rest of the country can be divided into three main dialect areas, which are the North West, the North East, and the West (Coloma Reference Coloma, Martínez and Speranza2013; see Figure 1). The first of them encompasses the provinces of La Rioja, Catamarca, Tucumán, Santiago del Estero, Salta, Jujuy and the northern part of Córdoba, while the second one includes the provinces of Corrientes, Chaco, Misiones and Formosa (which are in the frontier with Paraguay). The Western region, finally, encompasses the provinces of Mendoza, San Juan and San Luis (which are close to Chile).
Argentine Spanish dialect regions. The accent described corresponds to Buenos Aires, the cultural centre of the South East region.
The main phonetic difference between the accents of the two above-mentioned Northern regions and the accent described here is the assibilation and fricativization of the phoneme /r/ (Colantoni Reference Colantoni2006). In those areas, that phoneme is typically pronounced as a voiced alveolo-palatal fricative [ʑ]. Northern Argentinians also use the [h] allophone of /s/ more frequently, especially in cases where /s/ appears at the end of a word (and the next word begins with a vowel).
In the Northeastern region, moreover, many people use the lateral palatal sound [ʎ] as an additional phoneme, as most speakers of Paraguayan Spanish do (Real Academia Española 2011: 226–227). Those people typically pronounce the phoneme /ʃ/ as a voiced postalveolar affricate [dʒ], and distinguish between words such as haya ['adʒa] ‘there is’ and halla ['aʎa] ‘he finds’.
Another regional variation that has been reported (Gurlekian, Colantoni & Torres Reference Gurlekian, Colantoni and Torres2001) belongs to the Western region, and it is the use of a palatal voiceless fricative sound [ç] as an allophone of /x/, when that phoneme appears before /e/ or /i/. This feature is typical of Chilean Spanish (Sadowsky & Salamanca Reference Sadowsky and Salamanca2011).
The Western region of Argentina is also noticeable for the widespread presence of non-assibilated realizations of the phoneme /ʃ/, which is generally pronounced as a voiced palatal fricative [ʝ].
Vowels
Like most Spanish accents, Argentine Spanish has five vowel phonemes (/a/, /e/, /i/, /o/ and /u/) that may occur in both stressed and unstressed syllables. The five vowels can be partially nasalized when they are in contact with nasal consonants, but there is no phonemic contrast between oral and nasal vowels. Besides, Argentine Spanish does not make any relevant distinction between open and closed variants of the five vowel phonemes, though such a distinction occurs in some accents spoken in Southern Spain (Monroy & Hernández Reference Monroy and Hernández2015).
The most relevant allophones for the Argentine Spanish vowels are the palatal glide [j] (for the phoneme /i/) and the labiovelar glide [w] (for the phoneme /u/). These glides can also be written as [
] and [
] (Hualde Reference Hualde2005: 54–55). Some authors (e.g. Martínez et al. Reference Martínez, Fernández and Carrera2003; Monroy & Hernández Reference Monroy and Hernández2015) use [j] and [w] when these sounds appear before a syllabic nucleus, and [] and [] when they appear after a syllabic nucleus. The phonemes /e/ and /o/ also admit the use of the glides [
] and [
] as allophones, especially in synalepha (i.e. when the last syllable of a word and the first syllable of the following word are pronounced as if they were a single syllable).
Spanish allows for the existence of many diphthongs, both rising ([ja], [je], [jo], [ju], [wa], [we], [wi], [wo]) and falling ([aj], [aw], [ej], [ew], [oj], [ow], [uj]). They consist of a syllabic vowel plus a glide, and they can always be analyzed as formed by two different phonemes. Examples of words with diphthongs are piano ['pjano] ‘piano’, quieto ['kjeto] ‘quiet’, piojo ['pjoxo] ‘louse’, viuda ['bjuða] ‘widow’, cuatro ['kwatɾo] ‘four’, cuero ['kweɾo] ‘leather’, fuimos ['fwimos] ‘we went’, cuota ['kwota] ‘share’, baile ['bajle] ‘dance’, jaula ['xawla] ‘cage’, peine ['pejne] ‘comb’, neumático [new'matiko] ‘tyre’, boina ['bojna] ‘beret’, estadounidense [ehtadowni'ðense] ‘U.S. American’ and muy [muj] ‘very’.
Triphthongs are also possible (e.g. [joj], [waw], [wej], etc.) and they are always formed by a glide, a syllabic vowel and another glide. Examples of words with triphthongs are hioides ['jojðes] ‘hyoid bone’, guau [gwaw] ‘dog's sound’ and buey [bwej] ‘ox’.
Prosody
Stress
Lexical stress is distinctive in Spanish, and it is common to find two-way contrasts (e.g. revolver [reβol'βeɾ] ‘to stir’ vs. revólver [re'βolβeɾ] ‘gun’) and even three-way contrasts (e.g. médico ['meðiko] ‘physician’ vs. medico [me'ðiko] ‘I prescribe (a medicine)’ vs. medicó [meði'ko] ‘he prescribed (a medicine)’).
The stress must fall in the last syllable, the penultimate syllable or the antepenultimate syllable, except in cases in which a word has enclitic pronouns, which admit other positions (e.g. cantándomelo [kan'tandomelo] ‘singing it to me’). In those cases, however, it is relatively common that Argentine Spanish speakers shift the position of the stress to the last syllable of the word (Colantoni & Cuervo Reference Colantoni and Cuervo2013).
Some long words may even have two stressed syllables (e.g. inmediatamente [inme'ðjata'mente] ‘immediately’), when they are pronounced as if they were a sequence of two separate words. In those cases, the first of those stresses can be perceived as a secondary stress, and the last one as a primary stress.
Intonation
Like almost all the other Indo-European languages, Spanish is not tonal. Tone, therefore, is only used to express pragmatic meanings such as commands, questions, statements, etc. In general, the nuclear tone in Spanish is close to the end of each intonation group, and the final boundary tone is low (Martínez & Fernández Reference Martínez and Fernández2007: 199–204).
The main distinctive characteristic of Argentine Spanish intonation is the presence of a ‘long fall’ (Kaisse Reference Kaisse, Herschenson, Mallén and Zagona2001), which implies the existence of early peak alignments in the realization of pre-nuclear pitch accents and in the final fall in broad focus declarative utterances. Colantoni & Gurlekian (Reference Colantoni and Gurlekian2004) claim that this is due to a combination of direct and indirect transfers from Italian, which took place in the early 20th century (when Buenos Aires experienced a large inflow of Italian immigration).
Another peculiarity of Argentine Spanish intonation appears in yes–no questions. These utterances, which in most Spanish varieties are characterized by a high rise tone, are frequently pronounced in Buenos Aires Spanish with a falling bitonal boundary tone (Gabriel et al. Reference Gabriel, Feldhausen, Peskova, Colantoni, Lee, Arana, Labastía, Prieto and Roseano2010).
Transcription of the recorded passage
The version of ‘The North Wind and the Sun’ transcribed in this Illustration is essentially the same as that in Martínez et al. (Reference Martínez, Fernández and Carrera2003) and Monroy & Hernández (Reference Monroy and Hernández2015), except for a few expressions that are not common in Argentina and have therefore been replaced. I have also included an additional word (extraño [eks'tɾaɲo] ‘strange’), as an example for the pronunciation of the phoneme /ɲ/ (which does not appear in the original Spanish text).
In the phonemic transcription, words are kept separated according to their meaning. In the narrower (allophonic) transcription, some resyllabification is introduced when there is synalepha, and when the consonants in the coda of the last syllable of a word are pronounced as if they were in the onset of the first syllable of the following word.
Broad (phonemic) transcription
el 'biento 'noɾte i el 'sol disku'tian sobɾe 'kual de 'eʃos 'eɾa el 'mas 'fueɾte | kuando pa'so un eks'tɾaɲo bia'xeɾo em'buelto en 'una 'antʃa 'kapa || el 'biento i el 'sol kombi'nieɾon en ke kien 'antes lo'ɡɾaɾa obli'ɡaɾ al bia'xeɾo a ki'taɾse la 'kapa se'ɾia konside'ɾado 'mas pode'ɾoso || el 'biento 'noɾte so'plo kon 'ɡran 'fuɾia | peɾo 'kuanto 'mas so'plaba 'mas se aɡa'raba el bia'xeɾo de su 'kapa || poɾ 'fin el 'biento 'noɾte abando'no la em'pɾesa || en'tonses bɾi'ʃo el 'sol kon aɾ'doɾ | e inme'diata'mente el bia'xeɾo se despo'xo de su 'kapa | poɾ lo ke el 'biento 'noɾte 'tubo ke rekono'seɾ la supeɾioɾi'dad del 'sol ||
Semi-narrow (allophonic) transcription
el 'βjen⋅to 'noɾ⋅te jel 'sol dih⋅ku⋅'ti⋅an so⋅βɾe 'kwal 'de⋅ʃos 'e⋅ɾal 'mah 'fweɾ⋅te | kwan⋅do pa⋅'sow neks⋅'tɾa⋅ɲo βja⋅'xe⋅ɾem 'bwel⋅te 'nu⋅na 'aɲ⋅tʃa 'ka⋅pa || el 'βjen⋅to jel 'sol kom⋅bi⋅'nje⋅ɾon eŋ ke kje 'nan⋅teh lo⋅'ɣɾa⋅ɾa βli⋅'ɣa⋅ɾal βja⋅'xe⋅ɾa ki⋅'taɾ⋅se la 'ka⋅pa se⋅'ɾi⋅a kon⋅si⋅ðe⋅'ɾa⋅ðo 'mah po⋅ðe⋅'ɾo⋅so || el 'βjen⋅to 'noɾ⋅te so⋅'plo koŋ 'ɡram 'fu⋅ɾja | pe⋅ɾo 'kwan⋅to 'ma⋅so 'pla⋅βa 'ma⋅sa ɣa⋅'ra⋅βal βja⋅'xe⋅ɾo ðe su 'ka⋅pa || poɾ 'fin el 'βjen⋅to 'noɾ⋅ta βan⋅do⋅'no lam⋅'pɾe⋅sa || en⋅'ton⋅seh βɾi⋅'ʃel 'sol ko naɾ⋅'ðoɾ | ejn⋅me⋅'ðja⋅ta⋅'men⋅tel βja⋅'xe⋅ɾo se ðeh⋅po⋅'xo ðe su 'ka⋅pa | poɾ lo kel 'βjen⋅to 'noɾ⋅te 'tu⋅βo ke re⋅ko⋅no⋅'seɾ la su⋅pe⋅ɾjo⋅ɾi⋅'ða⋅ðel 'sol ||
Orthographic version
El viento norte y el sol discutían sobre cuál de ellos era el más fuerte, cuando pasó un extraño viajero envuelto en una ancha capa. El viento y el sol convinieron en que quien antes lograra obligar al viajero a quitarse la capa sería considerado más poderoso. El viento norte sopló con gran furia, pero cuanto más soplaba, más se agarraba el viajero de su capa. Por fin el viento norte abandonó la empresa. Entonces brilló el sol con ardor, e inmediatamente el viajero se despojó de su capa, por lo que el viento norte tuvo que reconocer la superioridad del sol.
Acknowledgements
I thank Amalia Arvaniti, Laura Colantoni, Ana Fernández Planas, Matthew Gordon, Juan Hernández Campoy, Ewa Jaworska, Adrian Simpson, and three anonymous reviewers for their useful comments. All the remaining errors are mine.
