Hulp:IFA/Spaans

Die tabelle hieronder wys hoe die Internasionale Fonetiese Alfabet (IFA) gebruik word om Spaanse uitspraak in Wikipedia-artikels te verteenwoordig.

Konsonante
IFA	Voorbeelde	English approximation
b ^[1]	bestia; embuste; vaca; envidia; fútbol	best
β	bebé; obtuso; vivir; curva	between baby and bevy
d ^[1]	dedo; cuando; aldaba	dead, but putting the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth
ð	dádiva; arder; admirar	this
f	fase; café	face
ɡ ^[1]	gato; lengua; guerra	got
ɣ	trigo; amargo; sigue; signo	go, but without completely blocking air flow on the g
ʝ ^[1]^[2]	ayuno; poyo	you
ɟʝ ^[1]^[2]	cónyuge; abyecto	job
k	caña; laca; quise; kilo	scan
l	lino; alhaja; principal	lean
ʎ ^[1]^[2]	llave; pollo	million
m ^[3]	madre; comer; campo; anfibio	mother
n ^[3]	nido; anillo; anhelo; sin; álbum	need
ɲ ^[3]	ñandú; cañón; enyesar	canyon
ŋ ^[3]	cinco; venga; conquista	sing
p	pozo; topo	spouse
r ^[4]	rumbo; carro; honra; amor; paterno	trilled r
ɾ ^[4]	caro; bravo; amor eterno	batter (American English)
s ^[5]	saco; espita; xenón	sack
θ ^[5]	cereal; encima; zorro; enzima; paz	thing
t	tamiz; átomo	stand, but putting the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth
tʃ	chubasco; acechar	choose
v ^[6]	afgano	van
x	jamón; general; México;^[7] hamster^[8]	Scottish loch
z ^[6]	isla; mismo; deshuesar	quiz
Marginal phonemes
IPA	Examples	English approximation
ʃ ^[9]	show; Rocher; Freixenet	shack
ts	abertzale; Pátzcuaro	cats

Vowels
IPA	Examples	English approximation
a	azahar	Cot (American English)
e	vehemente	set
i	dimitir; mío; y	see
o	boscoso	more
u	cucurucho; dúo	food

Semivowels^[10]
IPA	Examples	English approximation
j	aliada; cielo; amplio; ciudadkode: es is verouderd	yet
w ^[11]	cuadro; fuego; Huila; arduo; pingüinokode: es is verouderd	wine

Stress and syllabification
IPA	Examples	English approximation
ˈ	ciudad [θjuˈðað]	domain
.	mío [ˈmi.o]	Mayan

Notes

1 2 3 4 5 6 /b, d, ɡ, ʝ/ are pronounced as the fricatives or approximants [β̞, ð̞, ɣ˕, ʝ˕] (represented here without the undertacks) in all places except after a pausa, after an /n/ or /m/ or, in the case of /d/ and /ʝ/, after an /l/. Then, they are stops [b, d, ɡ, ɟʝ] like English b, d, g, j, but they are fully voiced in all positions, unlike their English counterparts. When it is distinct from /ʝ/, /ʎ/ is realized as an approximant [ʎ] in all positions Sjabloon:Harvcol.
1 2 3 Most speakers no longer distinguish /ʎ/ from /ʝ/; the actual realization depends on dialect, however. See yeísmo and Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258) for more information.
1 2 3 4 The nasal consonants /n, m, ɲ/ contrast only before vowels. Before consonants, they assimilate to the consonant's place of articulation, which is partially reflected in the orthography. The three do not contrast at the end of a word; depending on dialect, the neutralized nasal may appear as [n], [ŋ], or nasalization of the preceding vowel.
1 2 The rhotic consonants /ɾ/ and /r/ contrast only between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution, with [r] occurring word-initially, after /l/, /n/, and /s/, and also represented here as before consonants, and word-finally (positions in which they vary); only [ɾ] is found elsewhere.
1 2 Northern and Central Spain still distinguish between ⟨s⟩ (/s/) and soft ⟨c⟩ or ⟨z⟩ (/θ/). Almost all other dialects treat the two as identical (which is called seseo) and pronounce them as /s/. There is a small number of speakers, mostly in southern Spain, who pronounce the soft ⟨c⟩, ⟨z⟩ and even ⟨s⟩ as /θ/, a phenomenon called ceceo. See phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives and Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258) for more information.
1 2 [v] and [z] are allophones of, respectively, /f/ and /s/ before voiced consonants.
↑ The letter ⟨x⟩ represents /x/ only in certain proper names like Ximena and some placenames in current or former Mexico (Oaxaca, Texas).
↑ The letter ⟨h⟩ represents /x/ only in loanwords; in native words, it is always silent.
↑ /ʃ/ is used only in loanwords and certain proper nouns. It is nonexistent in many dialects, being realized as [tʃ] or [s]; e.g. show [tʃou]~[sou].
↑ The semivowels [w] and [j] can be combined with vowels to form rising diphthongs (e.g. cielo, cuadro). Falling diphthongs (e.g. aire, rey, auto) are transcribed with /i/ and /u/.
↑ Some speakers may pronounce word-initial [w] with an epenthetic [ɡ]; e.g. Huila [ˈɡwila]~[ˈwila].

References

Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/s0025100303001373

External links

Animations and video demonstrations of the IPA for Spanish by The Departments of Spanish and Portuguese, German, Speech Pathology and Audiology, and Academic Technologies at the University of Iowa.
Spanish Phonetic Transcription Converter—Free Online Tool to convert Spanish Text to IPA Phonetic Transcription

[Approximant-1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 /b, d, ɡ, ʝ/ are pronounced as the fricatives or approximants [β̞, ð̞, ɣ˕, ʝ˕] (represented here without the undertacks) in all places except after a pausa, after an /n/ or /m/ or, in the case of /d/ and /ʝ/, after an /l/. Then, they are stops [b, d, ɡ, ɟʝ] like English b, d, g, j, but they are fully voiced in all positions, unlike their English counterparts. When it is distinct from /ʝ/, /ʎ/ is realized as an approximant [ʎ] in all positions Sjabloon:Harvcol.

[yeismo-2] 1 2 3 Most speakers no longer distinguish /ʎ/ from /ʝ/; the actual realization depends on dialect, however. See yeísmo and Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258) for more information.

[nasal-3] 1 2 3 4 The nasal consonants /n, m, ɲ/ contrast only before vowels. Before consonants, they assimilate to the consonant's place of articulation, which is partially reflected in the orthography. The three do not contrast at the end of a word; depending on dialect, the neutralized nasal may appear as [n], [ŋ], or nasalization of the preceding vowel.

[rhotic-4] 1 2 The rhotic consonants /ɾ/ and /r/ contrast only between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution, with [r] occurring word-initially, after /l/, /n/, and /s/, and also represented here as before consonants, and word-finally (positions in which they vary); only [ɾ] is found elsewhere.

[seseo-5] 1 2 Northern and Central Spain still distinguish between ⟨s⟩ (/s/) and soft ⟨c⟩ or ⟨z⟩ (/θ/). Almost all other dialects treat the two as identical (which is called seseo) and pronounce them as /s/. There is a small number of speakers, mostly in southern Spain, who pronounce the soft ⟨c⟩, ⟨z⟩ and even ⟨s⟩ as /θ/, a phenomenon called ceceo. See phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives and Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258) for more information.

[vz-6] 1 2 [v] and [z] are allophones of, respectively, /f/ and /s/ before voiced consonants.

[7] The letter ⟨x⟩ represents /x/ only in certain proper names like Ximena and some placenames in current or former Mexico (Oaxaca, Texas).

[8] The letter ⟨h⟩ represents /x/ only in loanwords; in native words, it is always silent.

[9] /ʃ/ is used only in loanwords and certain proper nouns. It is nonexistent in many dialects, being realized as [tʃ] or [s]; e.g. show [tʃou]~[sou].

[Semivowel-10] The semivowels [w] and [j] can be combined with vowels to form rising diphthongs (e.g. cielo, cuadro). Falling diphthongs (e.g. aire, rey, auto) are transcribed with /i/ and /u/.

[11] Some speakers may pronounce word-initial [w] with an epenthetic [ɡ]; e.g. Huila [ˈɡwila]~[ˈwila].

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