{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408048350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlsid64188.2025.00057","title":"TCAD Based Study of String Current Variability in 3D NAND Flash Memory","display_name":"TCAD Based Study of String Current Variability in 3D NAND Flash Memory","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408048350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlsid64188.2025.00057"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vlsid64188.2025.00057","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlsid64188.2025.00057","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 38th International Conference on VLSI Design and 2024 23rd International Conference on Embedded Systems (VLSID)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mrinmoy Mahapatra","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99729588","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar","ror":"https://ror.org/04gx72j20","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99729588"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mrinmoy Mahapatra","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar,Khordha,Odisha,India,752050"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar,Khordha,Odisha,India,752050","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99729588"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093111100","display_name":"Prathamesh Ganesh Kekarjawlekar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8689-3396"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99729588","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar","ror":"https://ror.org/04gx72j20","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99729588"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prathamesh Ganesh Kekarjawlekar","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Minerals, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar,Khordha,Odisha,India,752050"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Minerals, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar,Khordha,Odisha,India,752050","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99729588"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039713029","display_name":"K. Akshay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4339-9766"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99729588","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar","ror":"https://ror.org/04gx72j20","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99729588"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akshay K.","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar,Khordha,Odisha,India,752050"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar,Khordha,Odisha,India,752050","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99729588"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99729588"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9628,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91378798,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"255","last_page":"260"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6510010957717896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racetrack-memory","display_name":"Racetrack memory","score":0.6134082078933716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash","display_name":"Flash (photography)","score":0.487344354391098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash-memory","display_name":"Flash memory","score":0.4817907214164734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/current","display_name":"Current (fluid)","score":0.457236111164093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/string","display_name":"String (physics)","score":0.43848252296447754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nand-gate","display_name":"NAND gate","score":0.43720483779907227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-gate","display_name":"Logic gate","score":0.330759733915329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3297271728515625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semiconductor-memory","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","score":0.2996430993080139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.26676279306411743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-memory","display_name":"Computer memory","score":0.26172229647636414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-refresh","display_name":"Memory refresh","score":0.25392892956733704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.18177512288093567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12497919797897339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1114368736743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.09449949860572815}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6510010957717896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43363307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1651623","display_name":"Racetrack memory","level":5,"score":0.6134082078933716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221836","display_name":"Flash (photography)","level":2,"score":0.487344354391098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776531357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174077","display_name":"Flash memory","level":2,"score":0.4817907214164734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.457236111164093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157486923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376436","display_name":"String (physics)","level":2,"score":0.43848252296447754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124296912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575178","display_name":"NAND gate","level":3,"score":0.43720483779907227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131017901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170451","display_name":"Logic gate","level":2,"score":0.330759733915329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3297271728515625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98986596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143031","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","level":2,"score":0.2996430993080139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.26676279306411743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92855701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5830907","display_name":"Computer memory","level":3,"score":0.26172229647636414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87907426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6815755","display_name":"Memory refresh","level":4,"score":0.25392892956733704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.18177512288093567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12497919797897339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1114368736743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.09449949860572815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vlsid64188.2025.00057","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlsid64188.2025.00057","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 38th International Conference on VLSI Design and 2024 23rd International Conference on Embedded Systems (VLSID)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2095346086","https://openalex.org/W2121249535","https://openalex.org/W2144109186","https://openalex.org/W2617220603","https://openalex.org/W2786288697","https://openalex.org/W2913100421","https://openalex.org/W3006330903","https://openalex.org/W3029538788","https://openalex.org/W3036162342","https://openalex.org/W4220797926","https://openalex.org/W4285235348","https://openalex.org/W4380302442","https://openalex.org/W4398765225","https://openalex.org/W6682504405"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2054139911","https://openalex.org/W2162027152","https://openalex.org/W2489439822","https://openalex.org/W3165307257","https://openalex.org/W2116397085","https://openalex.org/W2515312339","https://openalex.org/W2535372975","https://openalex.org/W2145098804","https://openalex.org/W4237143391","https://openalex.org/W1577524679"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"3D":[0,81,206],"NAND":[1,82,207],"memory":[2,18,37,84,134,208],"has":[3],"become":[4],"indispensable":[5],"for":[6,32,48,191],"high-density":[7,205],"data":[8],"storage,":[9],"offering":[10],"superior":[11],"scalability":[12],"and":[13,21,51,93,97,109,183,195,202],"cost-efficiency.":[14],"However,":[15],"with":[16],"shrinking":[17],"cell":[19,23,90,156],"sizes":[20],"increasing":[22],"densities,":[24],"precise":[25,192],"control":[26,194],"over":[27],"fabrication":[28,193],"parameters":[29],"is":[30,44],"crucial":[31],"optimal":[33],"performance":[34,50,121],"in":[35,41,89,141,155,171,209],"advanced":[36,210],"applications.":[38,211],"The":[39,136],"variability":[40],"string":[42,71],"current":[43],"a":[45,146,159,166],"significant":[46,160],"concern":[47],"device":[49],"reliability.":[52],"This":[53],"paper":[54],"employs":[55],"Technology":[56],"Computer-Aided":[57],"Design":[58],"(TCAD)":[59],"simulations":[60],"to":[61,103,198],"investigate":[62,87],"the":[63,66,70,76,114,142,150,189,200],"impact":[64,115,161],"of":[65,80,116,133,204],"dimensional":[67],"variations":[68,88,105,154],"on":[69,119,149,162],"current,":[72],"which":[73],"subsequently":[74],"alters":[75],"critical":[77,120],"electrical":[78,151],"properties":[79],"flash":[83],"cells.":[85,135],"We":[86],"spacing,":[91],"tunneling":[92],"blocking":[94],"oxide":[95],"thickness":[96],"channel":[98],"thickness,":[99],"that":[100,139],"result":[101],"due":[102],"process":[104,169],"during":[106],"etching,":[107],"deposition":[108],"lithography.":[110],"Our":[111],"study":[112],"assesses":[113],"these":[117,163],"factors":[118],"metrics,":[122],"including":[123],"on-current$({I}_{{on}})$,":[124],"threshold":[125],"voltage$({V}_{{th}})$,":[126],"maximum":[127],"trans-conductance":[128],"value$({G}_{{m}})$and":[129],"sub-threshold":[130],"slope":[131],"(SS)":[132],"results":[137,187],"indicate":[138],"changes":[140],"plug":[143],"depth":[144],"have":[145,158],"negligible":[147],"effect":[148],"parameters,":[152],"while":[153],"spacing":[157],"metrics.":[164],"Under":[165],"worst-case":[167],"20%":[168],"variation":[170],"all":[172],"dimensions,${I}_{{on}},":[173],"{V}_{{th}},":[174],"{G}_{{m}}$and":[175],"SS":[176],"deviate":[177],"by":[178],"approximately":[179],"78%,":[180],"21%,":[181],"38%":[182],"14%,":[184],"respectively.":[185],"These":[186],"emphasize":[188],"need":[190],"variability-aware":[196],"design":[197],"maintain":[199],"reliability":[201],"efficiency":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
