Bad air, amulets and mosquitoes: 2,000 years of changing perspectives on malaria

¹

2016

Abstract

Smart CitationsHow this paper cites the one you are viewing

“…This result confirmed previous anecdotal evidence that historically mangrove forests were considered with ambivalence or as a nuisance [20]. The majority of ecosystem disservices discussed in these reports (59%) referred to the role of mangroves as a reservoir of disease; since these reports were written before the advent of germ theory in medicine, the main vector of disease was thought to be "miasma", poisonous vapors emitted from decaying matter [21]. Of the ecosystem disservices reported, 28% referred to the general view of mangrove forests as gloomy (or other similar words), suggesting a negative cultural and aesthetic response to the mangrove environment [17].…”

Section: Sources Of Historical Information On Mangrove Ecosystem Serv

supporting

confidence: 75%

Ecosystem Services and Disservices of Mangrove Forests: Insights from Historical Colonial Observations

¹

2016

Abstract

Smart CitationsHow this paper cites the one you are viewing

“…This result confirmed previous anecdotal evidence that historically mangrove forests were considered with ambivalence or as a nuisance [20]. The majority of ecosystem disservices discussed in these reports (59%) referred to the role of mangroves as a reservoir of disease; since these reports were written before the advent of germ theory in medicine, the main vector of disease was thought to be "miasma", poisonous vapors emitted from decaying matter [21]. Of the ecosystem disservices reported, 28% referred to the general view of mangrove forests as gloomy (or other similar words), suggesting a negative cultural and aesthetic response to the mangrove environment [17].…”

Section: Sources Of Historical Information On Mangrove Ecosystem Serv

supporting

confidence: 75%

What were the historical reasons for the resistance to recognizing airborne transmission during the COVID ‐19 pandemic?

Jiménez

¹

,

Marr

²

,

Randall

³

et al. 2022

Indoor Air

Abstract

Smart CitationsHow this paper cites the one you are viewing

“…King had correctly identified the co‐occurrence of mosquitoes and malaria, but mistakenly posited that transmission was through their eggs, not bites, in yet another example of the complexities of causal inference for transmission of diseases 68 . However, the theory was not accepted until 1898 when British surgeon Ronald Ross provided definitive evidence, confirming the presence of the malarial parasites in mosquitoes, and demonstrating transmission of bird malaria by mosquitoes 43 …”

Section: Results

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Throughout much of subsequent human history, the belief persisted that diseases were transmitted through the air. Because the actual causative agents of airborne diseases remained a mystery for centuries, explanations were given in general terms such as “miasmas,” or “bad air” 43 as illustrated by the etymological root of the term malaria (from “mala aria,” medieval Italian for “bad air”). Some origin theories were more specific than others.…”

Section: Results

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some origin theories were more specific than others. For example, Roman scholar Marcus Terentius Varro (116–27 BCE) wrote that swamps were a particular breeding ground for minute creatures that “float in the air and enter the body through the mouth and nose and there cause serious diseases.” 43 Based on these considerations, it became a policy of the Roman Empire to drain swamps, which removed breeding grounds for mosquitoes and reduced the incidence of malaria, an example of a mistaken theory nevertheless giving good results. Regardless of whether transmitted or triggered by bad humors or minute creatures, airborne infections were generally not viewed as contagious and transmitted from human to human.…”

Section: Results

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…68 However, the theory was not accepted until 1898 when British surgeon Ronald Ross provided definitive evidence, confirming the presence of the malarial parasites in mosquitoes, and demonstrating transmission of bird malaria by mosquitoes. 43 …”

Section: Results

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Ecosystem Services and Disservices of Mangrove Forests: Insights from Historical Colonial Observations

¹

2016

Abstract

Smart CitationsHow this paper cites the one you are viewing

“…This result confirmed previous anecdotal evidence that historically mangrove forests were considered with ambivalence or as a nuisance [20]. The majority of ecosystem disservices discussed in these reports (59%) referred to the role of mangroves as a reservoir of disease; since these reports were written before the advent of germ theory in medicine, the main vector of disease was thought to be "miasma", poisonous vapors emitted from decaying matter [21]. Of the ecosystem disservices reported, 28% referred to the general view of mangrove forests as gloomy (or other similar words), suggesting a negative cultural and aesthetic response to the mangrove environment [17].…”

Section: Sources Of Historical Information On Mangrove Ecosystem Serv

supporting

confidence: 75%

What were the historical reasons for the resistance to recognizing airborne transmission during the COVID ‐19 pandemic?

Jiménez

¹

,

Marr

²

,

Randall

³

et al. 2022

Indoor Air

Abstract

Smart CitationsHow this paper cites the one you are viewing

“…King had correctly identified the co‐occurrence of mosquitoes and malaria, but mistakenly posited that transmission was through their eggs, not bites, in yet another example of the complexities of causal inference for transmission of diseases 68 . However, the theory was not accepted until 1898 when British surgeon Ronald Ross provided definitive evidence, confirming the presence of the malarial parasites in mosquitoes, and demonstrating transmission of bird malaria by mosquitoes 43 …”

Section: Results

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Throughout much of subsequent human history, the belief persisted that diseases were transmitted through the air. Because the actual causative agents of airborne diseases remained a mystery for centuries, explanations were given in general terms such as “miasmas,” or “bad air” 43 as illustrated by the etymological root of the term malaria (from “mala aria,” medieval Italian for “bad air”). Some origin theories were more specific than others.…”

Section: Results

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some origin theories were more specific than others. For example, Roman scholar Marcus Terentius Varro (116–27 BCE) wrote that swamps were a particular breeding ground for minute creatures that “float in the air and enter the body through the mouth and nose and there cause serious diseases.” 43 Based on these considerations, it became a policy of the Roman Empire to drain swamps, which removed breeding grounds for mosquitoes and reduced the incidence of malaria, an example of a mistaken theory nevertheless giving good results. Regardless of whether transmitted or triggered by bad humors or minute creatures, airborne infections were generally not viewed as contagious and transmitted from human to human.…”

Section: Results

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…68 However, the theory was not accepted until 1898 when British surgeon Ronald Ross provided definitive evidence, confirming the presence of the malarial parasites in mosquitoes, and demonstrating transmission of bird malaria by mosquitoes. 43 …”

Section: Results

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Ecosystem Services and Disservices of Mangrove Forests: Insights from Historical Colonial Observations

¹

2016

Abstract

Smart CitationsHow this paper cites the one you are viewing

“…This result confirmed previous anecdotal evidence that historically mangrove forests were considered with ambivalence or as a nuisance [20]. The majority of ecosystem disservices discussed in these reports (59%) referred to the role of mangroves as a reservoir of disease; since these reports were written before the advent of germ theory in medicine, the main vector of disease was thought to be "miasma", poisonous vapors emitted from decaying matter [21]. Of the ecosystem disservices reported, 28% referred to the general view of mangrove forests as gloomy (or other similar words), suggesting a negative cultural and aesthetic response to the mangrove environment [17].…”

Section: Sources Of Historical Information On Mangrove Ecosystem Serv

supporting

confidence: 75%

What were the historical reasons for the resistance to recognizing airborne transmission during the COVID ‐19 pandemic?

Jiménez

¹

,

Marr

²

,

Randall

³

et al. 2022

Indoor Air

Abstract

Smart CitationsHow this paper cites the one you are viewing

“…King had correctly identified the co‐occurrence of mosquitoes and malaria, but mistakenly posited that transmission was through their eggs, not bites, in yet another example of the complexities of causal inference for transmission of diseases 68 . However, the theory was not accepted until 1898 when British surgeon Ronald Ross provided definitive evidence, confirming the presence of the malarial parasites in mosquitoes, and demonstrating transmission of bird malaria by mosquitoes 43 …”

Section: Results

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Throughout much of subsequent human history, the belief persisted that diseases were transmitted through the air. Because the actual causative agents of airborne diseases remained a mystery for centuries, explanations were given in general terms such as “miasmas,” or “bad air” 43 as illustrated by the etymological root of the term malaria (from “mala aria,” medieval Italian for “bad air”). Some origin theories were more specific than others.…”

Section: Results

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some origin theories were more specific than others. For example, Roman scholar Marcus Terentius Varro (116–27 BCE) wrote that swamps were a particular breeding ground for minute creatures that “float in the air and enter the body through the mouth and nose and there cause serious diseases.” 43 Based on these considerations, it became a policy of the Roman Empire to drain swamps, which removed breeding grounds for mosquitoes and reduced the incidence of malaria, an example of a mistaken theory nevertheless giving good results. Regardless of whether transmitted or triggered by bad humors or minute creatures, airborne infections were generally not viewed as contagious and transmitted from human to human.…”

Section: Results

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…68 However, the theory was not accepted until 1898 when British surgeon Ronald Ross provided definitive evidence, confirming the presence of the malarial parasites in mosquitoes, and demonstrating transmission of bird malaria by mosquitoes. 43 …”

Section: Results

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations